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Ethnic Relations and Migration in the Ancient World: The Websites of Philip A. Harland

Podcast 2.4: Matthew’s portrait of Jesus – New Moses, part 1

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Podcast 2.4: Matthew’s portrait of Jesus – New Moses, part 1 (Download).

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Posted in Podcast on December 14, 2018 by Phil Harland.

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← Podcast 2.3: Mark’s portrait of Jesus – Suffering Son, part 2 Podcast 2.5: Matthew’s portrait of Jesus – New Moses, part 2 →

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(01) Non-dominant ("barbarian") perspectives
Egyptian perspectives: Chairemon on Egyptian temple functionaries (first century CE)
Egyptian perspectives: Manetho on <i>Egyptian Matters</i> (early third century BCE)
Judean perspectives: Anonymous on Abraham's contributions (before the mid-first century BCE)
Judean perspectives: Artapanos on contributions by Abraham, Joseph, and Moses (second century BCE)
Judean perspectives: Eupolemos on contributions by Abraham and Moses (before the mid-first century BCE)
Judean perspectives: Josephos' <i>Against Apion</i> in full (late first century CE)
Judean perspectives: Philo on the superiority of Moses and Judean ancestral customs (first century CE)
Phoenician perspectives: Philo of Byblos on <i>Phoenician Matters</i> (early second century CE)
Syrian perspectives: Lucian of Samosata on <i>The Syrian Goddess</i> in full (mid-second century CE)
(02) Greek and Roman ethnographic perspectives and stereotypes on other peoples
Aitolians: Ephoros on their origins and invincibility (mid-fourth century BCE)
Amazons: Strabo on their customs and northern location (first century CE)
Arabians and Aramaians: Poseidonios on relations between eastern peoples (first century BCE)
Arabians: Diodoros on Nabateans and other Arabian peoples (mid-first century BCE)
Arabians: Herodotos (fifth century BCE)
Arkadians: Polybios on an environmental theory of peoplehood (second century BCE)
Babylonians: Diodoros on Chaldeans' astrology and divination (mid-first century BCE)
Boiotians: Ephoros on the superiority of Boiotia and on a Phoenician connection (mid-fourth century BCE)
Britons and Iernians (Irish): Julius Caesar, Pytheas, and Strabo on customs and cannibalism (early first century CE)
Britons: Julius Caesar (mid-first century BCE)
Britons: Tacitus (late first century CE)
Carthaginians: Appian of Alexandria (mid-second century CE)
Celts / Galatians: Polybios on the Celts' encounter with Rome and on his method in dealing with distant peoples (second century BCE)
Celts / Gauls: Julius Caesar (mid-first century BCE)
Celts / Gauls: Timagenes of Alexandria (first century BCE)
Celts and Germans: Plutarch’s ethnographic digressions in the Lives (early second century CE)
Celts and Ligurians: Strabo on peoples south of the Alps (early first century CE)
Celts: Ephoros (mid-fourth century BCE)
Celts: Poseidonios and others on banqueting and violent customs (first century BCE)
Celts: Strabo on peoples northwest of the Alps (early first century CE)
Egyptians: Diodoros on the origins of civilization and on Egyptian views (mid-first century BCE)
Egyptians: Herodotos (fifth century BCE)
Ethiopians: Diodoros on their claims, appearance, and customs (mid-first century BCE)
Europeans and Asians: "Hippokrates" on humoural and environmental theories (fifth century BCE)
Europeans, Asians, and Greeks: Aristotle on environment, ethnic hierarchies, and slaves (fourth century BCE)
Germans and Scythians: Seneca on enduring hardships and on anger (first century CE)
Germans: Julius Caesar (mid-first century BCE)
Germans: Philo of Alexandria on fighting the tides (first century CE)
Germans: Tacitus' <i>Germania</i> in full (late first century CE)
Getians, Dacians, and Scythians: Strabo (early first century CE)
Iapygians and Tarentinians: Klearchos of Soloi (fourth century BCE)
Iberians: Appian of Alexandria (mid-second century CE)
Iberians: Artemidoros, Poseidonios, and others (second century BCE to first century CE)
Iberians: Pompeius Trogus (first century BCE)
Illyrians, Pannonians, and other peoples: Strabo (early first century CE)
Illyrians: Appian of Alexandria (mid-second century CE)
Illyrians: Theopompos on banquets (fourth century BCE)
Indians, Ethiopians, Celts, and Scythians: Ephoros on a four-fold division of the known world (mid-fourth century BCE)
Indians: Diodoros on environment, customs and social organization (mid-first century BCE)
Indians: Iamboulos and Diodoros on a utopian island beyond India (mid-first century BCE)
Indians: Nearchos, Megasthenes, and Arrian (fourth century BCE-second century CE)
Judean and Indian wisdom: Philo on the freedom of Essenes and Kalanos (early first century CE)
Judeans, Syrians, Indians, and others: Porphyry of Tyre on abstinence from meat (third century CE)
Judeans: Agatharchides of Knidos on the Sabbath (second century BCE)
Judeans: Manetho, Chairemon, and Lysimachos on an alternative Exodus (third century BCE on)
Judeans: Mnaseas, Poseidonios, Apollonios Molon, Diodoros, and Apion on the statue of a donkey and on human sacrifice (second century BCE and on)
Judeans: Pliny the Elder and Julius Solinus on the Essenes beside the Dead Sea (first / third centuries CE)
Judeans: Poseidonios (?) and Strabo on decline after Moses (first century CE)
Judeans: Pseudo-Hekataios' <i>On Judeans</i> (before first century CE)
Judeans: Tacitus on Judean origins and customs (second century CE)
Kimbrians / Germans: Poseidonios and Strabo refute stories about the tides (first century BCE)
Kretans, Spartans, Carthaginians, and Romans: Polybios on superior and inferior societal organization (second century BCE)
Kretans: Ephoros on Kretan civic organization and customs (mid-fourth century BCE)
Libyans / Africans: Sallust (mid-first century BCE)
Libyans: Hanno the Carthaginian (fourth century BCE or earlier)
Libyans: Herodotos (fifth century BCE)
Lydians: Xanthos of Lydia and Klearchos of Soloi (fifth-fourth centuries BCE)
Mediterranean peoples: Claudius Ptolemy on astrological effects on peoples (second century CE)
