Ethnic Relations and Migration in the Ancient World: The Websites of Philip A. Harland

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Ethnic Relations and Migration in the Ancient World: The Websites of Philip A. Harland

Notes for Denison Goodspeed Lecture (April 16, 2018)

Citation with stable link: Philip A. Harland, 'Notes for Denison Goodspeed Lecture (April 16, 2018),' Last modified June 8, 2022, http://philipharland.com/Blog/?p=2808.

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Here are the notes for: A Cultural History of Satan: Ideological, Rhetorical, and Social Functions of Personified Evil.

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Posted in History of Satan on April 16, 2018 by Philip A. Harland.

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(01) Non-dominant ("barbarian") perspectives
Egyptian perspectives: Chairemon on Egyptian temple functionaries (first century CE)
Egyptian perspectives: Manetho on Egyptian Matters (early third century BCE)
Getians, Scythians, and Goths: Jordanes on their supposed origins and achievements (mid-sixth century CE)
Judean perspectives: Anonymous on Abraham's contributions (before the mid-first century BCE)
Judean perspectives: Artapanos on contributions by Abraham, Joseph, and Moses (second century BCE)
Judean perspectives: Eupolemos on contributions by Abraham and Moses (before the mid-first century BCE)
Judean perspectives: Josephos' Against Apion in full (late first century CE)
Judean perspectives: Philo on the superiority of Moses and Judean ancestral customs (first century CE)
Libyan perspectives: Apuleius self-identifies as a barbarian and Numidian / Gaetulian (mid-second century CE)
Libyan perspectives: Cornelius Fronto self-identifies as a "barbarian" and Libyan nomad (mid-second century CE)
Phoenician perspectives: Philo of Byblos on "Phoenician Matters" (early second century CE)
Syrian perspectives: Lucian of Samosata on The Syrian Goddess in full (mid-second century CE)
Syrian perspectives: Lucian self-identifies as "barbarian" and "Assyrian" (mid-second century CE)
(02) Greek and Roman ethnographic perspectives and stereotypes on other peoples
Aitolians: Ephoros on their origins and invincibility (mid-fourth century BCE)
Aitolians: Thucydides on barbarous Greeks (late fifth century BCE)
Amazons, Tibarenians, and Mossynoikians: Apollonios of Rhodes on a voyage to the Kolchians (third century BCE)
Amazons: Strabo on their customs and northern location (late first century CE)
Arabians and Aramaians: Poseidonios on relations between eastern peoples (first century BCE)
Arabians: Herodotos on deities and lifestyle (fifth century BCE)
Arkadians: Polybios theorizes environment and peoplehood (second century BCE)
Assyrians, Medes and Persians: Ktesias on Persian Matters via Diodoros and Photios (early fourth century BCE)
Babylonians and Assyrians: Herodotos on legendary queens and outstanding customs (mid-fifth century BCE)
Babylonians: Diodoros on Chaldeans' astrology and divination (mid-first century BCE)
Baktrians, Sogdianians, and some "completely barbarous" eastern peoples: Strabo (early first century CE)
Barbarian peoples: Nymphodoros, Nikolaos, and others with collections of paradoxical customs (third century BCE on)
Barbarians and Greeks: Thucydides theorizes the shift from barbarian banditry to settled civilization (late fifth century BCE)
Bithynians, Maryandinians, Paphlagonians, and others: Strabo on temple-states and peoples near his Pontic homeland (early first century CE)
Boiotians: Ephoros on the superiority of Boiotia and on a Phoenician connection (mid-fourth century BCE)
Britons and Iernians (Irish): Julius Caesar, Pytheas, and Strabo on customs including eating human flesh (early first century CE)
Britons: Julius Caesar (mid-first century BCE)
Britons: Tacitus (late first century CE)
Cappadocians: Strabo on their temple-states and supposed desire for subservience (early first century CE)
Carthaginians: Appian of Alexandria (mid-second century CE)
Celts / Galatians: Parthenios on wife abductions in the Galatian invasion (first century BCE)
Celts / Galatians: Polybios on the Celts' encounter with Rome and on his method in dealing with distant peoples (second century BCE)
Celts / Galatians: Priene inscription on Galatian "impiety" and "savagery" during the invasion (ca. 278-270 BCE)
Celts / Galatians: Thyatira inscription for a son rescued by the god Apollo out from under "the mob of Galatians" (276 BCE)
Celts / Gauls: Cicero's ethnic invective in defending Fonteius (mid-first century BCE)
Celts / Gauls: Julius Caesar (mid-first century BCE)
Celts / Gauls: Livy on legends of migration south of the Alps into Italy (late first century BCE)
Celts / Gauls: Timagenes of Alexandria on Celtic origins and customs (first century BCE)
Celts and Germans: Diodoros, Dionysios, Strabo, and Dio on distinguishing them (first centuries BCE and CE)
Celts and Germans: Plutarch’s ethnographic digressions in the Lives (early second century CE)
Celts and Ligurians: Strabo on peoples south of the Alps (early first century CE)
Celts: Dio Cassius on spirited and untrustworthy Galatians (early third century CE)
Celts: Ephoros (mid-fourth century BCE)
Celts: Poseidonios and others on banqueting and violent customs (first century BCE)
Celts: Strabo on peoples northwest of the Alps (early first century CE)
Daans, Kadousians, Hyrkanians, and Sakians: Strabo on peoples east of the Caspian Sea (first century CE)
Dyrbaians: Ktesias on an extremely just people between Baktria and India (early fourth century BCE)
Egyptian diasporas: Inscriptional evidence
Egyptians: Achilles Tatius and Dio Cassius on man-eating cowherds / bandits (second-third century CE)
Egyptians: Dio Cassius' speech by Octavian on the "effeminate" Antony (early third century CE)
Egyptians: Diodoros on the origins of civilization and on Egyptian views (mid-first century BCE)
Egyptians: Herodotos on customs and legendary kings (fifth century BCE)
Ethiopians and Arabians: Nonnosos on Saracens and on a hairy people (sixth century CE)
Ethiopians: Agatharchides and Diodoros on lifestyles and diets in the extreme south (second-first centuries BCE)
Ethiopians: Diodoros on their claims, appearance, and customs (mid-first century BCE)
Ethiopians: Herodotos on southern peoples at the ends of the earth (mid-fifth century BCE)
Europeans and Asians: Pseudo-Hippokrates on humoural and environmental theories (fifth century BCE)
Europeans, Asians, and Greeks: Aristotle on environment, ethnic hierarchies, and slaves (fourth century BCE)
Gauls: Cicero and the link between imperial conquest and negative stereotypes (mid-first century BCE)
Germanic peoples: Tacitus' Germania in full (late first century CE)
Germans and Sarmatians: Josephos on impulsive and violent northerners (late first century CE)
Germans and Scythians: Seneca on enduring hardships and on anger (first century CE)
Germans, Suebians, Marcomannians, and Kimbrians: Poseidonios and Strabo on customs and rumours about the tides (first century BCE)
Germans: Julius Caesar (mid-first century BCE)
Germans: Philo of Alexandria on fighting the tides (first century CE)
Getians, Dacians, and Scythians: Strabo (early first century CE)
Getians, Scythians, and Goths: Jordanes on their supposed origins and achievements (mid-sixth century CE)
Greeks and barbarians: Dionysios theorizes the blurry lines (late first century BCE)
Greeks and barbarians: Eratosthenes challenges the dichotomy (third century BCE)
Iapygians and Tarentinians: Klearchos of Soloi (fourth century BCE)
Iberians, Albanians and others of the Caucasus area: Strabo (early first century CE)
Iberians: Appian of Alexandria (mid-second century CE)
Iberians: Appian on Viriathus and resistance by Lusitanians (early second century CE)
Iberians: Artemidoros, Poseidonios, Strabo, and others (second century BCE to first century CE)
Iberians: Trogus on their extreme courage (first century BCE)
Ichthyophagians: Nearchos and Agatharchides on Fish-eaters around the Arabian Sea (fourth-first centuries BCE)
Idumeans and Judeans: Ptolemy the historian on the difference (late first century BCE)
Idumeans: Josephos on the Edomites' origins and relations with Judeans (late first century CE)
Illyrians, Pannonians, and other peoples: Strabo (early first century CE)
Illyrians: Appian of Alexandria (mid-second century CE)
Illyrians: Theopompos on banquets (fourth century BCE)
Indians, Ethiopians and others: Pliny the Elder on "unbelievable" peoples (first century CE)
Indians, Ethiopians, and Celts: Dio of Prusa critiques foreign imports and luxury (late first century CE)
Indians, Ethiopians, Celts, and Scythians: Ephoros on a four-fold division of the known world (mid-fourth century BCE)
Indians: Dio of Prusa on the Indians' superior mode of life (late first century CE)
Indians: Diodoros on environment, customs and social organization (mid-first century BCE)
Indians: Herodotos on eastern peoples at the ends of the earth (mid-fifth century BCE)
Indians: Iamboulos and Diodoros on a utopian island beyond India (mid-first century BCE)
Indians: Ktesias on Indian Matters via Photios, Pliny the Elder, and Aelian (early fourth century BCE)
Indians: Nearchos, Megasthenes, and Arrian (fourth century BCE-second century CE)
Italian and Roman diasporas: Inscriptional evidence
Itureans among Arabians: Strabo and Josephos on a supposed bandit-people (first century CE)
Judean and Indian wisdom: Philo on the freedom of Essenes and Kalanos (early first century CE)
Judeans and Celts: Various authors on Claudius' actions against foreigners in the 40s CE (second / third centuries CE
Judeans, "Asiatics", and Greeks: Cicero's ethnic invective aimed at eastern witnesses against Flaccus (mid-first century BCE)
Judeans, Africans, and Germans: Columella on the limits of environmental theory (first century CE)
Judeans, Egyptians, and Magians: Various authors on Tiberius' actions against foreign practices 17-19 CE (first-third centuries CE)
Judeans, Egyptians, and others: Seneca on the "superstitions" of foreigners (mid-first century CE)
Judeans, Syrians, and Egyptians: Epiktetos engages with ethnographic discourses for philosophical aims (mid-first century CE)
Judeans, Syrians, Celts, Scythians and others: Plutarch on the "barbarian" origins of fearing the gods, or "superstition" (early second century CE)
Judeans, Syrians, Indians, and others: Porphyry of Tyre on abstinence from meat (third century CE)
Judeans: Agatharchides of Knidos on the Sabbath (second century BCE)
Judeans: Dio Cassius and Roman elite attitudes (early third century CE)
Judeans: Kleomedes denigrates Epicurus and Judeans (second century CE)
Judeans: Manetho, Chairemon, and Lysimachos on an alternative Exodus (third century BCE on)
Judeans: Mnaseas, Poseidonios, Apollonios Molon, Diodoros, Apion, and Damokritos on the statue of a donkey and on human sacrifice (second century BCE and on)
Judeans: Pliny the Elder and Julius Solinus on the Essenes beside the Dead Sea (first / third centuries CE)
Judeans: Poseidonios (?) and Strabo on decline after Moses (first century CE)
Judeans: Pseudo-Hekataios' <i>On Judeans</i> (before first century CE)
Judeans: Tacitus on Judean origins and customs (second century CE)
Judeans: Trogus on contributions of Joseph and Moses and on the exodus (first century BCE)
Judeans: Valerius Maximus on the 139 BCE expulsion with "Chaldeans" (early first century CE)
Kimmerians and Kolchians: Herodotos on other Pontic peoples (mid-fifth century BCE)
Kretans and Cilicians: Athenians, Rhodians, and Romans pair "banditry" with imperial control (fifth-second centuries BCE)
Kretans, Spartans, Carthaginians, and Romans: Polybios on superior and inferior societal organization (second century BCE)
Kretans: Ephoros on Kretan civic organization and customs (mid-fourth century BCE)
Libyans / Africans: Pliny on various peoples and strange customs (first century CE)
Libyans / Africans: Sallust (mid-first century BCE)
Libyans / Africans: Tacitus on Tacfarinas and resistance by Numidians, Maurians, and Musulamians (early second century CE)
Libyans: Hanno the Carthaginian (fourth century BCE or earlier)
Libyans: Herodotos on customs and colonization (fifth century BCE)
Lydians: Herodotos on king Croesus and Lydian customs (mid-fifth century BCE)
Lydians: Xanthos of Lydia and Klearchos of Soloi (fifth-fourth centuries BCE)
Maiotians, Bosporians, Kaukasians, and other Pontic peoples: Strabo on northern Asia (early first century CE)
Mediterranean peoples: Artemidoros theorizes foreign elements in dreams (second century CE)
Mediterranean peoples: Claudius Ptolemy on astrological effects on peoples (second century CE)
Mediterranean peoples: Pomponius Mela on peoples of the known world (mid-first century CE)
Mediterranean peoples: Pseudo-Skylax (fourth century BCE)
Mediterranean peoples: Pseudo-Skymnos' Voyage Around the Earth for Nikomedes in full (mid-second century BCE)
Mediterranean peoples: Sextus Empiricus engages with ethnographic discourses for philosophical aims (second-third centuries CE)
Mediterranean peoples: Vitruvius on the effects of climate (first century BCE)
Mossynoikians in Pontos: Xenophon and others on the "most barbarous" people (early fourth century BCE)
Mysians / Moesians: Poseidonios on their identification and customs based on Homer (first century BCE)
Mysians, Galatians, Pisidians, and others: Strabo on relations among Anatolian peoples (early first century CE)
Nabateans among Arabians: Diodoros on their customs and freedom (mid-first century BCE)
Northern peoples: Antonios Diogenes' <i>Wonders Beyond Thule</i> and ethnographic fiction (second century CE / ninth century CE)
Northern peoples: Inscriptions on barbarians as bandits (second-third centuries CE)
Parthians and Scythians: Julius Africanus on barbarian military techniques (early third century CE)
Parthians: Arrian on their Scythian origins (second century CE)
Parthians: Panamara inscription on Zeus' miraculous actions against invading Parthians (ca. 39 BCE)
Parthians: Poseidonios on royal banquets (first century BCE)
Parthians: Strabo on Scythian origins and military success (early first century CE)
Parthians: Trogus on the origins and developments of an empire (first century BCE)
Pelasgians: Strabo on a legendary migrating people (early first century CE)
Persians and Medes: Herakleides of Kyme, Klearchos of Soloi, and others on royal banquets (fourth century BCE)
Persians and Medes: Herodotos on customs (mid-fifth century BCE)
Persians and Medes: Thucydides on Medizing (late-fifth century BCE)
Persians, Spartans, and Athenians: Platonic author on the superiority of the Persians (fourth century BCE)
Persians: Apuleius of Madaura's defence against the charge of harmful Magian actions (ca. 158 CE)
Persians: Matthew and Luke-Acts on two contrasting approaches to Magians (late first century CE)
Persians: Pliny on the dissemination of Magian skill to the peoples of the world (first century CE)
Persians: Suda on Zoroaster and on expertise in Magian practice, wailing incantations, and potions (tenth century CE)
Persians: Xanthos on the Magians' supposed incest and on Zoroaster's date (fifth century BCE)
Persians: Xenophon and an anonymous author on royal customs and Cyrus (early fourth century BCE / second century BCE)
Phoenicians and Sardinians: Cicero's ethnic invective in defending Marcus Scaurus (mid-first century BCE)
Phoenicians: Herodotos on customs and colonizing efforts (fifth century BCE)
Romans: Dionysios on Roman origins and legends of Greek and Pelasgian migrations to Italy (late first century BCE)
Romans: Dionysios on the supposed Roman refusal of barbarian and Phrygian customs (late first century BCE)