Mediterranean peoples: Pseudo-Skylax (fourth century BCE)
Mediterranean peoples: Pseudo-Skymnos' <i>Voyage Around the Earth for Nikomedes</i> in full (mid-second century BCE)
Mediterranean peoples: Sextus Empiricus draws on ethnographic material for philosophical aims (second-third centuries CE)
Mediterranean peoples: Vitruvius on the effects of climate (first century BCE)
Mossynoikians in Pontos: Xenophon and others on the "most barbarous" people (early fourth century BCE)
Mysians / Moesians: Poseidonios on their identification and customs based on Homer (first century BCE)
Northern peoples: Antonios Diogenes' <i>Wonders Beyond Thule</i> and ethnographic fiction (second century CE / ninth century CE)
Parthians: Poseidonios on royal banquets (first century BCE)
Persians and Medes: Herakleides of Kyme, Klearchos of Soloi, and others on royal banquets (fourth century BCE)
Persians and Medes: Herodotos (mid-fifth century BCE)
Persians: Xenophon and an anonymous author on royal customs and Cyrus (early fourth century BCE / second century BCE)
Phoenicians: Herodotos (fifth century BCE)
Sarmatians: Tacitus on ferocity and laziness in military situations (early second century CE)
Scythians and other northern peoples: Ephoros (mid-fourth century BCE)
Scythians and other Pontic peoples: Herodotos (fifth century BCE)
Scythians, Amazons, and Hyperboreans: Diodoros on some northerners (mid-first century BCE)
Scythians, Amazons, and Persians: Isokrates on the superiority of the Athenian people (early fourth century BCE)
Scythians: Klearchos of Soloi (fourth century BCE)
Scythians: Pompeius Trogus on Scythian superiority (first century BCE)
Thracians: Tacitus on their uncivilized and wild nature (early second century CE)
Various peoples: Herodotos on the mixed composition of the Persian army under Xerxes (fifth century BCE)
Western peoples beyond the pillars of Herakles (and up): Lucian's <i>A True Story</i> and ethnographic fiction (late second century CE)
(03) Visual ethnography (via archeology)
Amazons: Greek artistic depictions of a female warrior people (fourth century BCE to second century CE)
Britons, Armenians, Bessians, and others: Reliefs of subjugated peoples at Aphrodisias (first century CE)
Celts, Persians, and Amazons: Smaller statues of fighting and dying "barbarians" associated with Attalos of Pergamon (third-second century BCE / second century CE)
Celts: Statues of dying Gauls / Galatians associated with Attalos I of Pergamon (late third century BCE / second century CE)
Dacians and Sarmatians: Reliefs on "Trajan's Trophy" at Adamclisi, Romania (early second century CE)
Dacians: Reliefs on "Trajan's Column" at Rome celebrating subjugation (early second century CE)
Judeans, Armenians, Dacians, Egyptians, and other peoples: Defeat, capture, and subjugation on Roman imperial coinage (first-fourth centuries CE)
Parthians, Celts and Iberians or Germans: Scenes on the breastplate of the "Augustus of Prima Porta" (early first century CE)
Parthians: Scenes from the Arch of Septimius Severus (early third century CE)
Persians: God Mithras as a Roman representation of a Persian (second century CE)
Scythians: Greek depictions of Scythian archers on Attic pottery (sixth century BCE)
(04) Greek philosophers on wise "barbarians" and noble "savages"
Barbarian wisdom: Cornutus on early humanity's Stoic understanding of the cosmos (mid-first century CE)
Barbarian wisdom: Dio of Prusa on barbarians' innate knowledge of god (late first century CE)
Barbarian wisdom: Ephoros on inventors (mid-fourth century BCE)
Barbarian wisdom: Porphyry of Tyre's Neoplatonic perspective (third century CE)
Barbarian wisdom: Poseidonios on inventors of the golden age (first century BCE)
Barbarian wisdom: Various authors and Clement of Alexandria (second century CE)
Egyptian wisdom: Lucian's story about Eukrates and Pankrates (late second century CE)
Egyptian wisdom: Plato on Solon, the Egyptian priest, and Atlantis (mid-fourth century BCE)
Egyptian wisdom: Thessalos (first or second century CE)
Indian and Judean wisdom: Klearchos citing Aristotle (fourth century BCE)
Indian wisdom: Nearchos, Megasthenes, and Arrian on the sages Dandamis and Kalanos (fourth century BCE-second century CE)
Indian wisdom: Philostratos on Apollonios of Tyana's journeys to barbarian lands (early third century CE)
Judean wisdom: Philo on the Therapeutists' lifestyle (first century CE)
Judean wisdom: Theophrastos on Judean philosophers (fourth century BCE)
Judean, Indian, Babylonian, and Egyptian wisdom: Numenius the Platonic philosopher (mid-second century CE)
Persian wisdom: Aristoxenos of Tarentum on Pythagoras and Zoroaster (fourth century BCE)
Persian wisdom: Eudemos of Rhodes on Magians (fourth century BCE)
Persian wisdom: Plutarch's story about Kleombrotos' journeys (early second century CE)
Persian wisdom: Theopompos of Chios and Plutarch on Magians (fourth century BCE and later)
Phoenician wisdom: Ampelius on Mochos of Sidon (early-third century CE)
Phoenician wisdom: Damascius on Eudemos of Rhodes and Mochos of Sidon (fourth century BCE)
Phoenician wisdom: Strabo and Poseidonios on Mochos of Sidon (first century BCE)
Phoenician, Egyptian and Babylonian wisdom: Porphyry of Tyre on Pythagoras (third century CE)
Phoenician, Egyptian and Persian wisdom: Iamblichos of Chalkis on Pythagoras (fourth century CE)
Scythian and barbarian wisdom: Diogenes of Laertes (early third century CE)
Scythian wisdom: Letters of Anacharsis (mid-third century BCE)
(05) Judeans (Jews) and Christians as participants in ethnographic culture
Barbarian wisdom: Celsus and Origen of Alexandria (second-third centuries CE)
Barbarian wisdom: Various authors and Clement of Alexandria (second century CE)
Chaldeans, Greeks, Egyptians, and Judeans: Aristides of Athens (second century CE)
Eastern and northern peoples: Bardaisan of Edessa and Philippos' <i>Book of the Laws of Countries</i> (second-third centuries CE)
Egyptians and Canaanites: Wisdom of Solomon on worship of animals and images (first century BCE)
Egyptians: Josephos on animal worship (late first century CE)
Germans: Philo of Alexandria on fighting the tides (first century CE)
Greeks and other peoples: Paul's Judean stereotypes about non-Judeans (mid-first century CE)