Samaritans: Josephos on Chuthean origins and relations with Judeans over centuries (late first century CE)
Saracens: Ammianus Marcellinus on their customs (late fourth century CE)
Sarmatians: Tacitus on ferocity and laziness in military situations (early second century CE)
Scythian and Thracian diasporas: Inscriptional evidence
Scythians and Getians: Dio of Prusa on inter-ethnic encounters at Olbia and on Getian Matters (late first century CE)
Scythians and other northern peoples: Ephoros (mid-fourth century BCE)
Scythians and other Pontic peoples: Herodotos on the "most ignorant peoples of all" (fifth century BCE)
Scythians, Amazons, and Hyperboreans: Diodoros on some northerners (mid-first century BCE)
Scythians, Amazons, and Persians: Isokrates on the superiority of the Athenian people (early fourth century BCE)
Scythians: Aischines' ethnic invective against Demosthenes (mid-fourth century BCE)
Scythians: Klearchos of Soloi (fourth century BCE)
Scythians: Lucian on Toxaris' and Anacharsis' differing encounters with Greeks (late second century CE)
Scythians: Trogus on Scythian superiority (first century BCE)
Sicilians and other Greeks: Cicero's praise for Sicilians in the prosecution of Verres (mid-first century BCE)
Syrian and Phoenician diasporas: Inscriptional and archeological evidence
Thracians, Getians, Paionians, and others: Herodotos (mid-fifth century BCE)
Thracians: Tacitus on their uncivilized and wild nature (early second century CE)
Troglodytes: Graffiti and inscriptions from the Red Sea area thanking Pan / Min for rescue from Troglodytes (second century BCE)
Trojans, Lelegians, and Kilikians: Homer and Strabo on legendary peoples and migrations in the Troad (early first century CE)
Various peoples: Herodotos on the mixed composition of the Persian army under Xerxes (fifth century BCE)
Western peoples beyond the pillars of Herakles (and up): Lucian's "A True Story" and ethnographic fiction (late second century CE)
(03) Visual ethnography (via archeology)
Amazons: Greek artistic depictions of a female warrior people (fourth century BCE to second century CE)
Britons, Armenians, Bessians, and others: Reliefs of subjugated peoples at Aphrodisias (first century CE)
Celts / Galatians: Kyzikos monument with Herakles clubbing a barbarian (278/277 BCE)
Celts, Persians, and Amazons: Smaller statues of fighting and dying "barbarians" associated with Attalos of Pergamon (third-second century BCE / second century CE)
Celts: Statues of dying Gauls / Galatians associated with Attalos I of Pergamon (late third century BCE / second century CE)
Dacians and Sarmatians: Reliefs on "Trajan's Trophy" at Adamclisi, Romania (early second century CE)
Dacians: Reliefs on "Trajan's Column" at Rome celebrating subjugation (early second century CE)
Gauls and Germans: Scenes from the Triumphal Arch of Orange (late first century BCE)
Judeans, Armenians, Dacians, Egyptians, and other peoples: Defeat, capture, and subjugation on Roman imperial coinage (first-fourth centuries CE)
Parthians, Celts and Iberians or Germans: Scenes on the breastplate of the "Augustus of Prima Porta" (early first century CE)
Parthians: Scenes from the Arch of Septimius Severus (early third century CE)
Persians: God Mithras as a Roman representation of a Persian (second century CE)
Scythians: Greek depictions of Scythian archers on Attic pottery (sixth century BCE)
(04) Greeks on wise "barbarians" and noble "savages"
Assyrian wisdom: The Kyranides on a journey to learn from a foreign inscription (fourth century CE or earlier)
Babylonian and Persian wisdom: Kleitarchos on Chaldeans and Magians (late fourth-third centuries BCE)
Barbarian and Judean wisdom: Clement of Alexandria [V] on the sources of Plato's thought (late second century CE)
Barbarian and Scythian wisdom: Diogenes of Laertes (early third century CE)
Barbarian wisdom: Clement of Alexandria [VI] on barbarian and Hebrew philosophy (late second century CE)
Barbarian wisdom: Cornutus on early humanity's Stoic understanding of the cosmos (mid-first century CE)
Barbarian wisdom: Dio of Prusa on barbarians' innate knowledge of god (late first century CE)
Barbarian wisdom: Ephoros on inventors (mid-fourth century BCE)
Barbarian wisdom: Porphyry of Tyre's Neoplatonic perspective (third century CE)
Barbarian wisdom: Poseidonios on inventors of the golden age (first century BCE)
Barbarian wisdom: The Thunder, Perfect Mind (before the fourth century CE)
Dyrbaians: Ktesias on an extremely just people between Baktria and India (early fourth century BCE)
Egyptian wisdom: King Nektanebos the astrologer and diviner in the Alexander Romance (fourth century CE and earlier)
Egyptian wisdom: Lucian's story about Eukrates and Pankrates (late second century CE)
Egyptian wisdom: Plato on Solon, the Egyptian priest, and Atlantis (mid-fourth century BCE)
Egyptian wisdom: Thessalos on king Nechepsos and an Egyptian priest (first or second century CE)
Egyptian wisdom: Vettius Valens and others on Petosiris and pharaoh Nechepsos as astrologers (first-fifth centuries CE)
Indian and Judean wisdom: Klearchos citing Aristotle (fourth century BCE)
Indian wisdom: Apuleius on the amazing naked philosophers and Pythagoras' journeys (mid-second century CE)
Indian wisdom: Apuleius on the amazing naked philosophers and Pythagoras' journeys (mid-second century CE)
Indian wisdom: Josephos integrates Indians into Eleazar's Masada speech (late first century CE)
Indian wisdom: Naked philosophers and wise diviners in the Alexander Romance (fourth century CE and earlier)
Indian wisdom: Nearchos, Megasthenes, and Arrian on the sages Dandamis and Kalanos (fourth century BCE-second century CE)
Indian wisdom: Philostratos on Apollonios of Tyana's journeys to barbarian lands (early third century CE)
Judean wisdom: Josephos on philosophical sects among Judeans (late-first century CE)
Judean wisdom: Philo on the Therapeutists' lifestyle (first century CE)
Judean wisdom: Pseudo-Clement on a journey to Peter the Judean sage (third century CE and on)
Judean wisdom: Theophrastos on Judean philosophers (fourth century BCE)
Judean, Indian, Babylonian, and Egyptian wisdom: Numenius the Platonic philosopher (mid-second century CE)
Judeans and Thracians: Hermippos of Smyrna on their influence on Pythagoras (early second century BCE)
Persian wisdom: Aristoxenos of Tarentum on Pythagoras and Zoroaster (fourth century BCE)
Persian wisdom: Eudemos of Rhodes on Magians (fourth century BCE)
Persian wisdom: Plutarch's story about Kleombrotos' journeys (early second century CE)
Persian wisdom: Theopompos of Chios and Plutarch on Magians and Zoroaster (fourth century BCE and later)
Persian, Egyptian, Indian, and Celtic wisdom: Dio of Prusa on philosophers' roles in leadership (late first century CE)
Persian, Indian, and Judean wisdom: Klearchos of Soloi on Magian precedence (fourth century BCE)
Persians: Dio of Prusa on a supposedly Zoroastrian myth (late first century CE)
Persians: Matthew and Luke-Acts on two contrasting approaches to Magians (late first century CE)
Persians: Suda on Zoroaster and on expertise in Magian practice, wailing incantations, and potions (tenth century CE)
Phoenician wisdom: Ampelius on Mochos of Sidon (early-third century CE)
Phoenician wisdom: Damascius on Eudemos of Rhodes and Mochos of Sidon (fourth century BCE)
Phoenician wisdom: Strabo and Poseidonios on Mochos of Sidon (first century BCE)
Phoenician, Egyptian and Babylonian wisdom: Porphyry of Tyre and Antonius Diogenes on Pythagoras (third century CE)
Phoenician, Egyptian and Persian wisdom: Iamblichos of Chalkis on Pythagoras (fourth century CE)
Scythian wisdom: Curtius Rufus on the Scythian elder's speech about Alexander the bandit (first century CE)
Scythian wisdom: Letters of Anacharsis (mid-third century BCE)
Scythians: Lucian on Toxaris' and Anacharsis' differing encounters with Greeks (late second century CE)
(05) Judeans (Jews) and Christians as participants in ethnographic culture
Babylonian diasporas: Josephos and others on legends of migration from Babel (first-second centuries CE)
Barbarian and Judean wisdom: Clement of Alexandria [V] on the sources of Plato's thought (late second century CE)
Barbarian wisdom: Celsus and Origen of Alexandria (second-third centuries CE)
Barbarian wisdom: Clement of Alexandria [VI] on barbarian and Hebrew philosophy (late second century CE)
Barbarian wisdom: The Thunder, Perfect Mind (before the fourth century CE)
Chaldeans, Greeks, Egyptians, and Judeans: Aristides of Athens (second century CE)
Christians, Judeans, and Greeks: Christians as a descent group in the Epistle to Diognetos (second or third century CE)
Eastern and northern peoples: Bardaisan of Edessa and Philippos' Book of the Laws of Countries (second-third centuries CE)
Egyptians and Canaanites: Wisdom of Solomon on worship of animals and images (first century BCE)
Egyptians: Clement of Alexandria [II] on Egyptian animal worship as less offensive than Greek customs (late second century CE)
Egyptians: Josephos on animal worship (late first century CE)
Germans and Sarmatians: Josephos on impulsive and violent northerners (late first century CE)
Germans: Philo of Alexandria on fighting the tides (first century CE)
Greeks and Judeans: "Hellenizing" and "Judaizing" in 2 Maccabees (first century BCE)
Greeks and other peoples: Paul's Judean stereotypes about non-Judeans (mid-first century CE)
Greeks, Barbarians, Judeans, and Christians: Eusebios' framing of a way of life (early fourth century CE)
Idumeans and Judeans: Ptolemy the historian on the difference (late first century BCE)
Idumeans: Josephos on the Edomites' origins and relations with Judeans (late first century CE)
Indian wisdom: Josephos integrates Indians into Eleazar's Masada speech (late first century CE)
Itureans among Arabians: Strabo and Josephos on a supposed bandit-people (first century CE)
Judean and Indian wisdom: Philo on the freedom of Essenes and Kalanos (early first century CE)
Judean diasporas: Josephos on conflicts in Babylonia, ca. 40-66 CE (late first century CE)
Judean diasporas: Philo on conflicts with Greeks at Alexandria and on rebellious Egyptians (mid-first century CE)
Judean wisdom: Josephos on philosophical sects among Judeans (late-first century CE)
Judean wisdom: Philo on the Therapeutists' lifestyle (first century CE)
Judean wisdom: Pseudo-Clement on a journey to Peter the Judean sage (third century CE and on)
Judeans and others: The Gospel of Philip (before the fourth century CE)
Judeans: Ignatius on Judaizing and Christianizing (early second century CE)
Kretans: Stereotypes in the letter to Titus (early second century CE)
Parthians and Scythians: Julius Africanus on barbarian military techniques (early third century CE)
Parthians, Libyans, Egyptians and others: Acts of the Apostles on legends of Judean migration (early second century CE)
Phoenicians: Gospel of Mark on Jesus and a Syro-Phoenician woman (late first century CE)
Pontic peoples: Tertullian on the Pontic "barbarian" Marcion (late second century CE)
Samaritans and Judeans: Belonging to Israel in the Gospels (first century CE)
Samaritans: Josephos on Chuthean origins and relations with Judeans over centuries (late first century CE)
Saracens: Pseudo-Nilus on barbarian bandits in the Sinai desert (early fifth century CE)
Scythians and barbarians: Colossians and others on ritual recitations (late first or early second century CE)
Scythians: Adventures of Andrew and Matthias among the Man-eaters as ethnographic fiction (third-fifth century CE)
Scythians: Clement of Alexandria [I] on the example of Anacharsis (late second century CE)
(06) Migration, ethnic diversity, and diasporas
Babylonian diasporas: Josephos and others on legends of migration from Babel (first-second centuries CE)
Barbarians and Greeks: Thucydides theorizes the shift from barbarian banditry to settled civilization (late fifth century BCE)
Celts / Gauls: Livy on legends of migration south of the Alps into Italy (late first century BCE)
Egyptian and Ethiopian diasporas: Diodoros on competing legends of migration and colonization (mid-first century BCE)
Egyptian diasporas: Herodotos on legends about Kolchians and customs of circumcision (late fourth century BCE)
Egyptian diasporas: Inscriptional evidence
Egyptian diasporas: Legends of migration concerning Hyksos and Judeans (late fourth century BCE and on)
Ethnic diversity in Alexandria: Dio of Prusa on the cross-roads of the world (late first century CE)
Ethnic diversity in Egypt: Inscriptional and papyrological evidence
Ethnic diversity in Libya / Africa: Sallust on legends of migration (mid-first century BCE)
Ethnic diversity on Rhodes island: Inscriptional evidence
Idumean diasporas: Inscriptions and papyri (second century BCE-third century CE)
Italian and Roman diasporas: Inscriptional evidence
Judean and Israelite diasporas: Inscriptional evidence (second century BCE-third century CE)
Judean diasporas: Josephos on conflicts in Babylonia, ca. 40-66 CE (late first century CE)
Judean diasporas: Josephos on tensions with Greeks in Syria, the Decapolis, and Alexandria ca. 59-66 CE (late first century CE)
Judean diasporas: Josephos' citation of documents on Asia Minor and Libya under Julius Caesar and Augustus (late first century CE)
Judean diasporas: Philo on conflicts with Greeks at Alexandria and on rebellious Egyptians (mid-first century CE)
Pelasgian diasporas: Ephoros on legends of migration (mid-fourth century BCE)
Pelasgian diasporas: Herodotos on legends of migration, language, and influence (mid-fifth century BCE)
Pelasgians: Strabo on a legendary migrating people (early first century CE)
Phoenician diasporas: Ephoros on Kadmos and legends of migration to Boiotia (mid-fourth century BCE)
Romans: Dionysios on Roman origins and legends of Greek and Pelasgian migrations to Italy (late first century BCE)
Scythian and Thracian diasporas: Inscriptional evidence
Syrian and Phoenician diasporas: Inscriptional and archeological evidence
Trojans, Lelegians, and Kilikians: Homer and Strabo on legendary peoples and migrations in the Troad (early first century CE)
(07) Further ancient theorizing, ethnic stereotyping and racialization
Arkadians: Polybios theorizes environment and peoplehood (second century BCE)
Barbarians and Greeks: Thucydides theorizes the shift from barbarian banditry to settled civilization (late fifth century BCE)
Europeans and Asians: Pseudo-Hippokrates on humoural and environmental theories (fifth century BCE)
Europeans, Asians, and Greeks: Aristotle on environment, ethnic hierarchies, and slaves (fourth century BCE)
Mediterranean peoples: Artemidoros theorizes foreign elements in dreams (second century CE)
Mediterranean peoples: Polemon theorizes the meaning of physical features (second / fifth centuries CE)
Mediterranean peoples: Pseudo-Aristotle theorizes the meaning of physical features (third century BCE)
Northern peoples: Inscriptions on barbarians as bandits (second-third centuries CE)
Scythians and Ethiopians: Agatharchides and Diodoros theorize about the effects of climate (second-first centuries CE)
(08) Gender, sexuality, and ethnographic discourses
Amazons, Tibarenians, and Mossynoikians: Apollonios of Rhodes on a voyage to the Kolchians (third century BCE)
Amazons: Greek artistic depictions of a female warrior people (fourth century BCE to second century CE)
Babylonians and Assyrians: Herodotos on legendary queens and outstanding customs (mid-fifth century BCE)
Barbarian peoples: Nymphodoros, Nikolaos, and others with collections of paradoxical customs (third century BCE on)