Judean and Indian wisdom: Philo on the freedom of Essenes and Kalanos (early first century CE)
Judean wisdom: Philo on the Therapeutists' lifestyle (first century CE)
Kretans: Stereotypes in the letter to Titus (early second century CE)
Parthians, Libyans, Egyptians and others: Acts of the Apostles on legends of Judean migration (early second century CE)
Phoenicians: Gospel of Mark on Jesus and a Syro-Phoenician woman (late first century CE)
Pontic peoples: Tertullian on the Pontic "barbarian" Marcion (late second century CE)
Scythians and barbarians: Colossians and others on ritual recitations (late first or early second century CE)
(06) Migration, ethnic diversity, and diasporas
Egyptian diasporas: Inscriptional evidence
Egyptian diasporas: Legends of migration concerning Hyksos and Judeans (late fourth century BCE and on)
Ethnic diversity in Egypt: Inscriptional and papyrological evidence
Ethnic diversity in Libya / Africa: Sallust on legends of migration (mid-first century BCE)
Ethnic diversity on Rhodes island: Inscriptional evidence
Italian and Roman diasporas: Inscriptional evidence
Judean and Israelite diasporas: Inscriptional evidence (second century BCE-third century CE)
Pelasgian diasporas: Ephoros on legends of migration (mid-fourth century BCE)
Phoenician diasporas: Ephoros on Kadmos and legends of migration to Boiotia (mid-fourth century BCE)
Phoenicians: Gospel of Mark on Jesus and a Syro-Phoenician woman (late first century CE)
Scythian and Thracian diasporas: Inscriptional evidence
Syrian and Phoenician diasporas: Inscriptional evidence
(07) Further ethnic stereotyping and racialization
Physiognomy and ethnicity: Polemon as summarized by Adamantius (second / fifth centuries CE)
Physiognomy and ethnicity: Pseudo-Aristotle (third century BCE)
(08) Gender, sexuality, and ethnographic discourses
Amazons: Greek artistic depictions of a female warrior people (fourth century BCE to second century CE)
Celts: Poseidonios and others on banqueting and violent customs (first century BCE)
Eastern and northern peoples: Bardaisan of Edessa and Philippos' <i>Book of the Laws of Countries</i> (second-third centuries CE)
Europeans and Asians: "Hippokrates" on humoural and environmental theories (fifth century BCE)
Iapygians and Tarentinians: Klearchos of Soloi (fourth century BCE)
Illyrians: Theopompos on banquets (fourth century BCE)
Libyans: Herodotos (fifth century BCE)
Lydians: Xanthos of Lydia and Klearchos of Soloi (fifth-fourth centuries BCE)
Mediterranean peoples: Sextus Empiricus draws on ethnographic material for philosophical aims (second-third centuries CE)
Mossynoikians in Pontos: Xenophon and others on the "most barbarous" people (early fourth century BCE)
Scythians, Amazons, and Hyperboreans: Diodoros on some northerners (mid-first century BCE)
Scythians: Pompeius Trogus on Scythian superiority (first century BCE)
(09) Ethnic groups or peoples
(a) Northern peoples
Amazons: Greek artistic depictions of a female warrior people (fourth century BCE to second century CE)
Amazons: Strabo on their customs and northern location (first century CE)
Barbarian wisdom: Celsus and Origen of Alexandria (second-third centuries CE)
Barbarian wisdom: Ephoros on inventors (mid-fourth century BCE)
Barbarian wisdom: Poseidonios on inventors of the golden age (first century BCE)
Barbarian wisdom: Various authors and Clement of Alexandria (second century CE)
Britons, Armenians, Bessians, and others: Reliefs of subjugated peoples at Aphrodisias (first century CE)
Britons: Julius Caesar (mid-first century BCE)
Britons: Tacitus (late first century CE)
Celts / Galatians: Polybios on the Celts' encounter with Rome and on his method in dealing with distant peoples (second century BCE)
Celts / Gauls: Julius Caesar (mid-first century BCE)
Celts / Gauls: Timagenes of Alexandria (first century BCE)
Celts and Germans: Plutarch’s ethnographic digressions in the Lives (early second century CE)
Celts, Persians, and Amazons: Smaller statues of fighting and dying "barbarians" associated with Attalos of Pergamon (third-second century BCE / second century CE)
Celts: Ephoros (mid-fourth century BCE)
Celts: Poseidonios and others on banqueting and violent customs (first century BCE)
Celts: Statues of dying Gauls / Galatians associated with Attalos I of Pergamon (late third century BCE / second century CE)
Dacians and Sarmatians: Reliefs on "Trajan's Trophy" at Adamclisi, Romania (early second century CE)
Dacians: Reliefs on "Trajan's Column" at Rome celebrating subjugation (early second century CE)
Eastern and northern peoples: Bardaisan of Edessa and Philippos' <i>Book of the Laws of Countries</i> (second-third centuries CE)
Europeans and Asians: "Hippokrates" on humoural and environmental theories (fifth century BCE)
Germans and Scythians: Seneca on enduring hardships and on anger (first century CE)
Germans: Julius Caesar (mid-first century BCE)
Germans: Philo of Alexandria on fighting the tides (first century CE)
Germans: Tacitus' <i>Germania</i> in full (late first century CE)
Getians, Dacians, and Scythians: Strabo (early first century CE)
Illyrians, Pannonians, and other peoples: Strabo (early first century CE)
Illyrians: Appian of Alexandria (mid-second century CE)
Illyrians: Theopompos on banquets (fourth century BCE)
Indians, Ethiopians, Celts, and Scythians: Ephoros on a four-fold division of the known world (mid-fourth century BCE)
Judeans, Syrians, Indians, and others: Porphyry of Tyre on abstinence from meat (third century CE)
Kimbrians / Germans: Poseidonios and Strabo refute stories about the tides (first century BCE)
Mediterranean peoples: Claudius Ptolemy on astrological effects on peoples (second century CE)
Mediterranean peoples: Pseudo-Skylax (fourth century BCE)
Mediterranean peoples: Pseudo-Skymnos' <i>Voyage Around the Earth for Nikomedes</i> in full (mid-second century BCE)
Mediterranean peoples: Sextus Empiricus draws on ethnographic material for philosophical aims (second-third centuries CE)
Mediterranean peoples: Vitruvius on the effects of climate (first century BCE)
Mysians / Moesians: Poseidonios on their identification and customs based on Homer (first century BCE)
Northern peoples: Antonios Diogenes' <i>Wonders Beyond Thule</i> and ethnographic fiction (second century CE / ninth century CE)
Parthians, Celts and Iberians or Germans: Scenes on the breastplate of the "Augustus of Prima Porta" (early first century CE)
Physiognomy and ethnicity: Polemon as summarized by Adamantius (second / fifth centuries CE)
Physiognomy and ethnicity: Pseudo-Aristotle (third century BCE)
Pontic peoples: Tertullian on the Pontic "barbarian" Marcion (late second century CE)
Sarmatians: Tacitus on ferocity and laziness in military situations (early second century CE)
Scythian and barbarian wisdom: Diogenes of Laertes (early third century CE)
Scythian and Thracian diasporas: Inscriptional evidence
Scythian wisdom: Letters of Anacharsis (mid-third century BCE)
Scythians and barbarians: Colossians and others on ritual recitations (late first or early second century CE)
Scythians and other northern peoples: Ephoros (mid-fourth century BCE)
Scythians and other Pontic peoples: Herodotos (fifth century BCE)
Scythians, Amazons, and Hyperboreans: Diodoros on some northerners (mid-first century BCE)
Scythians, Amazons, and Persians: Isokrates on the superiority of the Athenian people (early fourth century BCE)
Scythians: Greek depictions of Scythian archers on Attic pottery (sixth century BCE)
Scythians: Klearchos of Soloi (fourth century BCE)
Scythians: Pompeius Trogus on Scythian superiority (first century BCE)
Thracians: Tacitus on their uncivilized and wild nature (early second century CE)
Various peoples: Herodotos on the mixed composition of the Persian army under Xerxes (fifth century BCE)
(b) Southern peoples
Carthaginians: Appian of Alexandria (mid-second century CE)
Chaldeans, Greeks, Egyptians, and Judeans: Aristides of Athens (second century CE)
Egyptian diasporas: Inscriptional evidence
Egyptian perspectives: Chairemon on Egyptian temple functionaries (first century CE)
Egyptian perspectives: Manetho on <i>Egyptian Matters</i> (early third century BCE)
Egyptian wisdom: Lucian's story about Eukrates and Pankrates (late second century CE)
Egyptian wisdom: Plato on Solon, the Egyptian priest, and Atlantis (mid-fourth century BCE)
Egyptian wisdom: Thessalos (first or second century CE)
Egyptians: Herodotos (fifth century BCE)
Egyptians: Josephos on animal worship (late first century CE)
Ethnic diversity in Libya / Africa: Sallust on legends of migration (mid-first century BCE)
Kretans, Spartans, Carthaginians, and Romans: Polybios on superior and inferior societal organization (second century BCE)
Libyans / Africans: Sallust (mid-first century BCE)
Libyans: Hanno the Carthaginian (fourth century BCE or earlier)
Mediterranean peoples: Claudius Ptolemy on astrological effects on peoples (second century CE)
Mediterranean peoples: Pseudo-Skylax (fourth century BCE)
Mediterranean peoples: Pseudo-Skymnos' <i>Voyage Around the Earth for Nikomedes</i> in full (mid-second century BCE)
Mediterranean peoples: Sextus Empiricus draws on ethnographic material for philosophical aims (second-third centuries CE)
Mediterranean peoples: Vitruvius on the effects of climate (first century BCE)
Physiognomy and ethnicity: Polemon as summarized by Adamantius (second / fifth centuries CE)
Physiognomy and ethnicity: Pseudo-Aristotle (third century BCE)
Various peoples: Herodotos on the mixed composition of the Persian army under Xerxes (fifth century BCE)
(c) Western peoples
Arkadians: Polybios on an environmental theory of peoplehood (second century BCE)
Europeans and Asians: "Hippokrates" on humoural and environmental theories (fifth century BCE)
Europeans, Asians, and Greeks: Aristotle on environment, ethnic hierarchies, and slaves (fourth century BCE)
Iapygians and Tarentinians: Klearchos of Soloi (fourth century BCE)
Iberians: Appian of Alexandria (mid-second century CE)
Iberians: Artemidoros, Poseidonios, and others (second century BCE to first century CE)
Iberians: Pompeius Trogus (first century BCE)
Italian and Roman diasporas: Inscriptional evidence
Kretans, Spartans, Carthaginians, and Romans: Polybios on superior and inferior societal organization (second century BCE)
Mediterranean peoples: Claudius Ptolemy on astrological effects on peoples (second century CE)
Mediterranean peoples: Pseudo-Skylax (fourth century BCE)
Mediterranean peoples: Pseudo-Skymnos' <i>Voyage Around the Earth for Nikomedes</i> in full (mid-second century BCE)
Mediterranean peoples: Sextus Empiricus draws on ethnographic material for philosophical aims (second-third centuries CE)
Parthians, Celts and Iberians or Germans: Scenes on the breastplate of the "Augustus of Prima Porta" (early first century CE)
Physiognomy and ethnicity: Polemon as summarized by Adamantius (second / fifth centuries CE)
Western peoples beyond the pillars of Herakles (and up): Lucian's <i>A True Story</i> and ethnographic fiction (late second century CE)
(d) Eastern peoples
Arabians and Aramaians: Poseidonios on relations between eastern peoples (first century BCE)
Barbarian wisdom: Celsus and Origen of Alexandria (second-third centuries CE)
Barbarian wisdom: Ephoros on inventors (mid-fourth century BCE)
Barbarian wisdom: Poseidonios on inventors of the golden age (first century BCE)
Barbarian wisdom: Various authors and Clement of Alexandria (second century CE)
Britons, Armenians, Bessians, and others: Reliefs of subjugated peoples at Aphrodisias (first century CE)
Celts, Persians, and Amazons: Smaller statues of fighting and dying "barbarians" associated with Attalos of Pergamon (third-second century BCE / second century CE)
Chaldeans, Greeks, Egyptians, and Judeans: Aristides of Athens (second century CE)
Eastern and northern peoples: Bardaisan of Edessa and Philippos' <i>Book of the Laws of Countries</i> (second-third centuries CE)
Europeans and Asians: "Hippokrates" on humoural and environmental theories (fifth century BCE)
Europeans, Asians, and Greeks: Aristotle on environment, ethnic hierarchies, and slaves (fourth century BCE)
Indian and Judean wisdom: Klearchos citing Aristotle (fourth century BCE)
Indians, Ethiopians, Celts, and Scythians: Ephoros on a four-fold division of the known world (mid-fourth century BCE)