Celts / Galatians: Parthenios on wife abductions in the Galatian invasion (first century BCE)
Celts: Poseidonios and others on banqueting and violent customs (first century BCE)
Eastern and northern peoples: Bardaisan of Edessa and Philippos' Book of the Laws of Countries (second-third centuries CE)
Ethiopians: Agatharchides and Diodoros on lifestyles and diets in the extreme south (second-first centuries BCE)
Europeans and Asians: Pseudo-Hippokrates on humoural and environmental theories (fifth century BCE)
Iapygians and Tarentinians: Klearchos of Soloi (fourth century BCE)
Illyrians: Theopompos on banquets (fourth century BCE)
Indians: Herodotos on eastern peoples at the ends of the earth (mid-fifth century BCE)
Libyans: Herodotos on customs and colonization (fifth century BCE)
Lydians: Xanthos of Lydia and Klearchos of Soloi (fifth-fourth centuries BCE)
Mediterranean peoples: Sextus Empiricus engages with ethnographic discourses for philosophical aims (second-third centuries CE)
Mossynoikians in Pontos: Xenophon and others on the "most barbarous" people (early fourth century BCE)
Samaritans and Judeans: Belonging to Israel in the Gospels (first century CE)
Saracens: Ammianus Marcellinus on their customs (late fourth century CE)
Scythians, Amazons, and Hyperboreans: Diodoros on some northerners (mid-first century BCE)
Scythians: Trogus on Scythian superiority (first century BCE)
(09) Ethnic groups or peoples
(a) Northern peoples
Amazons, Tibarenians, and Mossynoikians: Apollonios of Rhodes on a voyage to the Kolchians (third century BCE)
Amazons: Greek artistic depictions of a female warrior people (fourth century BCE to second century CE)
Amazons: Strabo on their customs and northern location (late first century CE)
Babylonian diasporas: Josephos and others on legends of migration from Babel (first-second centuries CE)
Barbarian and Judean wisdom: Clement of Alexandria [V] on the sources of Plato's thought (late second century CE)
Barbarian and Scythian wisdom: Diogenes of Laertes (early third century CE)
Barbarian peoples: Nymphodoros, Nikolaos, and others with collections of paradoxical customs (third century BCE on)
Barbarian wisdom: Celsus and Origen of Alexandria (second-third centuries CE)
Barbarian wisdom: Clement of Alexandria [VI] on barbarian and Hebrew philosophy (late second century CE)
Barbarian wisdom: Ephoros on inventors (mid-fourth century BCE)
Barbarian wisdom: Poseidonios on inventors of the golden age (first century BCE)
Britons, Armenians, Bessians, and others: Reliefs of subjugated peoples at Aphrodisias (first century CE)
Britons: Julius Caesar (mid-first century BCE)
Britons: Tacitus (late first century CE)
Celts / Galatians: Polybios on the Celts' encounter with Rome and on his method in dealing with distant peoples (second century BCE)
Celts / Galatians: Priene inscription on Galatian "impiety" and "savagery" during the invasion (ca. 278-270 BCE)
Celts / Gauls: Julius Caesar (mid-first century BCE)
Celts / Gauls: Livy on legends of migration south of the Alps into Italy (late first century BCE)
Celts / Gauls: Timagenes of Alexandria on Celtic origins and customs (first century BCE)
Celts and Germans: Diodoros, Dionysios, Strabo, and Dio on distinguishing them (first centuries BCE and CE)
Celts and Germans: Plutarch’s ethnographic digressions in the Lives (early second century CE)
Celts, Persians, and Amazons: Smaller statues of fighting and dying "barbarians" associated with Attalos of Pergamon (third-second century BCE / second century CE)
Celts: Dio Cassius on spirited and untrustworthy Galatians (early third century CE)
Celts: Ephoros (mid-fourth century BCE)
Celts: Poseidonios and others on banqueting and violent customs (first century BCE)
Celts: Statues of dying Gauls / Galatians associated with Attalos I of Pergamon (late third century BCE / second century CE)
Daans, Kadousians, Hyrkanians, and Sakians: Strabo on peoples east of the Caspian Sea (first century CE)
Dacians and Sarmatians: Reliefs on "Trajan's Trophy" at Adamclisi, Romania (early second century CE)
Dacians: Reliefs on "Trajan's Column" at Rome celebrating subjugation (early second century CE)
Eastern and northern peoples: Bardaisan of Edessa and Philippos' Book of the Laws of Countries (second-third centuries CE)
Egyptian diasporas: Herodotos on legends about Kolchians and customs of circumcision (late fourth century BCE)
Europeans and Asians: Pseudo-Hippokrates on humoural and environmental theories (fifth century BCE)
Gauls and Germans: Scenes from the Triumphal Arch of Orange (late first century BCE)
Germanic peoples: Tacitus' Germania in full (late first century CE)
Germans and Scythians: Seneca on enduring hardships and on anger (first century CE)
Germans, Suebians, Marcomannians, and Kimbrians: Poseidonios and Strabo on customs and rumours about the tides (first century BCE)
Germans: Julius Caesar (mid-first century BCE)
Germans: Philo of Alexandria on fighting the tides (first century CE)
Getians, Dacians, and Scythians: Strabo (early first century CE)
Getians, Scythians, and Goths: Jordanes on their supposed origins and achievements (mid-sixth century CE)
Greeks and barbarians: Eratosthenes challenges the dichotomy (third century BCE)
Iberians, Albanians and others of the Caucasus area: Strabo (early first century CE)
Illyrians, Pannonians, and other peoples: Strabo (early first century CE)
Illyrians: Appian of Alexandria (mid-second century CE)
Illyrians: Theopompos on banquets (fourth century BCE)
Indians, Ethiopians and others: Pliny the Elder on "unbelievable" peoples (first century CE)
Indians, Ethiopians, and Celts: Dio of Prusa critiques foreign imports and luxury (late first century CE)
Indians, Ethiopians, Celts, and Scythians: Ephoros on a four-fold division of the known world (mid-fourth century BCE)
Judeans and Celts: Various authors on Claudius' actions against foreigners in the 40s CE (second / third centuries CE
Judeans, Syrians, Celts, Scythians and others: Plutarch on the "barbarian" origins of fearing the gods, or "superstition" (early second century CE)
Judeans, Syrians, Indians, and others: Porphyry of Tyre on abstinence from meat (third century CE)
Maiotians, Bosporians, Kaukasians, and other Pontic peoples: Strabo on northern Asia (early first century CE)
Mediterranean peoples: Artemidoros theorizes foreign elements in dreams (second century CE)
Mediterranean peoples: Claudius Ptolemy on astrological effects on peoples (second century CE)
Mediterranean peoples: Polemon theorizes the meaning of physical features (second / fifth centuries CE)
Mediterranean peoples: Pomponius Mela on peoples of the known world (mid-first century CE)
Mediterranean peoples: Pseudo-Aristotle theorizes the meaning of physical features (third century BCE)
Mediterranean peoples: Pseudo-Skylax (fourth century BCE)
Mediterranean peoples: Pseudo-Skymnos' Voyage Around the Earth for Nikomedes in full (mid-second century BCE)
Mediterranean peoples: Sextus Empiricus engages with ethnographic discourses for philosophical aims (second-third centuries CE)
Mediterranean peoples: Vitruvius on the effects of climate (first century BCE)
Mysians / Moesians: Poseidonios on their identification and customs based on Homer (first century BCE)
Northern peoples: Antonios Diogenes' <i>Wonders Beyond Thule</i> and ethnographic fiction (second century CE / ninth century CE)
Northern peoples: Inscriptions on barbarians as bandits (second-third centuries CE)
Parthians and Scythians: Julius Africanus on barbarian military techniques (early third century CE)
Parthians, Celts and Iberians or Germans: Scenes on the breastplate of the "Augustus of Prima Porta" (early first century CE)
Parthians: Arrian on their Scythian origins (second century CE)
Persian, Egyptian, Indian, and Celtic wisdom: Dio of Prusa on philosophers' roles in leadership (late first century CE)
Persians: Pliny on the dissemination of Magian skill to the peoples of the world (first century CE)
Pontic peoples: Tertullian on the Pontic "barbarian" Marcion (late second century CE)
Sarmatians: Tacitus on ferocity and laziness in military situations (early second century CE)
Scythian and Thracian diasporas: Inscriptional evidence
Scythian wisdom: Curtius Rufus on the Scythian elder's speech about Alexander the bandit (first century CE)
Scythian wisdom: Letters of Anacharsis (mid-third century BCE)
Scythians and barbarians: Colossians and others on ritual recitations (late first or early second century CE)
Scythians and Ethiopians: Agatharchides and Diodoros theorize about the effects of climate (second-first centuries CE)
Scythians and other northern peoples: Ephoros (mid-fourth century BCE)
Scythians and other Pontic peoples: Herodotos on the "most ignorant peoples of all" (fifth century BCE)
Scythians, Amazons, and Hyperboreans: Diodoros on some northerners (mid-first century BCE)
Scythians, Amazons, and Persians: Isokrates on the superiority of the Athenian people (early fourth century BCE)
Scythians: Adventures of Andrew and Matthias among the Man-eaters as ethnographic fiction (third-fifth century CE)
Scythians: Aischines' ethnic invective against Demosthenes (mid-fourth century BCE)
Scythians: Greek depictions of Scythian archers on Attic pottery (sixth century BCE)
Scythians: Klearchos of Soloi (fourth century BCE)
Scythians: Trogus on Scythian superiority (first century BCE)
Thracians, Getians, Paionians, and others: Herodotos (mid-fifth century BCE)
Thracians: Tacitus on their uncivilized and wild nature (early second century CE)
Various peoples: Herodotos on the mixed composition of the Persian army under Xerxes (fifth century BCE)
(b) Southern peoples
Babylonian diasporas: Josephos and others on legends of migration from Babel (first-second centuries CE)
Barbarian peoples: Nymphodoros, Nikolaos, and others with collections of paradoxical customs (third century BCE on)
Carthaginians: Appian of Alexandria (mid-second century CE)
Chaldeans, Greeks, Egyptians, and Judeans: Aristides of Athens (second century CE)
Egyptian diasporas: Inscriptional evidence
Egyptian perspectives: Chairemon on Egyptian temple functionaries (first century CE)
Egyptian perspectives: Manetho on Egyptian Matters (early third century BCE)
Egyptian wisdom: King Nektanebos the astrologer and diviner in the Alexander Romance (fourth century CE and earlier)
Egyptian wisdom: Lucian's story about Eukrates and Pankrates (late second century CE)
Egyptian wisdom: Plato on Solon, the Egyptian priest, and Atlantis (mid-fourth century BCE)
Egyptian wisdom: Thessalos on king Nechepsos and an Egyptian priest (first or second century CE)
Egyptians: Herodotos on customs and legendary kings (fifth century BCE)
Egyptians: Josephos on animal worship (late first century CE)
Ethnic diversity in Libya / Africa: Sallust on legends of migration (mid-first century BCE)
Greeks and barbarians: Eratosthenes challenges the dichotomy (third century BCE)
Indians, Ethiopians and others: Pliny the Elder on "unbelievable" peoples (first century CE)
Judeans, Syrians, and Egyptians: Epiktetos engages with ethnographic discourses for philosophical aims (mid-first century CE)
Judeans, Syrians, Celts, Scythians and others: Plutarch on the "barbarian" origins of fearing the gods, or "superstition" (early second century CE)
Kretans, Spartans, Carthaginians, and Romans: Polybios on superior and inferior societal organization (second century BCE)
Libyan perspectives: Apuleius self-identifies as a barbarian and Numidian / Gaetulian (mid-second century CE)
Libyan perspectives: Cornelius Fronto self-identifies as a "barbarian" and Libyan nomad (mid-second century CE)
Libyans / Africans: Pliny on various peoples and strange customs (first century CE)
Libyans / Africans: Sallust (mid-first century BCE)
Libyans / Africans: Tacitus on Tacfarinas and resistance by Numidians, Maurians, and Musulamians (early second century CE)
Libyans: Hanno the Carthaginian (fourth century BCE or earlier)
Mediterranean peoples: Artemidoros theorizes foreign elements in dreams (second century CE)
Mediterranean peoples: Claudius Ptolemy on astrological effects on peoples (second century CE)
Mediterranean peoples: Polemon theorizes the meaning of physical features (second / fifth centuries CE)
Mediterranean peoples: Pomponius Mela on peoples of the known world (mid-first century CE)
Mediterranean peoples: Pseudo-Aristotle theorizes the meaning of physical features (third century BCE)
Mediterranean peoples: Pseudo-Skylax (fourth century BCE)
Mediterranean peoples: Pseudo-Skymnos' Voyage Around the Earth for Nikomedes in full (mid-second century BCE)
Mediterranean peoples: Sextus Empiricus engages with ethnographic discourses for philosophical aims (second-third centuries CE)
Mediterranean peoples: Vitruvius on the effects of climate (first century BCE)
Persian, Egyptian, Indian, and Celtic wisdom: Dio of Prusa on philosophers' roles in leadership (late first century CE)
Phoenicians and Sardinians: Cicero's ethnic invective in defending Marcus Scaurus (mid-first century BCE)
Scythians and Ethiopians: Agatharchides and Diodoros theorize about the effects of climate (second-first centuries CE)
Troglodytes: Graffiti and inscriptions from the Red Sea area thanking Pan / Min for rescue from Troglodytes (second century BCE)
Various peoples: Herodotos on the mixed composition of the Persian army under Xerxes (fifth century BCE)
(c) Western peoples
Arkadians: Polybios theorizes environment and peoplehood (second century BCE)
Babylonian diasporas: Josephos and others on legends of migration from Babel (first-second centuries CE)
Barbarian peoples: Nymphodoros, Nikolaos, and others with collections of paradoxical customs (third century BCE on)
Europeans and Asians: Pseudo-Hippokrates on humoural and environmental theories (fifth century BCE)
Europeans, Asians, and Greeks: Aristotle on environment, ethnic hierarchies, and slaves (fourth century BCE)
Iapygians and Tarentinians: Klearchos of Soloi (fourth century BCE)
Iberians: Appian of Alexandria (mid-second century CE)
Iberians: Appian on Viriathus and resistance by Lusitanians (early second century CE)
Iberians: Artemidoros, Poseidonios, Strabo, and others (second century BCE to first century CE)
Iberians: Trogus on their extreme courage (first century BCE)
Indians, Ethiopians and others: Pliny the Elder on "unbelievable" peoples (first century CE)
Italian and Roman diasporas: Inscriptional evidence
Judeans, Syrians, and Egyptians: Epiktetos engages with ethnographic discourses for philosophical aims (mid-first century CE)
Kretans, Spartans, Carthaginians, and Romans: Polybios on superior and inferior societal organization (second century BCE)
Mediterranean peoples: Artemidoros theorizes foreign elements in dreams (second century CE)
Mediterranean peoples: Claudius Ptolemy on astrological effects on peoples (second century CE)
Mediterranean peoples: Polemon theorizes the meaning of physical features (second / fifth centuries CE)
Mediterranean peoples: Pomponius Mela on peoples of the known world (mid-first century CE)
Mediterranean peoples: Pseudo-Skylax (fourth century BCE)
Mediterranean peoples: Pseudo-Skymnos' Voyage Around the Earth for Nikomedes in full (mid-second century BCE)
Mediterranean peoples: Sextus Empiricus engages with ethnographic discourses for philosophical aims (second-third centuries CE)
Parthians, Celts and Iberians or Germans: Scenes on the breastplate of the "Augustus of Prima Porta" (early first century CE)
Romans: Dionysios on Roman origins and legends of Greek and Pelasgian migrations to Italy (late first century BCE)
Romans: Dionysios on the supposed Roman refusal of barbarian and Phrygian customs (late first century BCE)