Indians: Diodoros on environment, customs and social organization (mid-first century BCE)
Indians: Nearchos, Megasthenes, and Arrian (fourth century BCE-second century CE)
Judean and Indian wisdom: Philo on the freedom of Essenes and Kalanos (early first century CE)
Judean and Israelite diasporas: Inscriptional evidence (second century BCE-third century CE)
Judean perspectives: Anonymous on Abraham's contributions (before the mid-first century BCE)
Judean perspectives: Artapanos on contributions by Abraham, Joseph, and Moses (second century BCE)
Judean perspectives: Eupolemos on contributions by Abraham and Moses (before the mid-first century BCE)
Judean perspectives: Josephos' <i>Against Apion</i> in full (late first century CE)
Judean perspectives: Philo on the superiority of Moses and Judean ancestral customs (first century CE)
Judean wisdom: Philo on the Therapeutists' lifestyle (first century CE)
Judean wisdom: Theophrastos on Judean philosophers (fourth century BCE)
Judeans, Syrians, Indians, and others: Porphyry of Tyre on abstinence from meat (third century CE)
Judeans: Agatharchides of Knidos on the Sabbath (second century BCE)
Judeans: Manetho, Chairemon, and Lysimachos on an alternative Exodus (third century BCE on)
Judeans: Mnaseas, Poseidonios, Apollonios Molon, Diodoros, and Apion on the statue of a donkey and on human sacrifice (second century BCE and on)
Judeans: Pliny the Elder and Julius Solinus on the Essenes beside the Dead Sea (first / third centuries CE)
Judeans: Poseidonios (?) and Strabo on decline after Moses (first century CE)
Judeans: Pseudo-Hekataios' <i>On Judeans</i> (before first century CE)
Judeans: Tacitus on Judean origins and customs (second century CE)
Lydians: Xanthos of Lydia and Klearchos of Soloi (fifth-fourth centuries BCE)
Mediterranean peoples: Claudius Ptolemy on astrological effects on peoples (second century CE)
Mediterranean peoples: Pseudo-Skylax (fourth century BCE)
Mediterranean peoples: Pseudo-Skymnos' <i>Voyage Around the Earth for Nikomedes</i> in full (mid-second century BCE)
Mediterranean peoples: Sextus Empiricus draws on ethnographic material for philosophical aims (second-third centuries CE)
Mediterranean peoples: Vitruvius on the effects of climate (first century BCE)
Parthians, Celts and Iberians or Germans: Scenes on the breastplate of the "Augustus of Prima Porta" (early first century CE)
Parthians, Libyans, Egyptians and others: Acts of the Apostles on legends of Judean migration (early second century CE)
Parthians: Poseidonios on royal banquets (first century BCE)
Parthians: Scenes from the Arch of Septimius Severus (early third century CE)
Persian wisdom: Aristoxenos of Tarentum on Pythagoras and Zoroaster (fourth century BCE)
Persian wisdom: Eudemos of Rhodes on Magians (fourth century BCE)
Persian wisdom: Plutarch's story about Kleombrotos' journeys (early second century CE)
Persian wisdom: Theopompos of Chios and Plutarch on Magians (fourth century BCE and later)
Persians and Medes: Herakleides of Kyme, Klearchos of Soloi, and others on royal banquets (fourth century BCE)
Phoenician perspectives: Philo of Byblos on <i>Phoenician Matters</i> (early second century CE)
Phoenician wisdom: Ampelius on Mochos of Sidon (early-third century CE)
Phoenician wisdom: Damascius on Eudemos of Rhodes and Mochos of Sidon (fourth century BCE)
Phoenician wisdom: Strabo and Poseidonios on Mochos of Sidon (first century BCE)
Phoenician, Egyptian and Babylonian wisdom: Porphyry of Tyre on Pythagoras (third century CE)
Phoenician, Egyptian and Persian wisdom: Iamblichos of Chalkis on Pythagoras (fourth century CE)
Phoenicians: Gospel of Mark on Jesus and a Syro-Phoenician woman (late first century CE)
Phoenicians: Herodotos (fifth century BCE)
Physiognomy and ethnicity: Polemon as summarized by Adamantius (second / fifth centuries CE)
Scythian and barbarian wisdom: Diogenes of Laertes (early third century CE)
Scythians, Amazons, and Persians: Isokrates on the superiority of the Athenian people (early fourth century BCE)
Syrian and Phoenician diasporas: Inscriptional evidence
Syrian perspectives: Lucian of Samosata on <i>The Syrian Goddess</i> in full (mid-second century CE)
Various peoples: Herodotos on the mixed composition of the Persian army under Xerxes (fifth century BCE)
Aitolians / Aetolians (in Greece)
Aitolians: Ephoros on their origins and invincibility (mid-fourth century BCE)
Alexandrians (in Egypt)
Egyptian diasporas: Inscriptional evidence
Amazons (often considered Scythians)
Amazons: Greek artistic depictions of a female warrior people (fourth century BCE to second century CE)
Amazons: Strabo on their customs and northern location (first century CE)
Britons, Armenians, Bessians, and others: Reliefs of subjugated peoples at Aphrodisias (first century CE)
Celts, Persians, and Amazons: Smaller statues of fighting and dying "barbarians" associated with Attalos of Pergamon (third-second century BCE / second century CE)
Eastern and northern peoples: Bardaisan of Edessa and Philippos' <i>Book of the Laws of Countries</i> (second-third centuries CE)
Scythians and other northern peoples: Ephoros (mid-fourth century BCE)
Scythians and other Pontic peoples: Herodotos (fifth century BCE)
Scythians, Amazons, and Hyperboreans: Diodoros on some northerners (mid-first century BCE)
Scythians, Amazons, and Persians: Isokrates on the superiority of the Athenian people (early fourth century BCE)
Scythians: Pompeius Trogus on Scythian superiority (first century BCE)
Arabians
Arabians and Aramaians: Poseidonios on relations between eastern peoples (first century BCE)
Arabians: Diodoros on Nabateans and other Arabian peoples (mid-first century BCE)
Arabians: Herodotos (fifth century BCE)
Eastern and northern peoples: Bardaisan of Edessa and Philippos' <i>Book of the Laws of Countries</i> (second-third centuries CE)
Egyptians: Herodotos (fifth century BCE)
Ethnic diversity in Egypt: Inscriptional and papyrological evidence
Parthians, Libyans, Egyptians and others: Acts of the Apostles on legends of Judean migration (early second century CE)
Various peoples: Herodotos on the mixed composition of the Persian army under Xerxes (fifth century BCE)
Arkadians (in Greece)
Arkadians: Polybios on an environmental theory of peoplehood (second century BCE)