Western peoples beyond the pillars of Herakles (and up): Lucian's "A True Story" and ethnographic fiction (late second century CE)
(d) Eastern peoples
Arabians and Aramaians: Poseidonios on relations between eastern peoples (first century BCE)
Assyrians, Medes and Persians: Ktesias on Persian Matters via Diodoros and Photios (early fourth century BCE)
Babylonian diasporas: Josephos and others on legends of migration from Babel (first-second centuries CE)
Baktrians, Sogdianians, and some "completely barbarous" eastern peoples: Strabo (early first century CE)
Barbarian and Judean wisdom: Clement of Alexandria [V] on the sources of Plato's thought (late second century CE)
Barbarian and Scythian wisdom: Diogenes of Laertes (early third century CE)
Barbarian peoples: Nymphodoros, Nikolaos, and others with collections of paradoxical customs (third century BCE on)
Barbarian wisdom: Celsus and Origen of Alexandria (second-third centuries CE)
Barbarian wisdom: Clement of Alexandria [VI] on barbarian and Hebrew philosophy (late second century CE)
Barbarian wisdom: Ephoros on inventors (mid-fourth century BCE)
Barbarian wisdom: Poseidonios on inventors of the golden age (first century BCE)
Britons, Armenians, Bessians, and others: Reliefs of subjugated peoples at Aphrodisias (first century CE)
Celts, Persians, and Amazons: Smaller statues of fighting and dying "barbarians" associated with Attalos of Pergamon (third-second century BCE / second century CE)
Chaldeans, Greeks, Egyptians, and Judeans: Aristides of Athens (second century CE)
Daans, Kadousians, Hyrkanians, and Sakians: Strabo on peoples east of the Caspian Sea (first century CE)
Eastern and northern peoples: Bardaisan of Edessa and Philippos' Book of the Laws of Countries (second-third centuries CE)
Ethiopians and Arabians: Nonnosos on Saracens and on a hairy people (sixth century CE)
Europeans and Asians: Pseudo-Hippokrates on humoural and environmental theories (fifth century BCE)
Europeans, Asians, and Greeks: Aristotle on environment, ethnic hierarchies, and slaves (fourth century BCE)
Iberians, Albanians and others of the Caucasus area: Strabo (early first century CE)
Ichthyophagians: Nearchos and Agatharchides on Fish-eaters around the Arabian Sea (fourth-first centuries BCE)
Idumean diasporas: Inscriptions and papyri (second century BCE-third century CE)
Indian and Judean wisdom: Klearchos citing Aristotle (fourth century BCE)
Indian wisdom: Apuleius on the amazing naked philosophers and Pythagoras' journeys (mid-second century CE)
Indian wisdom: Apuleius on the amazing naked philosophers and Pythagoras' journeys (mid-second century CE)
Indian wisdom: Naked philosophers and wise diviners in the Alexander Romance (fourth century CE and earlier)
Indians, Ethiopians and others: Pliny the Elder on "unbelievable" peoples (first century CE)
Indians, Ethiopians, and Celts: Dio of Prusa critiques foreign imports and luxury (late first century CE)
Indians, Ethiopians, Celts, and Scythians: Ephoros on a four-fold division of the known world (mid-fourth century BCE)
Indians: Diodoros on environment, customs and social organization (mid-first century BCE)
Indians: Ktesias on Indian Matters via Photios, Pliny the Elder, and Aelian (early fourth century BCE)
Indians: Nearchos, Megasthenes, and Arrian (fourth century BCE-second century CE)
Isaurians: Ammianus Marcellinus on their incursions and banditry (late fourth century CE)
Itureans among Arabians: Strabo and Josephos on a supposed bandit-people (first century CE)
Judean and Indian wisdom: Philo on the freedom of Essenes and Kalanos (early first century CE)
Judean and Israelite diasporas: Inscriptional evidence (second century BCE-third century CE)
Judean diasporas: Differing perspectives on violent clashes between Judeans and Greeks in Libya and Egypt under Trajan, ca. 115-117 CE (second-fourth centuries CE)
Judean diasporas: Josephos on conflicts in Babylonia, ca. 40-66 CE (late first century CE)
Judean diasporas: Josephos on tensions with Greeks in Syria, the Decapolis, and Alexandria ca. 59-66 CE (late first century CE)
Judean diasporas: Philo on conflicts with Greeks at Alexandria and on rebellious Egyptians (mid-first century CE)
Judean perspectives: Anonymous on Abraham's contributions (before the mid-first century BCE)
Judean perspectives: Artapanos on contributions by Abraham, Joseph, and Moses (second century BCE)
Judean perspectives: Eupolemos on contributions by Abraham and Moses (before the mid-first century BCE)
Judean perspectives: Josephos' Against Apion in full (late first century CE)
Judean perspectives: Philo on the superiority of Moses and Judean ancestral customs (first century CE)
Judean wisdom: Philo on the Therapeutists' lifestyle (first century CE)
Judean wisdom: Pseudo-Clement on a journey to Peter the Judean sage (third century CE and on)
Judean wisdom: Theophrastos on Judean philosophers (fourth century BCE)
Judeans and Celts: Various authors on Claudius' actions against foreigners in the 40s CE (second / third centuries CE
Judeans and Thracians: Hermippos of Smyrna on their influence on Pythagoras (early second century BCE)
Judeans, "Asiatics", and Greeks: Cicero's ethnic invective aimed at eastern witnesses against Flaccus (mid-first century BCE)
Judeans, Egyptians, and Magians: Various authors on Tiberius' actions against foreign practices 17-19 CE (first-third centuries CE)
Judeans, Syrians, and Egyptians: Epiktetos engages with ethnographic discourses for philosophical aims (mid-first century CE)
Judeans, Syrians, Celts, Scythians and others: Plutarch on the "barbarian" origins of fearing the gods, or "superstition" (early second century CE)
Judeans, Syrians, Indians, and others: Porphyry of Tyre on abstinence from meat (third century CE)
Judeans: Agatharchides of Knidos on the Sabbath (second century BCE)
Judeans: Kleomedes denigrates Epicurus and Judeans (second century CE)
Judeans: Manetho, Chairemon, and Lysimachos on an alternative Exodus (third century BCE on)
Judeans: Mnaseas, Poseidonios, Apollonios Molon, Diodoros, Apion, and Damokritos on the statue of a donkey and on human sacrifice (second century BCE and on)
Judeans: Pliny the Elder and Julius Solinus on the Essenes beside the Dead Sea (first / third centuries CE)
Judeans: Poseidonios (?) and Strabo on decline after Moses (first century CE)
Judeans: Pseudo-Hekataios' <i>On Judeans</i> (before first century CE)
Judeans: Tacitus on Judean origins and customs (second century CE)
Libyan perspectives: Apuleius self-identifies as a barbarian and Numidian / Gaetulian (mid-second century CE)
Lydians, Maionians, Arimians, and Solymians: Strabo on a variety of peoples in Lydia, Phrygia and Pisidia (early first century CE)
Lydians: Xanthos of Lydia and Klearchos of Soloi (fifth-fourth centuries BCE)
Mediterranean peoples: Artemidoros theorizes foreign elements in dreams (second century CE)
Mediterranean peoples: Claudius Ptolemy on astrological effects on peoples (second century CE)
Mediterranean peoples: Polemon theorizes the meaning of physical features (second / fifth centuries CE)
Mediterranean peoples: Pomponius Mela on peoples of the known world (mid-first century CE)
Mediterranean peoples: Pseudo-Skylax (fourth century BCE)
Mediterranean peoples: Pseudo-Skymnos' Voyage Around the Earth for Nikomedes in full (mid-second century BCE)
Mediterranean peoples: Sextus Empiricus engages with ethnographic discourses for philosophical aims (second-third centuries CE)
Mediterranean peoples: Vitruvius on the effects of climate (first century BCE)
Mysians, Galatians, Pisidians, and others: Strabo on relations among Anatolian peoples (early first century CE)
Parthians and Scythians: Julius Africanus on barbarian military techniques (early third century CE)
Parthians, Celts and Iberians or Germans: Scenes on the breastplate of the "Augustus of Prima Porta" (early first century CE)
Parthians, Libyans, Egyptians and others: Acts of the Apostles on legends of Judean migration (early second century CE)
Parthians: Panamara inscription on Zeus' miraculous actions against invading Parthians (ca. 39 BCE)
Parthians: Poseidonios on royal banquets (first century BCE)
Parthians: Scenes from the Arch of Septimius Severus (early third century CE)
Parthians: Trogus on the origins and developments of an empire (first century BCE)
Persian wisdom: Aristoxenos of Tarentum on Pythagoras and Zoroaster (fourth century BCE)
Persian wisdom: Eudemos of Rhodes on Magians (fourth century BCE)
Persian wisdom: Plutarch's story about Kleombrotos' journeys (early second century CE)
Persian wisdom: Theopompos of Chios and Plutarch on Magians and Zoroaster (fourth century BCE and later)
Persian, Egyptian, Indian, and Celtic wisdom: Dio of Prusa on philosophers' roles in leadership (late first century CE)
Persians and Medes: Herakleides of Kyme, Klearchos of Soloi, and others on royal banquets (fourth century BCE)
Persians, Spartans, and Athenians: Platonic author on the superiority of the Persians (fourth century BCE)
Persians: Matthew and Luke-Acts on two contrasting approaches to Magians (late first century CE)
Persians: Pliny on the dissemination of Magian skill to the peoples of the world (first century CE)
Persians: Xanthos on the Magians' supposed incest and on Zoroaster's date (fifth century BCE)
Phoenician perspectives: Philo of Byblos on "Phoenician Matters" (early second century CE)
Phoenician wisdom: Ampelius on Mochos of Sidon (early-third century CE)
Phoenician wisdom: Damascius on Eudemos of Rhodes and Mochos of Sidon (fourth century BCE)
Phoenician wisdom: Strabo and Poseidonios on Mochos of Sidon (first century BCE)
Phoenician, Egyptian and Babylonian wisdom: Porphyry of Tyre and Antonius Diogenes on Pythagoras (third century CE)
Phoenician, Egyptian and Persian wisdom: Iamblichos of Chalkis on Pythagoras (fourth century CE)
Phoenicians and Sardinians: Cicero's ethnic invective in defending Marcus Scaurus (mid-first century BCE)
Phoenicians: Gospel of Mark on Jesus and a Syro-Phoenician woman (late first century CE)
Phoenicians: Herodotos on customs and colonizing efforts (fifth century BCE)
Romans: Dionysios on Roman origins and legends of Greek and Pelasgian migrations to Italy (late first century BCE)
Samaritans and Judeans: Belonging to Israel in the Gospels (first century CE)
Saracens: Ammianus Marcellinus on their customs (late fourth century CE)
Scythians, Amazons, and Persians: Isokrates on the superiority of the Athenian people (early fourth century BCE)
Syrian and Phoenician diasporas: Inscriptional and archeological evidence
Syrian perspectives: Lucian of Samosata on The Syrian Goddess in full (mid-second century CE)
Syrian perspectives: Lucian self-identifies as "barbarian" and "Assyrian" (mid-second century CE)
Trojans, Lelegians, and Kilikians: Homer and Strabo on legendary peoples and migrations in the Troad (early first century CE)
Various peoples: Herodotos on the mixed composition of the Persian army under Xerxes (fifth century BCE)
Abians (subset of Scythians)
Aiolians / Aeolians (broad subset of Greeks)
Babylonian diasporas: Josephos and others on legends of migration from Babel (first-second centuries CE)
Judeans, "Asiatics", and Greeks: Cicero's ethnic invective aimed at eastern witnesses against Flaccus (mid-first century BCE)
Pelasgian diasporas: Herodotos on legends of migration, language, and influence (mid-fifth century BCE)
Aitolians / Aetolians (in Greece)
Aitolians: Ephoros on their origins and invincibility (mid-fourth century BCE)
Aitolians: Thucydides on barbarous Greeks (late fifth century BCE)
Barbarians and Greeks: Thucydides theorizes the shift from barbarian banditry to settled civilization (late fifth century BCE)
Albanians of the Caucasus area
Iberians, Albanians and others of the Caucasus area: Strabo (early first century CE)
Alexandrians (in Egypt)
Egyptian diasporas: Inscriptional evidence
Allobrogians (subset of "Germans" or Celts)
Celts / Gauls: Cicero's ethnic invective in defending Fonteius (mid-first century BCE)
Celts / Gauls: Timagenes of Alexandria on Celtic origins and customs (first century BCE)
Celts and Ligurians: Strabo on peoples south of the Alps (early first century CE)
Celts: Strabo on peoples northwest of the Alps (early first century CE)
Gauls: Cicero and the link between imperial conquest and negative stereotypes (mid-first century BCE)
Amazons (often considered Scythians)
Amazons, Tibarenians, and Mossynoikians: Apollonios of Rhodes on a voyage to the Kolchians (third century BCE)
Amazons: Greek artistic depictions of a female warrior people (fourth century BCE to second century CE)
Amazons: Strabo on their customs and northern location (late first century CE)
Barbarian peoples: Nymphodoros, Nikolaos, and others with collections of paradoxical customs (third century BCE on)
Britons, Armenians, Bessians, and others: Reliefs of subjugated peoples at Aphrodisias (first century CE)
Celts, Persians, and Amazons: Smaller statues of fighting and dying "barbarians" associated with Attalos of Pergamon (third-second century BCE / second century CE)
Eastern and northern peoples: Bardaisan of Edessa and Philippos' Book of the Laws of Countries (second-third centuries CE)
Getians, Scythians, and Goths: Jordanes on their supposed origins and achievements (mid-sixth century CE)
Mysians, Galatians, Pisidians, and others: Strabo on relations among Anatolian peoples (early first century CE)
Scythians and other northern peoples: Ephoros (mid-fourth century BCE)
Scythians and other Pontic peoples: Herodotos on the "most ignorant peoples of all" (fifth century BCE)
Scythians, Amazons, and Hyperboreans: Diodoros on some northerners (mid-first century BCE)
Scythians, Amazons, and Persians: Isokrates on the superiority of the Athenian people (early fourth century BCE)
Scythians: Trogus on Scythian superiority (first century BCE)
Arabians
Arabians and Aramaians: Poseidonios on relations between eastern peoples (first century BCE)
Arabians: Herodotos on deities and lifestyle (fifth century BCE)
Babylonians and Assyrians: Herodotos on legendary queens and outstanding customs (mid-fifth century BCE)
Eastern and northern peoples: Bardaisan of Edessa and Philippos' Book of the Laws of Countries (second-third centuries CE)
Egyptians: Herodotos on customs and legendary kings (fifth century BCE)
Ethiopians and Arabians: Nonnosos on Saracens and on a hairy people (sixth century CE)
Ethnic diversity in Alexandria: Dio of Prusa on the cross-roads of the world (late first century CE)
Ethnic diversity in Egypt: Inscriptional and papyrological evidence
Indian wisdom: Apuleius on the amazing naked philosophers and Pythagoras' journeys (mid-second century CE)
Indian wisdom: Apuleius on the amazing naked philosophers and Pythagoras' journeys (mid-second century CE)
Itureans among Arabians: Strabo and Josephos on a supposed bandit-people (first century CE)
Judean perspectives: Artapanos on contributions by Abraham, Joseph, and Moses (second century BCE)
Nabateans among Arabians: Diodoros on their customs and freedom (mid-first century BCE)
Parthians, Libyans, Egyptians and others: Acts of the Apostles on legends of Judean migration (early second century CE)
Phoenician, Egyptian and Babylonian wisdom: Porphyry of Tyre and Antonius Diogenes on Pythagoras (third century CE)
Saracens: Pseudo-Nilus on barbarian bandits in the Sinai desert (early fifth century CE)
Various peoples: Herodotos on the mixed composition of the Persian army under Xerxes (fifth century BCE)
Arianians
Greeks and barbarians: Eratosthenes challenges the dichotomy (third century BCE)
Arians