Pelasgian diasporas: Ephoros on legends of migration (mid-fourth century BCE)
Armenians
Arabians and Aramaians: Poseidonios on relations between eastern peoples (first century BCE)
Britons, Armenians, Bessians, and others: Reliefs of subjugated peoples at Aphrodisias (first century CE)
Ethnic diversity in Libya / Africa: Sallust on legends of migration (mid-first century BCE)
Judeans, Armenians, Dacians, Egyptians, and other peoples: Defeat, capture, and subjugation on Roman imperial coinage (first-fourth centuries CE)
Various peoples: Herodotos on the mixed composition of the Persian army under Xerxes (fifth century BCE)
Asians (general)
Europeans and Asians: "Hippokrates" on humoural and environmental theories (fifth century BCE)
Europeans, Asians, and Greeks: Aristotle on environment, ethnic hierarchies, and slaves (fourth century BCE)
Parthians, Libyans, Egyptians and others: Acts of the Apostles on legends of Judean migration (early second century CE)
Athenians
Egyptian wisdom: Plato on Solon, the Egyptian priest, and Atlantis (mid-fourth century BCE)
Kretans, Spartans, Carthaginians, and Romans: Polybios on superior and inferior societal organization (second century BCE)
Babylonians / Chaldeans
Arabians: Herodotos (fifth century BCE)
Babylonians: Diodoros on Chaldeans' astrology and divination (mid-first century BCE)
Barbarian wisdom: Celsus and Origen of Alexandria (second-third centuries CE)
Barbarian wisdom: Cornutus on early humanity's Stoic understanding of the cosmos (mid-first century CE)
Barbarian wisdom: Various authors and Clement of Alexandria (second century CE)
Chaldeans, Greeks, Egyptians, and Judeans: Aristides of Athens (second century CE)
Eastern and northern peoples: Bardaisan of Edessa and Philippos' <i>Book of the Laws of Countries</i> (second-third centuries CE)
Egyptians: Diodoros on the origins of civilization and on Egyptian views (mid-first century BCE)
Egyptians: Herodotos (fifth century BCE)
Judean perspectives: Josephos' <i>Against Apion</i> in full (late first century CE)
Judean, Indian, Babylonian, and Egyptian wisdom: Numenius the Platonic philosopher (mid-second century CE)
Judeans: Poseidonios (?) and Strabo on decline after Moses (first century CE)
Persian wisdom: Aristoxenos of Tarentum on Pythagoras and Zoroaster (fourth century BCE)
Phoenician, Egyptian and Babylonian wisdom: Porphyry of Tyre on Pythagoras (third century CE)
Phoenician, Egyptian and Persian wisdom: Iamblichos of Chalkis on Pythagoras (fourth century CE)
Scythian and barbarian wisdom: Diogenes of Laertes (early third century CE)
Various peoples: Herodotos on the mixed composition of the Persian army under Xerxes (fifth century BCE)
Baktrians / Bactrians
Eastern and northern peoples: Bardaisan of Edessa and Philippos' <i>Book of the Laws of Countries</i> (second-third centuries CE)
Judeans, Syrians, Indians, and others: Porphyry of Tyre on abstinence from meat (third century CE)
Various peoples: Herodotos on the mixed composition of the Persian army under Xerxes (fifth century BCE)
Bessians (subset of Thracians)
Britons, Armenians, Bessians, and others: Reliefs of subjugated peoples at Aphrodisias (first century CE)
Bithynians (in Asia Minor)
Various peoples: Herodotos on the mixed composition of the Persian army under Xerxes (fifth century BCE)
Boiotians / Boeotians (in Greece)
Boiotians: Ephoros on the superiority of Boiotia and on a Phoenician connection (mid-fourth century BCE)
Ethnic diversity in Egypt: Inscriptional and papyrological evidence
Phoenician diasporas: Ephoros on Kadmos and legends of migration to Boiotia (mid-fourth century BCE)
Britons / Britannians
Britons and Iernians (Irish): Julius Caesar, Pytheas, and Strabo on customs and cannibalism (early first century CE)
Britons, Armenians, Bessians, and others: Reliefs of subjugated peoples at Aphrodisias (first century CE)
Britons: Julius Caesar (mid-first century BCE)
Britons: Tacitus (late first century CE)
Eastern and northern peoples: Bardaisan of Edessa and Philippos' <i>Book of the Laws of Countries</i> (second-third centuries CE)
Carians (in Asia Minor)
Ethnic diversity in Egypt: Inscriptional and papyrological evidence
Carthaginians
Carthaginians: Appian of Alexandria (mid-second century CE)
Iberians: Pompeius Trogus (first century BCE)
Kretans, Spartans, Carthaginians, and Romans: Polybios on superior and inferior societal organization (second century BCE)
Libyans: Herodotos (fifth century BCE)
Mediterranean peoples: Sextus Empiricus draws on ethnographic material for philosophical aims (second-third centuries CE)
Celts / Gauls / Galatians
Barbarian wisdom: Cornutus on early humanity's Stoic understanding of the cosmos (mid-first century CE)
Barbarian wisdom: Various authors and Clement of Alexandria (second century CE)
Britons and Iernians (Irish): Julius Caesar, Pytheas, and Strabo on customs and cannibalism (early first century CE)
Britons: Julius Caesar (mid-first century BCE)
Britons: Tacitus (late first century CE)
Celts / Galatians: Polybios on the Celts' encounter with Rome and on his method in dealing with distant peoples (second century BCE)
Celts / Gauls: Julius Caesar (mid-first century BCE)
Celts / Gauls: Timagenes of Alexandria (first century BCE)
Celts and Germans: Plutarch’s ethnographic digressions in the Lives (early second century CE)
Celts and Ligurians: Strabo on peoples south of the Alps (early first century CE)
Celts, Persians, and Amazons: Smaller statues of fighting and dying "barbarians" associated with Attalos of Pergamon (third-second century BCE / second century CE)
Celts: Ephoros (mid-fourth century BCE)
Celts: Poseidonios and others on banqueting and violent customs (first century BCE)
Celts: Statues of dying Gauls / Galatians associated with Attalos I of Pergamon (late third century BCE / second century CE)
Celts: Strabo on peoples northwest of the Alps (early first century CE)
Eastern and northern peoples: Bardaisan of Edessa and Philippos' <i>Book of the Laws of Countries</i> (second-third centuries CE)
Ethnic diversity in Egypt: Inscriptional and papyrological evidence
Germans: Tacitus' <i>Germania</i> in full (late first century CE)