Daans, Kadousians, Hyrkanians, and Sakians: Strabo on peoples east of the Caspian Sea (first century CE)
Arimians (in Asia Minor)
Lydians, Maionians, Arimians, and Solymians: Strabo on a variety of peoples in Lydia, Phrygia and Pisidia (early first century CE)
Arkadians (in Greece)
Arkadians: Polybios theorizes environment and peoplehood (second century BCE)
Pelasgian diasporas: Ephoros on legends of migration (mid-fourth century BCE)
Pelasgian diasporas: Herodotos on legends of migration, language, and influence (mid-fifth century BCE)
Romans: Dionysios on Roman origins and legends of Greek and Pelasgian migrations to Italy (late first century BCE)
Armenians
Arabians and Aramaians: Poseidonios on relations between eastern peoples (first century BCE)
Babylonians and Assyrians: Herodotos on legendary queens and outstanding customs (mid-fifth century BCE)
Britons, Armenians, Bessians, and others: Reliefs of subjugated peoples at Aphrodisias (first century CE)
Ethnic diversity in Libya / Africa: Sallust on legends of migration (mid-first century BCE)
Judeans, Armenians, Dacians, Egyptians, and other peoples: Defeat, capture, and subjugation on Roman imperial coinage (first-fourth centuries CE)
Parthians: Trogus on the origins and developments of an empire (first century BCE)
Various peoples: Herodotos on the mixed composition of the Persian army under Xerxes (fifth century BCE)
Asians / Asiatics (general)
Baktrians, Sogdianians, and some "completely barbarous" eastern peoples: Strabo (early first century CE)
Cappadocians: Strabo on their temple-states and supposed desire for subservience (early first century CE)
Daans, Kadousians, Hyrkanians, and Sakians: Strabo on peoples east of the Caspian Sea (first century CE)
Europeans and Asians: Pseudo-Hippokrates on humoural and environmental theories (fifth century BCE)
Europeans, Asians, and Greeks: Aristotle on environment, ethnic hierarchies, and slaves (fourth century BCE)
Iberians, Albanians and others of the Caucasus area: Strabo (early first century CE)
Judeans, "Asiatics", and Greeks: Cicero's ethnic invective aimed at eastern witnesses against Flaccus (mid-first century BCE)
Maiotians, Bosporians, Kaukasians, and other Pontic peoples: Strabo on northern Asia (early first century CE)
Parthians, Libyans, Egyptians and others: Acts of the Apostles on legends of Judean migration (early second century CE)
Athenians
Aitolians: Thucydides on barbarous Greeks (late fifth century BCE)
Barbarians and Greeks: Thucydides theorizes the shift from barbarian banditry to settled civilization (late fifth century BCE)
Egyptian and Ethiopian diasporas: Diodoros on competing legends of migration and colonization (mid-first century BCE)
Egyptian wisdom: Plato on Solon, the Egyptian priest, and Atlantis (mid-fourth century BCE)
Ethnic diversity in Alexandria: Dio of Prusa on the cross-roads of the world (late first century CE)
Judeans, "Asiatics", and Greeks: Cicero's ethnic invective aimed at eastern witnesses against Flaccus (mid-first century BCE)
Kretans, Spartans, Carthaginians, and Romans: Polybios on superior and inferior societal organization (second century BCE)
Pelasgian diasporas: Herodotos on legends of migration, language, and influence (mid-fifth century BCE)
Persians, Spartans, and Athenians: Platonic author on the superiority of the Persians (fourth century BCE)
Thracians, Getians, Paionians, and others: Herodotos (mid-fifth century BCE)
Babylonians / Chaldeans
Arabians: Herodotos on deities and lifestyle (fifth century BCE)
Assyrians, Medes and Persians: Ktesias on Persian Matters via Diodoros and Photios (early fourth century BCE)
Babylonian and Persian wisdom: Kleitarchos on Chaldeans and Magians (late fourth-third centuries BCE)
Babylonian diasporas: Josephos and others on legends of migration from Babel (first-second centuries CE)
Babylonians and Assyrians: Herodotos on legendary queens and outstanding customs (mid-fifth century BCE)
Babylonians: Diodoros on Chaldeans' astrology and divination (mid-first century BCE)
Barbarian and Judean wisdom: Clement of Alexandria [V] on the sources of Plato's thought (late second century CE)
Barbarian and Scythian wisdom: Diogenes of Laertes (early third century CE)
Barbarian peoples: Nymphodoros, Nikolaos, and others with collections of paradoxical customs (third century BCE on)
Barbarian wisdom: Celsus and Origen of Alexandria (second-third centuries CE)
Barbarian wisdom: Clement of Alexandria [VI] on barbarian and Hebrew philosophy (late second century CE)
Barbarian wisdom: Cornutus on early humanity's Stoic understanding of the cosmos (mid-first century CE)
Chaldeans, Greeks, Egyptians, and Judeans: Aristides of Athens (second century CE)
Eastern and northern peoples: Bardaisan of Edessa and Philippos' Book of the Laws of Countries (second-third centuries CE)
Egyptian and Ethiopian diasporas: Diodoros on competing legends of migration and colonization (mid-first century BCE)
Egyptians: Diodoros on the origins of civilization and on Egyptian views (mid-first century BCE)
Egyptians: Herodotos on customs and legendary kings (fifth century BCE)
Indian wisdom: Apuleius on the amazing naked philosophers and Pythagoras' journeys (mid-second century CE)
Indian wisdom: Apuleius on the amazing naked philosophers and Pythagoras' journeys (mid-second century CE)
Indians, Ethiopians, and Celts: Dio of Prusa critiques foreign imports and luxury (late first century CE)
Judean diasporas: Josephos on conflicts in Babylonia, ca. 40-66 CE (late first century CE)
Judean perspectives: Josephos' Against Apion in full (late first century CE)
Judean, Indian, Babylonian, and Egyptian wisdom: Numenius the Platonic philosopher (mid-second century CE)
Judeans, Egyptians, and Magians: Various authors on Tiberius' actions against foreign practices 17-19 CE (first-third centuries CE)
Judeans: Poseidonios (?) and Strabo on decline after Moses (first century CE)
Persian wisdom: Aristoxenos of Tarentum on Pythagoras and Zoroaster (fourth century BCE)
Persians: Clement of Alexandria [IV] on the elements among Greek philosophers and Persian Magians (late second century CE)
Persians: Suda on Zoroaster and on expertise in Magian practice, wailing incantations, and potions (tenth century CE)
Phoenician, Egyptian and Babylonian wisdom: Porphyry of Tyre and Antonius Diogenes on Pythagoras (third century CE)
Phoenician, Egyptian and Persian wisdom: Iamblichos of Chalkis on Pythagoras (fourth century CE)
Various peoples: Herodotos on the mixed composition of the Persian army under Xerxes (fifth century BCE)
Baktrians / Bactrians
Assyrians, Medes and Persians: Ktesias on Persian Matters via Diodoros and Photios (early fourth century BCE)
Babylonian diasporas: Josephos and others on legends of migration from Babel (first-second centuries CE)
Baktrians, Sogdianians, and some "completely barbarous" eastern peoples: Strabo (early first century CE)
Eastern and northern peoples: Bardaisan of Edessa and Philippos' Book of the Laws of Countries (second-third centuries CE)
Ethnic diversity in Alexandria: Dio of Prusa on the cross-roads of the world (late first century CE)
Indians: Herodotos on eastern peoples at the ends of the earth (mid-fifth century BCE)
Judeans, Syrians, Indians, and others: Porphyry of Tyre on abstinence from meat (third century CE)
Parthians: Strabo on Scythian origins and military success (early first century CE)
Parthians: Trogus on the origins and developments of an empire (first century BCE)
Scythians: Trogus on Scythian superiority (first century BCE)
Various peoples: Herodotos on the mixed composition of the Persian army under Xerxes (fifth century BCE)
Bessians (subset of Thracians)
Britons, Armenians, Bessians, and others: Reliefs of subjugated peoples at Aphrodisias (first century CE)
Thracians, Getians, Paionians, and others: Herodotos (mid-fifth century BCE)
Bithynians (in Asia Minor)
Bithynians, Maryandinians, Paphlagonians, and others: Strabo on temple-states and peoples near his Pontic homeland (early first century CE)
Mysians, Galatians, Pisidians, and others: Strabo on relations among Anatolian peoples (early first century CE)
Thracians, Getians, Paionians, and others: Herodotos (mid-fifth century BCE)
Various peoples: Herodotos on the mixed composition of the Persian army under Xerxes (fifth century BCE)
Boiotians / Boeotians (in Greece)
Barbarian peoples: Nymphodoros, Nikolaos, and others with collections of paradoxical customs (third century BCE on)
Boiotians: Ephoros on the superiority of Boiotia and on a Phoenician connection (mid-fourth century BCE)
Ethnic diversity in Egypt: Inscriptional and papyrological evidence
Phoenician diasporas: Ephoros on Kadmos and legends of migration to Boiotia (mid-fourth century BCE)
Britons / Britannians
Britons and Iernians (Irish): Julius Caesar, Pytheas, and Strabo on customs including eating human flesh (early first century CE)
Britons, Armenians, Bessians, and others: Reliefs of subjugated peoples at Aphrodisias (first century CE)
Britons: Julius Caesar (mid-first century BCE)
Britons: Tacitus (late first century CE)
Eastern and northern peoples: Bardaisan of Edessa and Philippos' Book of the Laws of Countries (second-third centuries CE)
Mediterranean peoples: Pomponius Mela on peoples of the known world (mid-first century CE)
Persians: Pliny on the dissemination of Magian skill to the peoples of the world (first century CE)
Cappadocians (in eastern Anatolia)
Cappadocians: Strabo on their temple-states and supposed desire for subservience (early first century CE)
Carians (in Asia Minor)
Barbarians and Greeks: Thucydides theorizes the shift from barbarian banditry to settled civilization (late fifth century BCE)
Ethnic diversity in Egypt: Inscriptional and papyrological evidence
Lydians: Herodotos on king Croesus and Lydian customs (mid-fifth century BCE)
Mysians, Galatians, Pisidians, and others: Strabo on relations among Anatolian peoples (early first century CE)
Carthaginians
Carthaginians: Appian of Alexandria (mid-second century CE)
Greeks and barbarians: Eratosthenes challenges the dichotomy (third century BCE)
Iberians: Trogus on their extreme courage (first century BCE)
Judeans, Syrians, Celts, Scythians and others: Plutarch on the "barbarian" origins of fearing the gods, or "superstition" (early second century CE)
Kretans, Spartans, Carthaginians, and Romans: Polybios on superior and inferior societal organization (second century BCE)
Libyans: Herodotos on customs and colonization (fifth century BCE)
Mediterranean peoples: Sextus Empiricus engages with ethnographic discourses for philosophical aims (second-third centuries CE)
Celts / Gauls / Galatians
Babylonian diasporas: Josephos and others on legends of migration from Babel (first-second centuries CE)
Barbarian and Scythian wisdom: Diogenes of Laertes (early third century CE)
Barbarian peoples: Nymphodoros, Nikolaos, and others with collections of paradoxical customs (third century BCE on)
Barbarian wisdom: Clement of Alexandria [VI] on barbarian and Hebrew philosophy (late second century CE)
Barbarian wisdom: Cornutus on early humanity's Stoic understanding of the cosmos (mid-first century CE)
Britons and Iernians (Irish): Julius Caesar, Pytheas, and Strabo on customs including eating human flesh (early first century CE)
Britons: Julius Caesar (mid-first century BCE)
Britons: Tacitus (late first century CE)
Celts / Galatians: Kyzikos monument with Herakles clubbing a barbarian (278/277 BCE)
Celts / Galatians: Parthenios on wife abductions in the Galatian invasion (first century BCE)
Celts / Galatians: Polybios on the Celts' encounter with Rome and on his method in dealing with distant peoples (second century BCE)
Celts / Galatians: Priene inscription on Galatian "impiety" and "savagery" during the invasion (ca. 278-270 BCE)
Celts / Galatians: Thyatira inscription for a son rescued by the god Apollo out from under "the mob of Galatians" (276 BCE)
Celts / Gauls: Cicero's ethnic invective in defending Fonteius (mid-first century BCE)
Celts / Gauls: Julius Caesar (mid-first century BCE)
Celts / Gauls: Livy on legends of migration south of the Alps into Italy (late first century BCE)
Celts / Gauls: Timagenes of Alexandria on Celtic origins and customs (first century BCE)
Celts and Germans: Diodoros, Dionysios, Strabo, and Dio on distinguishing them (first centuries BCE and CE)
Celts and Germans: Plutarch’s ethnographic digressions in the Lives (early second century CE)
Celts and Ligurians: Strabo on peoples south of the Alps (early first century CE)
Celts, Persians, and Amazons: Smaller statues of fighting and dying "barbarians" associated with Attalos of Pergamon (third-second century BCE / second century CE)
Celts: Dio Cassius on spirited and untrustworthy Galatians (early third century CE)
Celts: Ephoros (mid-fourth century BCE)
Celts: Poseidonios and others on banqueting and violent customs (first century BCE)
Celts: Statues of dying Gauls / Galatians associated with Attalos I of Pergamon (late third century BCE / second century CE)
Celts: Strabo on peoples northwest of the Alps (early first century CE)
Eastern and northern peoples: Bardaisan of Edessa and Philippos' Book of the Laws of Countries (second-third centuries CE)
Ethnic diversity in Egypt: Inscriptional and papyrological evidence
Gauls and Germans: Scenes from the Triumphal Arch of Orange (late first century BCE)
Gauls: Cicero and the link between imperial conquest and negative stereotypes (mid-first century BCE)
Germanic peoples: Tacitus' Germania in full (late first century CE)
Germans and Sarmatians: Josephos on impulsive and violent northerners (late first century CE)
Iberians: Appian of Alexandria (mid-second century CE)
Iberians: Artemidoros, Poseidonios, Strabo, and others (second century BCE to first century CE)
Indians, Ethiopians, and Celts: Dio of Prusa critiques foreign imports and luxury (late first century CE)
Indians, Ethiopians, Celts, and Scythians: Ephoros on a four-fold division of the known world (mid-fourth century BCE)
Judeans and Celts: Various authors on Claudius' actions against foreigners in the 40s CE (second / third centuries CE
Judeans, Syrians, Celts, Scythians and others: Plutarch on the "barbarian" origins of fearing the gods, or "superstition" (early second century CE)
Mediterranean peoples: Polemon theorizes the meaning of physical features (second / fifth centuries CE)
Mediterranean peoples: Sextus Empiricus engages with ethnographic discourses for philosophical aims (second-third centuries CE)
Parthians, Celts and Iberians or Germans: Scenes on the breastplate of the "Augustus of Prima Porta" (early first century CE)
Persian, Egyptian, Indian, and Celtic wisdom: Dio of Prusa on philosophers' roles in leadership (late first century CE)
Persians: Pliny on the dissemination of Magian skill to the peoples of the world (first century CE)
Chattians (subset of Germans)
Germans, Suebians, Marcomannians, and Kimbrians: Poseidonios and Strabo on customs and rumours about the tides (first century BCE)
Christians / Jesus adherents
Chaldeans, Greeks, Egyptians, and Judeans: Aristides of Athens (second century CE)
Eastern and northern peoples: Bardaisan of Edessa and Philippos' Book of the Laws of Countries (second-third centuries CE)
Greeks, Barbarians, Judeans, and Christians: Eusebios' framing of a way of life (early fourth century CE)
Judeans and others: The Gospel of Philip (before the fourth century CE)
Cilicians (in Asia Minor)
Babylonian diasporas: Josephos and others on legends of migration from Babel (first-second centuries CE)
Ethnic diversity in Alexandria: Dio of Prusa on the cross-roads of the world (late first century CE)
Ethnic diversity in Egypt: Inscriptional and papyrological evidence