Iberians: Appian of Alexandria (mid-second century CE)
Iberians: Artemidoros, Poseidonios, and others (second century BCE to first century CE)
Indians, Ethiopians, Celts, and Scythians: Ephoros on a four-fold division of the known world (mid-fourth century BCE)
Mediterranean peoples: Sextus Empiricus draws on ethnographic material for philosophical aims (second-third centuries CE)
Parthians, Celts and Iberians or Germans: Scenes on the breastplate of the "Augustus of Prima Porta" (early first century CE)
Physiognomy and ethnicity: Polemon as summarized by Adamantius (second / fifth centuries CE)
Scythian and barbarian wisdom: Diogenes of Laertes (early third century CE)
Christians / Jesus adherents
Chaldeans, Greeks, Egyptians, and Judeans: Aristides of Athens (second century CE)
Eastern and northern peoples: Bardaisan of Edessa and Philippos' <i>Book of the Laws of Countries</i> (second-third centuries CE)
Dorians (Greeks)
Various peoples: Herodotos on the mixed composition of the Persian army under Xerxes (fifth century BCE)
Egyptians
Barbarian wisdom: Celsus and Origen of Alexandria (second-third centuries CE)
Barbarian wisdom: Ephoros on inventors (mid-fourth century BCE)
Barbarian wisdom: Various authors and Clement of Alexandria (second century CE)
Chaldeans, Greeks, Egyptians, and Judeans: Aristides of Athens (second century CE)
Egyptian diasporas: Inscriptional evidence
Egyptian diasporas: Legends of migration concerning Hyksos and Judeans (late fourth century BCE and on)
Egyptian perspectives: Chairemon on Egyptian temple functionaries (first century CE)
Egyptian perspectives: Manetho on <i>Egyptian Matters</i> (early third century BCE)
Egyptian wisdom: Lucian's story about Eukrates and Pankrates (late second century CE)
Egyptian wisdom: Plato on Solon, the Egyptian priest, and Atlantis (mid-fourth century BCE)
Egyptian wisdom: Thessalos (first or second century CE)
Egyptians and Canaanites: Wisdom of Solomon on worship of animals and images (first century BCE)
Egyptians: Diodoros on the origins of civilization and on Egyptian views (mid-first century BCE)
Egyptians: Herodotos (fifth century BCE)
Egyptians: Josephos on animal worship (late first century CE)
Ethiopians: Diodoros on their claims, appearance, and customs (mid-first century BCE)
Indian wisdom: Philostratos on Apollonios of Tyana's journeys to barbarian lands (early third century CE)
Judean perspectives: Josephos' <i>Against Apion</i> in full (late first century CE)
Judean, Indian, Babylonian, and Egyptian wisdom: Numenius the Platonic philosopher (mid-second century CE)
Judeans, Armenians, Dacians, Egyptians, and other peoples: Defeat, capture, and subjugation on Roman imperial coinage (first-fourth centuries CE)
Judeans, Syrians, Indians, and others: Porphyry of Tyre on abstinence from meat (third century CE)
Judeans: Tacitus on Judean origins and customs (second century CE)
Libyans: Herodotos (fifth century BCE)
Mediterranean peoples: Sextus Empiricus draws on ethnographic material for philosophical aims (second-third centuries CE)
Persians and Medes: Herodotos (mid-fifth century BCE)
Phoenician perspectives: Philo of Byblos on <i>Phoenician Matters</i> (early second century CE)
Phoenician, Egyptian and Babylonian wisdom: Porphyry of Tyre on Pythagoras (third century CE)
Phoenician, Egyptian and Persian wisdom: Iamblichos of Chalkis on Pythagoras (fourth century CE)
Phoenicians: Herodotos (fifth century BCE)
Physiognomy and ethnicity: Polemon as summarized by Adamantius (second / fifth centuries CE)
Physiognomy and ethnicity: Pseudo-Aristotle (third century BCE)
Eleians (in Greece)
Aitolians: Ephoros on their origins and invincibility (mid-fourth century BCE)
Ethiopians
Egyptians: Herodotos (fifth century BCE)
Ethiopians: Diodoros on their claims, appearance, and customs (mid-first century BCE)
Indian wisdom: Philostratos on Apollonios of Tyana's journeys to barbarian lands (early third century CE)
Indians, Ethiopians, Celts, and Scythians: Ephoros on a four-fold division of the known world (mid-fourth century BCE)
Libyans: Hanno the Carthaginian (fourth century BCE or earlier)
Libyans: Herodotos (fifth century BCE)
Mediterranean peoples: Claudius Ptolemy on astrological effects on peoples (second century CE)
Phoenicians: Herodotos (fifth century BCE)
Physiognomy and ethnicity: Pseudo-Aristotle (third century BCE)
Various peoples: Herodotos on the mixed composition of the Persian army under Xerxes (fifth century BCE)
Europeans (general)
Europeans, Asians, and Greeks: Aristotle on environment, ethnic hierarchies, and slaves (fourth century BCE)
Gelians (on the Caspian Sea)
Eastern and northern peoples: Bardaisan of Edessa and Philippos' <i>Book of the Laws of Countries</i> (second-third centuries CE)
Georgians
Getians, Dacians, and Scythians: Strabo (early first century CE)
Germanic peoples (broad category)
Barbarian wisdom: Various authors and Clement of Alexandria (second century CE)
Celts and Germans: Plutarch’s ethnographic digressions in the Lives (early second century CE)
Celts: Ephoros (mid-fourth century BCE)
Celts: Strabo on peoples northwest of the Alps (early first century CE)
Eastern and northern peoples: Bardaisan of Edessa and Philippos' <i>Book of the Laws of Countries</i> (second-third centuries CE)
Germans and Scythians: Seneca on enduring hardships and on anger (first century CE)
Germans: Julius Caesar (mid-first century BCE)
Germans: Philo of Alexandria on fighting the tides (first century CE)
Germans: Tacitus' <i>Germania</i> in full (late first century CE)
Judeans, Armenians, Dacians, Egyptians, and other peoples: Defeat, capture, and subjugation on Roman imperial coinage (first-fourth centuries CE)
Kimbrians / Germans: Poseidonios and Strabo refute stories about the tides (first century BCE)
Mediterranean peoples: Sextus Empiricus draws on ethnographic material for philosophical aims (second-third centuries CE)
Parthians, Celts and Iberians or Germans: Scenes on the breastplate of the "Augustus of Prima Porta" (early first century CE)
Getians / Dacians (northern Thracians)
Britons, Armenians, Bessians, and others: Reliefs of subjugated peoples at Aphrodisias (first century CE)
Dacians and Sarmatians: Reliefs on "Trajan's Trophy" at Adamclisi, Romania (early second century CE)