Kretans and Cilicians: Athenians, Rhodians, and Romans pair "banditry" with imperial control (fifth-second centuries BCE)
Mediterranean peoples: Sextus Empiricus engages with ethnographic discourses for philosophical aims (second-third centuries CE)
Mysians, Galatians, Pisidians, and others: Strabo on relations among Anatolian peoples (early first century CE)
Various peoples: Herodotos on the mixed composition of the Persian army under Xerxes (fifth century BCE)
Daans (subset of Scythians)
Daans, Kadousians, Hyrkanians, and Sakians: Strabo on peoples east of the Caspian Sea (first century CE)
Parthians: Strabo on Scythian origins and military success (early first century CE)
Dorians (Greeks)
Judeans, "Asiatics", and Greeks: Cicero's ethnic invective aimed at eastern witnesses against Flaccus (mid-first century BCE)
Pelasgian diasporas: Herodotos on legends of migration, language, and influence (mid-fifth century BCE)
Various peoples: Herodotos on the mixed composition of the Persian army under Xerxes (fifth century BCE)
Egyptians
Assyrian wisdom: The Kyranides on a journey to learn from a foreign inscription (fourth century CE or earlier)
Babylonian diasporas: Josephos and others on legends of migration from Babel (first-second centuries CE)
Babylonians and Assyrians: Herodotos on legendary queens and outstanding customs (mid-fifth century BCE)
Barbarian and Judean wisdom: Clement of Alexandria [V] on the sources of Plato's thought (late second century CE)
Barbarian wisdom: Celsus and Origen of Alexandria (second-third centuries CE)
Barbarian wisdom: Clement of Alexandria [VI] on barbarian and Hebrew philosophy (late second century CE)
Barbarian wisdom: Ephoros on inventors (mid-fourth century BCE)
Chaldeans, Greeks, Egyptians, and Judeans: Aristides of Athens (second century CE)
Egyptian and Ethiopian diasporas: Diodoros on competing legends of migration and colonization (mid-first century BCE)
Egyptian diasporas: Herodotos on legends about Kolchians and customs of circumcision (late fourth century BCE)
Egyptian diasporas: Inscriptional evidence
Egyptian diasporas: Legends of migration concerning Hyksos and Judeans (late fourth century BCE and on)
Egyptian perspectives: Chairemon on Egyptian temple functionaries (first century CE)
Egyptian perspectives: Manetho on Egyptian Matters (early third century BCE)
Egyptian wisdom: King Nektanebos the astrologer and diviner in the Alexander Romance (fourth century CE and earlier)
Egyptian wisdom: Lucian's story about Eukrates and Pankrates (late second century CE)
Egyptian wisdom: Plato on Solon, the Egyptian priest, and Atlantis (mid-fourth century BCE)
Egyptian wisdom: Thessalos on king Nechepsos and an Egyptian priest (first or second century CE)
Egyptians and Canaanites: Wisdom of Solomon on worship of animals and images (first century BCE)
Egyptians: Achilles Tatius and Dio Cassius on man-eating cowherds / bandits (second-third century CE)
Egyptians: Clement of Alexandria [II] on Egyptian animal worship as less offensive than Greek customs (late second century CE)
Egyptians: Dio Cassius' speech by Octavian on the "effeminate" Antony (early third century CE)
Egyptians: Diodoros on the origins of civilization and on Egyptian views (mid-first century BCE)
Egyptians: Herodotos on customs and legendary kings (fifth century BCE)
Egyptians: Josephos on animal worship (late first century CE)
Ethiopians: Diodoros on their claims, appearance, and customs (mid-first century BCE)
Ethiopians: Herodotos on southern peoples at the ends of the earth (mid-fifth century BCE)
Ethnic diversity in Alexandria: Dio of Prusa on the cross-roads of the world (late first century CE)
Greeks and barbarians: Eratosthenes challenges the dichotomy (third century BCE)
Indian wisdom: Apuleius on the amazing naked philosophers and Pythagoras' journeys (mid-second century CE)
Indian wisdom: Apuleius on the amazing naked philosophers and Pythagoras' journeys (mid-second century CE)
Indian wisdom: Philostratos on Apollonios of Tyana's journeys to barbarian lands (early third century CE)
Indians: Herodotos on eastern peoples at the ends of the earth (mid-fifth century BCE)
Judean diasporas: Differing perspectives on violent clashes between Judeans and Greeks in Libya and Egypt under Trajan, ca. 115-117 CE (second-fourth centuries CE)
Judean diasporas: Philo on conflicts with Greeks at Alexandria and on rebellious Egyptians (mid-first century CE)
Judean perspectives: Josephos' Against Apion in full (late first century CE)
Judean wisdom: Pseudo-Clement on a journey to Peter the Judean sage (third century CE and on)
Judean, Indian, Babylonian, and Egyptian wisdom: Numenius the Platonic philosopher (mid-second century CE)
Judeans, Armenians, Dacians, Egyptians, and other peoples: Defeat, capture, and subjugation on Roman imperial coinage (first-fourth centuries CE)
Judeans, Egyptians, and Magians: Various authors on Tiberius' actions against foreign practices 17-19 CE (first-third centuries CE)
Judeans, Egyptians, and others: Seneca on the "superstitions" of foreigners (mid-first century CE)
Judeans, Syrians, and Egyptians: Epiktetos engages with ethnographic discourses for philosophical aims (mid-first century CE)
Judeans, Syrians, Celts, Scythians and others: Plutarch on the "barbarian" origins of fearing the gods, or "superstition" (early second century CE)
Judeans, Syrians, Indians, and others: Porphyry of Tyre on abstinence from meat (third century CE)
Judeans: Tacitus on Judean origins and customs (second century CE)
Libyans: Herodotos on customs and colonization (fifth century BCE)
Mediterranean peoples: Polemon theorizes the meaning of physical features (second / fifth centuries CE)
Mediterranean peoples: Pomponius Mela on peoples of the known world (mid-first century CE)
Mediterranean peoples: Pseudo-Aristotle theorizes the meaning of physical features (third century BCE)
Mediterranean peoples: Sextus Empiricus engages with ethnographic discourses for philosophical aims (second-third centuries CE)
Parthians: Arrian on their Scythian origins (second century CE)
Persian, Egyptian, Indian, and Celtic wisdom: Dio of Prusa on philosophers' roles in leadership (late first century CE)
Persians and Medes: Herodotos on customs (mid-fifth century BCE)
Phoenician perspectives: Philo of Byblos on "Phoenician Matters" (early second century CE)
Phoenician, Egyptian and Babylonian wisdom: Porphyry of Tyre and Antonius Diogenes on Pythagoras (third century CE)
Phoenician, Egyptian and Persian wisdom: Iamblichos of Chalkis on Pythagoras (fourth century CE)
Phoenicians: Herodotos on customs and colonizing efforts (fifth century BCE)
Eleians (in Greece)
Aitolians: Ephoros on their origins and invincibility (mid-fourth century BCE)
Ethiopians
Babylonian diasporas: Josephos and others on legends of migration from Babel (first-second centuries CE)
Barbarian peoples: Nymphodoros, Nikolaos, and others with collections of paradoxical customs (third century BCE on)
Egyptian and Ethiopian diasporas: Diodoros on competing legends of migration and colonization (mid-first century BCE)
Egyptians: Herodotos on customs and legendary kings (fifth century BCE)
Ethiopians and Arabians: Nonnosos on Saracens and on a hairy people (sixth century CE)
Ethiopians: Agatharchides and Diodoros on lifestyles and diets in the extreme south (second-first centuries BCE)
Ethiopians: Diodoros on their claims, appearance, and customs (mid-first century BCE)
Ethiopians: Herodotos on southern peoples at the ends of the earth (mid-fifth century BCE)
Ichthyophagians: Nearchos and Agatharchides on Fish-eaters around the Arabian Sea (fourth-first centuries BCE)
Indian wisdom: Philostratos on Apollonios of Tyana's journeys to barbarian lands (early third century CE)
Indians, Ethiopians and others: Pliny the Elder on "unbelievable" peoples (first century CE)
Indians, Ethiopians, Celts, and Scythians: Ephoros on a four-fold division of the known world (mid-fourth century BCE)
Indians: Herodotos on eastern peoples at the ends of the earth (mid-fifth century BCE)
Libyans: Hanno the Carthaginian (fourth century BCE or earlier)
Libyans: Herodotos on customs and colonization (fifth century BCE)
Mediterranean peoples: Claudius Ptolemy on astrological effects on peoples (second century CE)
Mediterranean peoples: Pomponius Mela on peoples of the known world (mid-first century CE)
Mediterranean peoples: Pseudo-Aristotle theorizes the meaning of physical features (third century BCE)
Phoenicians: Herodotos on customs and colonizing efforts (fifth century BCE)
Saracens: Ammianus Marcellinus on their customs (late fourth century CE)
Scythians and Ethiopians: Agatharchides and Diodoros theorize about the effects of climate (second-first centuries CE)
Various peoples: Herodotos on the mixed composition of the Persian army under Xerxes (fifth century BCE)
Europeans (general)
Europeans, Asians, and Greeks: Aristotle on environment, ethnic hierarchies, and slaves (fourth century BCE)
Mediterranean peoples: Pomponius Mela on peoples of the known world (mid-first century CE)
Gaitulians / Gaetulians (in northern Africa)
Babylonian diasporas: Josephos and others on legends of migration from Babel (first-second centuries CE)
Libyan perspectives: Apuleius self-identifies as a barbarian and Numidian / Gaetulian (mid-second century CE)
Mediterranean peoples: Pomponius Mela on peoples of the known world (mid-first century CE)
Persians: Apuleius of Madaura's defence against the charge of harmful Magian actions (ca. 158 CE)
Garamantians (in northern Africa)
Libyans / Africans: Tacitus on Tacfarinas and resistance by Numidians, Maurians, and Musulamians (early second century CE)
Mediterranean peoples: Pomponius Mela on peoples of the known world (mid-first century CE)
Gelians
Daans, Kadousians, Hyrkanians, and Sakians: Strabo on peoples east of the Caspian Sea (first century CE)
Gelians (on the Caspian Sea)
Eastern and northern peoples: Bardaisan of Edessa and Philippos' Book of the Laws of Countries (second-third centuries CE)
Georgians
Getians, Dacians, and Scythians: Strabo (early first century CE)
Germanic peoples (broad category)
Barbarian wisdom: Clement of Alexandria [VI] on barbarian and Hebrew philosophy (late second century CE)
Celts and Germans: Diodoros, Dionysios, Strabo, and Dio on distinguishing them (first centuries BCE and CE)
Celts and Germans: Plutarch’s ethnographic digressions in the Lives (early second century CE)
Celts: Ephoros (mid-fourth century BCE)
Celts: Strabo on peoples northwest of the Alps (early first century CE)
Eastern and northern peoples: Bardaisan of Edessa and Philippos' Book of the Laws of Countries (second-third centuries CE)
Gauls and Germans: Scenes from the Triumphal Arch of Orange (late first century BCE)
Gauls: Cicero and the link between imperial conquest and negative stereotypes (mid-first century BCE)
Germanic peoples: Tacitus' Germania in full (late first century CE)
Germans and Sarmatians: Josephos on impulsive and violent northerners (late first century CE)
Germans and Scythians: Seneca on enduring hardships and on anger (first century CE)
Germans, Suebians, Marcomannians, and Kimbrians: Poseidonios and Strabo on customs and rumours about the tides (first century BCE)
Germans: Julius Caesar (mid-first century BCE)
Germans: Philo of Alexandria on fighting the tides (first century CE)
Judeans and Celts: Various authors on Claudius' actions against foreigners in the 40s CE (second / third centuries CE
Judeans, Africans, and Germans: Columella on the limits of environmental theory (first century CE)
Judeans, Armenians, Dacians, Egyptians, and other peoples: Defeat, capture, and subjugation on Roman imperial coinage (first-fourth centuries CE)
Mediterranean peoples: Pomponius Mela on peoples of the known world (mid-first century CE)
Mediterranean peoples: Sextus Empiricus engages with ethnographic discourses for philosophical aims (second-third centuries CE)
Northern peoples: Inscriptions on barbarians as bandits (second-third centuries CE)
Parthians, Celts and Iberians or Germans: Scenes on the breastplate of the "Augustus of Prima Porta" (early first century CE)
Getians / Dacians (northern Thracians)
Britons, Armenians, Bessians, and others: Reliefs of subjugated peoples at Aphrodisias (first century CE)
Dacians and Sarmatians: Reliefs on "Trajan's Trophy" at Adamclisi, Romania (early second century CE)
Dacians: Reliefs on "Trajan's Column" at Rome celebrating subjugation (early second century CE)
Getians, Dacians, and Scythians: Strabo (early first century CE)
Getians, Scythians, and Goths: Jordanes on their supposed origins and achievements (mid-sixth century CE)
Judean wisdom: Josephos on philosophical sects among Judeans (late-first century CE)
Judeans, Armenians, Dacians, Egyptians, and other peoples: Defeat, capture, and subjugation on Roman imperial coinage (first-fourth centuries CE)
Mediterranean peoples: Artemidoros theorizes foreign elements in dreams (second century CE)
Mediterranean peoples: Pomponius Mela on peoples of the known world (mid-first century CE)
Northern peoples: Antonios Diogenes' <i>Wonders Beyond Thule</i> and ethnographic fiction (second century CE / ninth century CE)
Northern peoples: Inscriptions on barbarians as bandits (second-third centuries CE)
Scythians and Getians: Dio of Prusa on inter-ethnic encounters at Olbia and on Getian Matters (late first century CE)
Scythians and other Pontic peoples: Herodotos on the "most ignorant peoples of all" (fifth century BCE)
Thracians, Getians, Paionians, and others: Herodotos (mid-fifth century BCE)
Goths (Ostrogoths and Visigoths)
Getians, Scythians, and Goths: Jordanes on their supposed origins and achievements (mid-sixth century CE)
Greeks (broad category)
Aitolians: Ephoros on their origins and invincibility (mid-fourth century BCE)
Aitolians: Thucydides on barbarous Greeks (late fifth century BCE)
Barbarian and Judean wisdom: Clement of Alexandria [V] on the sources of Plato's thought (late second century CE)
Barbarian peoples: Nymphodoros, Nikolaos, and others with collections of paradoxical customs (third century BCE on)
Barbarian wisdom: Cornutus on early humanity's Stoic understanding of the cosmos (mid-first century CE)
Barbarian wisdom: The Thunder, Perfect Mind (before the fourth century CE)
Barbarians and Greeks: Thucydides theorizes the shift from barbarian banditry to settled civilization (late fifth century BCE)
Boiotians: Ephoros on the superiority of Boiotia and on a Phoenician connection (mid-fourth century BCE)
Celts / Galatians: Priene inscription on Galatian "impiety" and "savagery" during the invasion (ca. 278-270 BCE)
Chaldeans, Greeks, Egyptians, and Judeans: Aristides of Athens (second century CE)
Christians, Judeans, and Greeks: Christians as a descent group in the Epistle to Diognetos (second or third century CE)
Eastern and northern peoples: Bardaisan of Edessa and Philippos' Book of the Laws of Countries (second-third centuries CE)
Egyptian and Ethiopian diasporas: Diodoros on competing legends of migration and colonization (mid-first century BCE)
Egyptian wisdom: Plato on Solon, the Egyptian priest, and Atlantis (mid-fourth century BCE)
Egyptians: Clement of Alexandria [II] on Egyptian animal worship as less offensive than Greek customs (late second century CE)
Egyptians: Diodoros on the origins of civilization and on Egyptian views (mid-first century BCE)
Egyptians: Herodotos on customs and legendary kings (fifth century BCE)
Ethnic diversity in Alexandria: Dio of Prusa on the cross-roads of the world (late first century CE)
Europeans, Asians, and Greeks: Aristotle on environment, ethnic hierarchies, and slaves (fourth century BCE)
Greeks and barbarians: Dionysios theorizes the blurry lines (late first century BCE)
Greeks and Judeans: "Hellenizing" and "Judaizing" in 2 Maccabees (first century BCE)
Greeks and other peoples: Paul's Judean stereotypes about non-Judeans (mid-first century CE)
Greeks, Barbarians, Judeans, and Christians: Eusebios' framing of a way of life (early fourth century CE)
Indian wisdom: Josephos integrates Indians into Eleazar's Masada speech (late first century CE)
Indian wisdom: Philostratos on Apollonios of Tyana's journeys to barbarian lands (early third century CE)
Judean diasporas: Differing perspectives on violent clashes between Judeans and Greeks in Libya and Egypt under Trajan, ca. 115-117 CE (second-fourth centuries CE)
Judean diasporas: Josephos on conflicts in Babylonia, ca. 40-66 CE (late first century CE)
Judean diasporas: Josephos on tensions with Greeks in Syria, the Decapolis, and Alexandria ca. 59-66 CE (late first century CE)
Judean diasporas: Josephos' citation of documents on Asia Minor and Libya under Julius Caesar and Augustus (late first century CE)
Judean diasporas: Philo on conflicts with Greeks at Alexandria and on rebellious Egyptians (mid-first century CE)
Judean wisdom: Philo on the Therapeutists' lifestyle (first century CE)
Judeans, Syrians, Indians, and others: Porphyry of Tyre on abstinence from meat (third century CE)
Kretans: Ephoros on Kretan civic organization and customs (mid-fourth century BCE)
Kretans: Stereotypes in the letter to Titus (early second century CE)
Libyans: Herodotos on customs and colonization (fifth century BCE)
Mediterranean peoples: Artemidoros theorizes foreign elements in dreams (second century CE)
Mediterranean peoples: Claudius Ptolemy on astrological effects on peoples (second century CE)
Mediterranean peoples: Polemon theorizes the meaning of physical features (second / fifth centuries CE)
Mediterranean peoples: Sextus Empiricus engages with ethnographic discourses for philosophical aims (second-third centuries CE)
Parthians and Scythians: Julius Africanus on barbarian military techniques (early third century CE)
Parthians, Libyans, Egyptians and others: Acts of the Apostles on legends of Judean migration (early second century CE)
Parthians: Panamara inscription on Zeus' miraculous actions against invading Parthians (ca. 39 BCE)
Pelasgian diasporas: Ephoros on legends of migration (mid-fourth century BCE)
Persians and Medes: Herodotos on customs (mid-fifth century BCE)
Persians, Spartans, and Athenians: Platonic author on the superiority of the Persians (fourth century BCE)
Romans: Dionysios on Roman origins and legends of Greek and Pelasgian migrations to Italy (late first century BCE)
Romans: Dionysios on the supposed Roman refusal of barbarian and Phrygian customs (late first century BCE)
Scythian wisdom: Letters of Anacharsis (mid-third century BCE)
Scythians and Ethiopians: Agatharchides and Diodoros theorize about the effects of climate (second-first centuries CE)
Scythians, Amazons, and Persians: Isokrates on the superiority of the Athenian people (early fourth century BCE)
Scythians: Clement of Alexandria [I] on the example of Anacharsis (late second century CE)
Scythians: Lucian on Toxaris' and Anacharsis' differing encounters with Greeks (late second century CE)
Sicilians and other Greeks: Cicero's praise for Sicilians in the prosecution of Verres (mid-first century BCE)
Syrian perspectives: Lucian of Samosata on The Syrian Goddess in full (mid-second century CE)
Taurians and Greeks: Clement of Alexandria [III] on human sacrifice (late second century CE)
Helvetians (a subset of "Germans")
Celts / Gauls: Julius Caesar (mid-first century BCE)
Gauls: Cicero and the link between imperial conquest and negative stereotypes (mid-first century BCE)
Northern peoples: Inscriptions on barbarians as bandits (second-third centuries CE)
Huns
Getians, Scythians, and Goths: Jordanes on their supposed origins and achievements (mid-sixth century CE)
Hyksos (in Egypt)
Egyptian perspectives: Manetho on Egyptian Matters (early third century BCE)
Hyperboreans
Mediterranean peoples: Pomponius Mela on peoples of the known world (mid-first century CE)
Scythians, Amazons, and Hyperboreans: Diodoros on some northerners (mid-first century BCE)
Hyrkanians / Hyrcanians
Daans, Kadousians, Hyrkanians, and Sakians: Strabo on peoples east of the Caspian Sea (first century CE)
Mediterranean peoples: Pomponius Mela on peoples of the known world (mid-first century CE)
Iapygians (in southern Italy)
Iapygians and Tarentinians: Klearchos of Soloi (fourth century BCE)
Romans: Dionysios on Roman origins and legends of Greek and Pelasgian migrations to Italy (late first century BCE)
Iazygians (subset of Germans)
Northern peoples: Inscriptions on barbarians as bandits (second-third centuries CE)
Iberians (in Spain)
Babylonian diasporas: Josephos and others on legends of migration from Babel (first-second centuries CE)
Barbarian peoples: Nymphodoros, Nikolaos, and others with collections of paradoxical customs (third century BCE on)
Barbarian wisdom: Cornutus on early humanity's Stoic understanding of the cosmos (mid-first century CE)
Britons and Iernians (Irish): Julius Caesar, Pytheas, and Strabo on customs including eating human flesh (early first century CE)
Ethnic diversity in Libya / Africa: Sallust on legends of migration (mid-first century BCE)
Iapygians and Tarentinians: Klearchos of Soloi (fourth century BCE)
Iberians: Appian of Alexandria (mid-second century CE)
Iberians: Appian on Viriathus and resistance by Lusitanians (early second century CE)
Iberians: Artemidoros, Poseidonios, Strabo, and others (second century BCE to first century CE)
Iberians: Trogus on their extreme courage (first century BCE)
Indians, Ethiopians, and Celts: Dio of Prusa critiques foreign imports and luxury (late first century CE)
Maiotians, Bosporians, Kaukasians, and other Pontic peoples: Strabo on northern Asia (early first century CE)
Parthians, Celts and Iberians or Germans: Scenes on the breastplate of the "Augustus of Prima Porta" (early first century CE)
Iberians of the Caucasus area
Iberians, Albanians and others of the Caucasus area: Strabo (early first century CE)
Idumeans / Edomites
Ethnic diversity in Egypt: Inscriptional and papyrological evidence
Idumean diasporas: Inscriptions and papyri (second century BCE-third century CE)
Idumeans and Judeans: Ptolemy the historian on the difference (late first century BCE)
Idumeans: Josephos on the Edomites' origins and relations with Judeans (late first century CE)
Iernians (inhabitants of Ireland)
Britons and Iernians (Irish): Julius Caesar, Pytheas, and Strabo on customs including eating human flesh (early first century CE)
Mediterranean peoples: Pomponius Mela on peoples of the known world (mid-first century CE)
Illyrians (north of Greece)
Babylonians and Assyrians: Herodotos on legendary queens and outstanding customs (mid-fifth century BCE)
Barbarian peoples: Nymphodoros, Nikolaos, and others with collections of paradoxical customs (third century BCE on)
Getians, Dacians, and Scythians: Strabo (early first century CE)
Illyrians, Pannonians, and other peoples: Strabo (early first century CE)
Illyrians: Appian of Alexandria (mid-second century CE)
Illyrians: Theopompos on banquets (fourth century BCE)
Thracians, Getians, Paionians, and others: Herodotos (mid-fifth century BCE)
Indians
Assyrians, Medes and Persians: Ktesias on Persian Matters via Diodoros and Photios (early fourth century BCE)
Babylonian diasporas: Josephos and others on legends of migration from Babel (first-second centuries CE)
Barbarian and Scythian wisdom: Diogenes of Laertes (early third century CE)
Barbarian wisdom: Clement of Alexandria [VI] on barbarian and Hebrew philosophy (late second century CE)
Eastern and northern peoples: Bardaisan of Edessa and Philippos' Book of the Laws of Countries (second-third centuries CE)
Ethiopians: Herodotos on southern peoples at the ends of the earth (mid-fifth century BCE)
Ethnic diversity in Alexandria: Dio of Prusa on the cross-roads of the world (late first century CE)
Greeks and barbarians: Eratosthenes challenges the dichotomy (third century BCE)
Ichthyophagians: Nearchos and Agatharchides on Fish-eaters around the Arabian Sea (fourth-first centuries BCE)
Indian and Judean wisdom: Klearchos citing Aristotle (fourth century BCE)
Indian wisdom: Apuleius on the amazing naked philosophers and Pythagoras' journeys (mid-second century CE)
Indian wisdom: Apuleius on the amazing naked philosophers and Pythagoras' journeys (mid-second century CE)
Indian wisdom: Josephos integrates Indians into Eleazar's Masada speech (late first century CE)
Indian wisdom: Naked philosophers and wise diviners in the Alexander Romance (fourth century CE and earlier)
Indian wisdom: Nearchos, Megasthenes, and Arrian on the sages Dandamis and Kalanos (fourth century BCE-second century CE)
Indian wisdom: Philostratos on Apollonios of Tyana's journeys to barbarian lands (early third century CE)
Indians, Ethiopians and others: Pliny the Elder on "unbelievable" peoples (first century CE)
Indians, Ethiopians, and Celts: Dio of Prusa critiques foreign imports and luxury (late first century CE)
Indians, Ethiopians, Celts, and Scythians: Ephoros on a four-fold division of the known world (mid-fourth century BCE)
Indians: Dio of Prusa on the Indians' superior mode of life (late first century CE)
Indians: Diodoros on environment, customs and social organization (mid-first century BCE)
Indians: Herodotos on eastern peoples at the ends of the earth (mid-fifth century BCE)
Indians: Iamboulos and Diodoros on a utopian island beyond India (mid-first century BCE)
Indians: Ktesias on Indian Matters via Photios, Pliny the Elder, and Aelian (early fourth century BCE)
Indians: Nearchos, Megasthenes, and Arrian (fourth century BCE-second century CE)
Judean and Indian wisdom: Philo on the freedom of Essenes and Kalanos (early first century CE)
Judean, Indian, Babylonian, and Egyptian wisdom: Numenius the Platonic philosopher (mid-second century CE)
Judeans, Syrians, Indians, and others: Porphyry of Tyre on abstinence from meat (third century CE)
Judeans: Poseidonios (?) and Strabo on decline after Moses (first century CE)
Libyans: Herodotos on customs and colonization (fifth century BCE)
Mediterranean peoples: Sextus Empiricus engages with ethnographic discourses for philosophical aims (second-third centuries CE)
Persian, Egyptian, Indian, and Celtic wisdom: Dio of Prusa on philosophers' roles in leadership (late first century CE)
Persian, Indian, and Judean wisdom: Klearchos of Soloi on Magian precedence (fourth century BCE)
Romans: Dionysios on Roman origins and legends of Greek and Pelasgian migrations to Italy (late first century BCE)
Various peoples: Herodotos on the mixed composition of the Persian army under Xerxes (fifth century BCE)
Insubrians (subset of Celts)
Celts: Dio Cassius on spirited and untrustworthy Galatians (early third century CE)
Ionians (in Asia Minor)
Babylonian diasporas: Josephos and others on legends of migration from Babel (first-second centuries CE)
Egyptians: Herodotos on customs and legendary kings (fifth century BCE)
Judeans, "Asiatics", and Greeks: Cicero's ethnic invective aimed at eastern witnesses against Flaccus (mid-first century BCE)
Lydians: Herodotos on king Croesus and Lydian customs (mid-fifth century BCE)
Mediterranean peoples: Polemon theorizes the meaning of physical features (second / fifth centuries CE)
Pelasgian diasporas: Herodotos on legends of migration, language, and influence (mid-fifth century BCE)
Various peoples: Herodotos on the mixed composition of the Persian army under Xerxes (fifth century BCE)
Isaurians (in Asia Minor)
Isaurians: Ammianus Marcellinus on their incursions and banditry (late fourth century CE)
Italic peoples (broad category)
Persians: Pliny on the dissemination of Magian skill to the peoples of the world (first century CE)
Romans: Dionysios on Roman origins and legends of Greek and Pelasgian migrations to Italy (late first century BCE)
Itureans
Indian wisdom: Apuleius on the amazing naked philosophers and Pythagoras' journeys (mid-second century CE)
Indian wisdom: Apuleius on the amazing naked philosophers and Pythagoras' journeys (mid-second century CE)
Itureans (subset of Arabians)
Itureans among Arabians: Strabo and Josephos on a supposed bandit-people (first century CE)
Judeans / Jews / Israelites / Hebrews
Babylonian diasporas: Josephos and others on legends of migration from Babel (first-second centuries CE)
Barbarian and Judean wisdom: Clement of Alexandria [V] on the sources of Plato's thought (late second century CE)
Barbarian wisdom: Celsus and Origen of Alexandria (second-third centuries CE)
Barbarian wisdom: Clement of Alexandria [VI] on barbarian and Hebrew philosophy (late second century CE)
Chaldeans, Greeks, Egyptians, and Judeans: Aristides of Athens (second century CE)
Christians, Judeans, and Greeks: Christians as a descent group in the Epistle to Diognetos (second or third century CE)
Eastern and northern peoples: Bardaisan of Edessa and Philippos' Book of the Laws of Countries (second-third centuries CE)
Egyptian and Ethiopian diasporas: Diodoros on competing legends of migration and colonization (mid-first century BCE)
Egyptian diasporas: Legends of migration concerning Hyksos and Judeans (late fourth century BCE and on)
Egyptians: Diodoros on the origins of civilization and on Egyptian views (mid-first century BCE)
Egyptians: Josephos on animal worship (late first century CE)
Ethnic diversity in Egypt: Inscriptional and papyrological evidence
Greeks and Judeans: "Hellenizing" and "Judaizing" in 2 Maccabees (first century BCE)
Greeks, Barbarians, Judeans, and Christians: Eusebios' framing of a way of life (early fourth century CE)
Idumeans and Judeans: Ptolemy the historian on the difference (late first century BCE)
Idumeans: Josephos on the Edomites' origins and relations with Judeans (late first century CE)
Indian and Judean wisdom: Klearchos citing Aristotle (fourth century BCE)
Indian wisdom: Apuleius on the amazing naked philosophers and Pythagoras' journeys (mid-second century CE)
Indian wisdom: Apuleius on the amazing naked philosophers and Pythagoras' journeys (mid-second century CE)
Indian wisdom: Josephos integrates Indians into Eleazar's Masada speech (late first century CE)
Judean and Indian wisdom: Philo on the freedom of Essenes and Kalanos (early first century CE)
Judean and Israelite diasporas: Inscriptional evidence (second century BCE-third century CE)
Judean diasporas: Differing perspectives on violent clashes between Judeans and Greeks in Libya and Egypt under Trajan, ca. 115-117 CE (second-fourth centuries CE)
Judean diasporas: Josephos on conflicts in Babylonia, ca. 40-66 CE (late first century CE)
Judean diasporas: Josephos on tensions with Greeks in Syria, the Decapolis, and Alexandria ca. 59-66 CE (late first century CE)
Judean diasporas: Josephos' citation of documents on Asia Minor and Libya under Julius Caesar and Augustus (late first century CE)
Judean diasporas: Philo on conflicts with Greeks at Alexandria and on rebellious Egyptians (mid-first century CE)
Judean perspectives: Anonymous on Abraham's contributions (before the mid-first century BCE)
Judean perspectives: Artapanos on contributions by Abraham, Joseph, and Moses (second century BCE)
Judean perspectives: Eupolemos on contributions by Abraham and Moses (before the mid-first century BCE)
Judean perspectives: Josephos' Against Apion in full (late first century CE)
Judean perspectives: Philo on the superiority of Moses and Judean ancestral customs (first century CE)
Judean wisdom: Josephos on philosophical sects among Judeans (late-first century CE)
Judean wisdom: Philo on the Therapeutists' lifestyle (first century CE)
Judean wisdom: Pseudo-Clement on a journey to Peter the Judean sage (third century CE and on)
Judean wisdom: Theophrastos on Judean philosophers (fourth century BCE)
Judean, Indian, Babylonian, and Egyptian wisdom: Numenius the Platonic philosopher (mid-second century CE)
Judeans and Celts: Various authors on Claudius' actions against foreigners in the 40s CE (second / third centuries CE
Judeans and others: The Gospel of Philip (before the fourth century CE)
Judeans and Thracians: Hermippos of Smyrna on their influence on Pythagoras (early second century BCE)
Judeans, Africans, and Germans: Columella on the limits of environmental theory (first century CE)
Judeans, Armenians, Dacians, Egyptians, and other peoples: Defeat, capture, and subjugation on Roman imperial coinage (first-fourth centuries CE)
Judeans, Egyptians, and Magians: Various authors on Tiberius' actions against foreign practices 17-19 CE (first-third centuries CE)
Judeans, Egyptians, and others: Seneca on the "superstitions" of foreigners (mid-first century CE)
Judeans, Syrians, and Egyptians: Epiktetos engages with ethnographic discourses for philosophical aims (mid-first century CE)
Judeans, Syrians, Celts, Scythians and others: Plutarch on the "barbarian" origins of fearing the gods, or "superstition" (early second century CE)
Judeans, Syrians, Indians, and others: Porphyry of Tyre on abstinence from meat (third century CE)
Judeans: Agatharchides of Knidos on the Sabbath (second century BCE)
Judeans: Dio Cassius and Roman elite attitudes (early third century CE)
Judeans: Kleomedes denigrates Epicurus and Judeans (second century CE)
Judeans: Mnaseas, Poseidonios, Apollonios Molon, Diodoros, Apion, and Damokritos on the statue of a donkey and on human sacrifice (second century BCE and on)
Judeans: Pliny the Elder and Julius Solinus on the Essenes beside the Dead Sea (first / third centuries CE)
Judeans: Pseudo-Hekataios' <i>On Judeans</i> (before first century CE)
Judeans: Tacitus on Judean origins and customs (second century CE)
Judeans: Trogus on contributions of Joseph and Moses and on the exodus (first century BCE)
Mediterranean peoples: Sextus Empiricus engages with ethnographic discourses for philosophical aims (second-third centuries CE)
Persian, Indian, and Judean wisdom: Klearchos of Soloi on Magian precedence (fourth century BCE)
Persians: Pliny on the dissemination of Magian skill to the peoples of the world (first century CE)
Phoenician, Egyptian and Babylonian wisdom: Porphyry of Tyre and Antonius Diogenes on Pythagoras (third century CE)
Samaritans and Judeans: Belonging to Israel in the Gospels (first century CE)
Samaritans: Josephos on Chuthean origins and relations with Judeans over centuries (late first century CE)
Kadousians / Cadusians
Assyrians, Medes and Persians: Ktesias on Persian Matters via Diodoros and Photios (early fourth century BCE)
Daans, Kadousians, Hyrkanians, and Sakians: Strabo on peoples east of the Caspian Sea (first century CE)
Mediterranean peoples: Pomponius Mela on peoples of the known world (mid-first century CE)
Kilikians in Homer's terms (legendary people in northwestern Asia Minor)
Trojans, Lelegians, and Kilikians: Homer and Strabo on legendary peoples and migrations in the Troad (early first century CE)
Kimbrians (Germanic)
Celts and Germans: Plutarch’s ethnographic digressions in the Lives (early second century CE)
Germans, Suebians, Marcomannians, and Kimbrians: Poseidonios and Strabo on customs and rumours about the tides (first century BCE)
Kimmerians / Cimmerians (subset of Scythians)
Babylonian diasporas: Josephos and others on legends of migration from Babel (first-second centuries CE)
Kimmerians and Kolchians: Herodotos on other Pontic peoples (mid-fifth century BCE)
Lydians, Maionians, Arimians, and Solymians: Strabo on a variety of peoples in Lydia, Phrygia and Pisidia (early first century CE)
Maiotians, Bosporians, Kaukasians, and other Pontic peoples: Strabo on northern Asia (early first century CE)
Mediterranean peoples: Pomponius Mela on peoples of the known world (mid-first century CE)
Northern peoples: Antonios Diogenes' <i>Wonders Beyond Thule</i> and ethnographic fiction (second century CE / ninth century CE)
Kolchians (in the Caucasus mountains)
Amazons, Tibarenians, and Mossynoikians: Apollonios of Rhodes on a voyage to the Kolchians (third century BCE)
Barbarian peoples: Nymphodoros, Nikolaos, and others with collections of paradoxical customs (third century BCE on)
Egyptian diasporas: Herodotos on legends about Kolchians and customs of circumcision (late fourth century BCE)
Egyptians: Diodoros on the origins of civilization and on Egyptian views (mid-first century BCE)
Egyptians: Herodotos on customs and legendary kings (fifth century BCE)
Ethiopians: Herodotos on southern peoples at the ends of the earth (mid-fifth century BCE)
Kimmerians and Kolchians: Herodotos on other Pontic peoples (mid-fifth century BCE)
Maiotians, Bosporians, Kaukasians, and other Pontic peoples: Strabo on northern Asia (early first century CE)
Persians and Medes: Herodotos on customs (mid-fifth century BCE)
Scythian and Thracian diasporas: Inscriptional evidence
Various peoples: Herodotos on the mixed composition of the Persian army under Xerxes (fifth century BCE)
Kostobokians
Northern peoples: Inscriptions on barbarians as bandits (second-third centuries CE)
Kretans / Cretans
Barbarians and Greeks: Thucydides theorizes the shift from barbarian banditry to settled civilization (late fifth century BCE)
Egyptian diasporas: Legends of migration concerning Hyksos and Judeans (late fourth century BCE and on)
Judeans, Syrians, Indians, and others: Porphyry of Tyre on abstinence from meat (third century CE)
Kretans and Cilicians: Athenians, Rhodians, and Romans pair "banditry" with imperial control (fifth-second centuries BCE)
Kretans, Spartans, Carthaginians, and Romans: Polybios on superior and inferior societal organization (second century BCE)
Kretans: Ephoros on Kretan civic organization and customs (mid-fourth century BCE)
Kretans: Stereotypes in the letter to Titus (early second century CE)
Lydians: Herodotos on king Croesus and Lydian customs (mid-fifth century BCE)
Parthians, Libyans, Egyptians and others: Acts of the Apostles on legends of Judean migration (early second century CE)
Taurians and Greeks: Clement of Alexandria [III] on human sacrifice (late second century CE)
Kynaitheans (in Arkadia Greece)
Arkadians: Polybios theorizes environment and peoplehood (second century BCE)
Kyprians / Cyprians
Babylonian diasporas: Josephos and others on legends of migration from Babel (first-second centuries CE)
Various peoples: Herodotos on the mixed composition of the Persian army under Xerxes (fifth century BCE)
Kyrenaians / Cyrenaeans (in Libya)
Libyans: Herodotos on customs and colonization (fifth century BCE)
Scythians and other Pontic peoples: Herodotos on the "most ignorant peoples of all" (fifth century BCE)
Various peoples: Herodotos on the mixed composition of the Persian army under Xerxes (fifth century BCE)
Lelegians (legendary)
Trojans, Lelegians, and Kilikians: Homer and Strabo on legendary peoples and migrations in the Troad (early first century CE)
Libyans / Africans
Babylonian diasporas: Josephos and others on legends of migration from Babel (first-second centuries CE)
Barbarian peoples: Nymphodoros, Nikolaos, and others with collections of paradoxical customs (third century BCE on)
Barbarian wisdom: Cornutus on early humanity's Stoic understanding of the cosmos (mid-first century CE)
Egyptian and Ethiopian diasporas: Diodoros on competing legends of migration and colonization (mid-first century BCE)
Egyptians: Herodotos on customs and legendary kings (fifth century BCE)
Ethiopians: Herodotos on southern peoples at the ends of the earth (mid-fifth century BCE)
Ethnic diversity in Libya / Africa: Sallust on legends of migration (mid-first century BCE)
Judeans, Africans, and Germans: Columella on the limits of environmental theory (first century CE)
Libyan perspectives: Cornelius Fronto self-identifies as a "barbarian" and Libyan nomad (mid-second century CE)
Libyans / Africans: Pliny on various peoples and strange customs (first century CE)
Libyans / Africans: Sallust (mid-first century BCE)
Libyans: Hanno the Carthaginian (fourth century BCE or earlier)
Libyans: Herodotos on customs and colonization (fifth century BCE)
Mediterranean peoples: Polemon theorizes the meaning of physical features (second / fifth centuries CE)
Mediterranean peoples: Sextus Empiricus engages with ethnographic discourses for philosophical aims (second-third centuries CE)
Parthians, Libyans, Egyptians and others: Acts of the Apostles on legends of Judean migration (early second century CE)
Phoenicians and Sardinians: Cicero's ethnic invective in defending Marcus Scaurus (mid-first century BCE)
Romans: Dionysios on Roman origins and legends of Greek and Pelasgian migrations to Italy (late first century BCE)
Various peoples: Herodotos on the mixed composition of the Persian army under Xerxes (fifth century BCE)
Ligurians
Celts and Ligurians: Strabo on peoples south of the Alps (early first century CE)
Romans: Dionysios on the supposed Roman refusal of barbarian and Phrygian customs (late first century BCE)
Lusitanians (subset of Iberians)
Iberians: Appian on Viriathus and resistance by Lusitanians (early second century CE)
Lycians (in Asia Minor)
Ethnic diversity in Egypt: Inscriptional and papyrological evidence
Lydians, Maionians, Arimians, and Solymians: Strabo on a variety of peoples in Lydia, Phrygia and Pisidia (early first century CE)
Mysians, Galatians, Pisidians, and others: Strabo on relations among Anatolian peoples (early first century CE)
Various peoples: Herodotos on the mixed composition of the Persian army under Xerxes (fifth century BCE)
Lydians / Maionians (in Asia Minor)
Judeans, "Asiatics", and Greeks: Cicero's ethnic invective aimed at eastern witnesses against Flaccus (mid-first century BCE)
Lydians, Maionians, Arimians, and Solymians: Strabo on a variety of peoples in Lydia, Phrygia and Pisidia (early first century CE)
Lydians: Herodotos on king Croesus and Lydian customs (mid-fifth century BCE)
Lydians: Xanthos of Lydia and Klearchos of Soloi (fifth-fourth centuries BCE)
Mysians, Galatians, Pisidians, and others: Strabo on relations among Anatolian peoples (early first century CE)
Scythian wisdom: Letters of Anacharsis (mid-third century BCE)
Trojans, Lelegians, and Kilikians: Homer and Strabo on legendary peoples and migrations in the Troad (early first century CE)
Various peoples: Herodotos on the mixed composition of the Persian army under Xerxes (fifth century BCE)
Macedonians or Greco-Macedonians
Egyptian wisdom: King Nektanebos the astrologer and diviner in the Alexander Romance (fourth century CE and earlier)
Ethnic diversity in Egypt: Inscriptional and papyrological evidence
Judean diasporas: Josephos on conflicts in Babylonia, ca. 40-66 CE (late first century CE)
Lydians, Maionians, Arimians, and Solymians: Strabo on a variety of peoples in Lydia, Phrygia and Pisidia (early first century CE)
Parthians and Scythians: Julius Africanus on barbarian military techniques (early third century CE)
Pelasgian diasporas: Herodotos on legends of migration, language, and influence (mid-fifth century BCE)
Persians: Clement of Alexandria [IV] on the elements among Greek philosophers and Persian Magians (late second century CE)
Romans: Dionysios on Roman origins and legends of Greek and Pelasgian migrations to Italy (late first century BCE)
Scythian wisdom: Curtius Rufus on the Scythian elder's speech about Alexander the bandit (first century CE)
Marcomannians (subset of Germans)
Germans, Suebians, Marcomannians, and Kimbrians: Poseidonios and Strabo on customs and rumours about the tides (first century BCE)
Northern peoples: Inscriptions on barbarians as bandits (second-third centuries CE)
Mariandynians (in northwestern Anatolia)
Massagetians (subset of Scythians)
Daans, Kadousians, Hyrkanians, and Sakians: Strabo on peoples east of the Caspian Sea (first century CE)
Judeans, Syrians, Indians, and others: Porphyry of Tyre on abstinence from meat (third century CE)
Kimmerians and Kolchians: Herodotos on other Pontic peoples (mid-fifth century BCE)
Mediterranean peoples: Sextus Empiricus engages with ethnographic discourses for philosophical aims (second-third centuries CE)
Northern peoples: Antonios Diogenes' <i>Wonders Beyond Thule</i> and ethnographic fiction (second century CE / ninth century CE)
Maurians / Moors (in northern Africa)
Eastern and northern peoples: Bardaisan of Edessa and Philippos' Book of the Laws of Countries (second-third centuries CE)
Libyans / Africans: Tacitus on Tacfarinas and resistance by Numidians, Maurians, and Musulamians (early second century CE)
Mediterranean peoples: Pomponius Mela on peoples of the known world (mid-first century CE)
Medes
Assyrians, Medes and Persians: Ktesias on Persian Matters via Diodoros and Photios (early fourth century BCE)
Babylonian diasporas: Josephos and others on legends of migration from Babel (first-second centuries CE)
Babylonians and Assyrians: Herodotos on legendary queens and outstanding customs (mid-fifth century BCE)
Eastern and northern peoples: Bardaisan of Edessa and Philippos' Book of the Laws of Countries (second-third centuries CE)
Ethnic diversity in Libya / Africa: Sallust on legends of migration (mid-first century BCE)
Indians, Ethiopians, and Celts: Dio of Prusa critiques foreign imports and luxury (late first century CE)
Indians: Herodotos on eastern peoples at the ends of the earth (mid-fifth century BCE)
Kimmerians and Kolchians: Herodotos on other Pontic peoples (mid-fifth century BCE)
Parthians, Libyans, Egyptians and others: Acts of the Apostles on legends of Judean migration (early second century CE)
Persians and Medes: Herakleides of Kyme, Klearchos of Soloi, and others on royal banquets (fourth century BCE)
Persians and Medes: Herodotos on customs (mid-fifth century BCE)
Persians and Medes: Thucydides on Medizing (late-fifth century BCE)
Persians: Clement of Alexandria [IV] on the elements among Greek philosophers and Persian Magians (late second century CE)
Persians: Xenophon and an anonymous author on royal customs and Cyrus (early fourth century BCE / second century BCE)
Romans: Dionysios on Roman origins and legends of Greek and Pelasgian migrations to Italy (late first century BCE)
Scythians and other Pontic peoples: Herodotos on the "most ignorant peoples of all" (fifth century BCE)
Scythians, Amazons, and Hyperboreans: Diodoros on some northerners (mid-first century BCE)
Mediterranean peoples
Barbarian peoples: Nymphodoros, Nikolaos, and others with collections of paradoxical customs (third century BCE on)
Eastern and northern peoples: Bardaisan of Edessa and Philippos' Book of the Laws of Countries (second-third centuries CE)
Mediterranean peoples: Claudius Ptolemy on astrological effects on peoples (second century CE)
Mediterranean peoples: Pseudo-Skylax (fourth century BCE)
Mediterranean peoples: Pseudo-Skymnos' Voyage Around the Earth for Nikomedes in full (mid-second century BCE)
Mediterranean peoples: Sextus Empiricus engages with ethnographic discourses for philosophical aims (second-third centuries CE)
Mediterranean peoples: Vitruvius on the effects of climate (first century BCE)
Various peoples: Herodotos on the mixed composition of the Persian army under Xerxes (fifth century BCE)