Dacians: Reliefs on "Trajan's Column" at Rome celebrating subjugation (early second century CE)
Getians, Dacians, and Scythians: Strabo (early first century CE)
Judeans, Armenians, Dacians, Egyptians, and other peoples: Defeat, capture, and subjugation on Roman imperial coinage (first-fourth centuries CE)
Northern peoples: Antonios Diogenes' <i>Wonders Beyond Thule</i> and ethnographic fiction (second century CE / ninth century CE)
Scythians and other Pontic peoples: Herodotos (fifth century BCE)
Greeks (broad category)
Aitolians: Ephoros on their origins and invincibility (mid-fourth century BCE)
Barbarian wisdom: Cornutus on early humanity's Stoic understanding of the cosmos (mid-first century CE)
Boiotians: Ephoros on the superiority of Boiotia and on a Phoenician connection (mid-fourth century BCE)
Chaldeans, Greeks, Egyptians, and Judeans: Aristides of Athens (second century CE)
Eastern and northern peoples: Bardaisan of Edessa and Philippos' <i>Book of the Laws of Countries</i> (second-third centuries CE)
Egyptian wisdom: Plato on Solon, the Egyptian priest, and Atlantis (mid-fourth century BCE)
Egyptians: Diodoros on the origins of civilization and on Egyptian views (mid-first century BCE)
Egyptians: Herodotos (fifth century BCE)
Europeans, Asians, and Greeks: Aristotle on environment, ethnic hierarchies, and slaves (fourth century BCE)
Greeks and other peoples: Paul's Judean stereotypes about non-Judeans (mid-first century CE)
Indian wisdom: Philostratos on Apollonios of Tyana's journeys to barbarian lands (early third century CE)
Judean wisdom: Philo on the Therapeutists' lifestyle (first century CE)
Judeans, Syrians, Indians, and others: Porphyry of Tyre on abstinence from meat (third century CE)
Kretans: Ephoros on Kretan civic organization and customs (mid-fourth century BCE)
Kretans: Stereotypes in the letter to Titus (early second century CE)
Libyans: Herodotos (fifth century BCE)
Mediterranean peoples: Claudius Ptolemy on astrological effects on peoples (second century CE)
Mediterranean peoples: Sextus Empiricus draws on ethnographic material for philosophical aims (second-third centuries CE)
Parthians, Libyans, Egyptians and others: Acts of the Apostles on legends of Judean migration (early second century CE)
Pelasgian diasporas: Ephoros on legends of migration (mid-fourth century BCE)
Persians and Medes: Herodotos (mid-fifth century BCE)
Physiognomy and ethnicity: Polemon as summarized by Adamantius (second / fifth centuries CE)
Scythian wisdom: Letters of Anacharsis (mid-third century BCE)
Scythians, Amazons, and Persians: Isokrates on the superiority of the Athenian people (early fourth century BCE)
Syrian perspectives: Lucian of Samosata on <i>The Syrian Goddess</i> in full (mid-second century CE)
Hyksos (in Egypt)
Egyptian perspectives: Manetho on <i>Egyptian Matters</i> (early third century BCE)
Hyperboreans
Scythians, Amazons, and Hyperboreans: Diodoros on some northerners (mid-first century BCE)
Iapygians (in southern Italy)
Iapygians and Tarentinians: Klearchos of Soloi (fourth century BCE)
Iberians (in Spain)
Barbarian wisdom: Cornutus on early humanity's Stoic understanding of the cosmos (mid-first century CE)
Britons and Iernians (Irish): Julius Caesar, Pytheas, and Strabo on customs and cannibalism (early first century CE)
Ethnic diversity in Libya / Africa: Sallust on legends of migration (mid-first century BCE)
Iapygians and Tarentinians: Klearchos of Soloi (fourth century BCE)
Iberians: Appian of Alexandria (mid-second century CE)
Iberians: Artemidoros, Poseidonios, and others (second century BCE to first century CE)
Iberians: Pompeius Trogus (first century BCE)
Parthians, Celts and Iberians or Germans: Scenes on the breastplate of the "Augustus of Prima Porta" (early first century CE)
Idumeans
Ethnic diversity in Egypt: Inscriptional and papyrological evidence
Iernians (inhabitants of Ireland)
Britons and Iernians (Irish): Julius Caesar, Pytheas, and Strabo on customs and cannibalism (early first century CE)
Illyrians (north of Greece)
Getians, Dacians, and Scythians: Strabo (early first century CE)
Illyrians, Pannonians, and other peoples: Strabo (early first century CE)
Illyrians: Appian of Alexandria (mid-second century CE)
Illyrians: Theopompos on banquets (fourth century BCE)
Indians
Barbarian wisdom: Various authors and Clement of Alexandria (second century CE)
Eastern and northern peoples: Bardaisan of Edessa and Philippos' <i>Book of the Laws of Countries</i> (second-third centuries CE)
Indian and Judean wisdom: Klearchos citing Aristotle (fourth century BCE)
Indian wisdom: Nearchos, Megasthenes, and Arrian on the sages Dandamis and Kalanos (fourth century BCE-second century CE)
Indian wisdom: Philostratos on Apollonios of Tyana's journeys to barbarian lands (early third century CE)
Indians, Ethiopians, Celts, and Scythians: Ephoros on a four-fold division of the known world (mid-fourth century BCE)
Indians: Diodoros on environment, customs and social organization (mid-first century BCE)
Indians: Iamboulos and Diodoros on a utopian island beyond India (mid-first century BCE)
Indians: Nearchos, Megasthenes, and Arrian (fourth century BCE-second century CE)
Judean and Indian wisdom: Philo on the freedom of Essenes and Kalanos (early first century CE)
Judean, Indian, Babylonian, and Egyptian wisdom: Numenius the Platonic philosopher (mid-second century CE)
Judeans, Syrians, Indians, and others: Porphyry of Tyre on abstinence from meat (third century CE)
Judeans: Poseidonios (?) and Strabo on decline after Moses (first century CE)
Libyans: Herodotos (fifth century BCE)
Mediterranean peoples: Sextus Empiricus draws on ethnographic material for philosophical aims (second-third centuries CE)
Scythian and barbarian wisdom: Diogenes of Laertes (early third century CE)
Various peoples: Herodotos on the mixed composition of the Persian army under Xerxes (fifth century BCE)
Ionians (in Asia Minor)
Egyptians: Herodotos (fifth century BCE)
Physiognomy and ethnicity: Polemon as summarized by Adamantius (second / fifth centuries CE)
Various peoples: Herodotos on the mixed composition of the Persian army under Xerxes (fifth century BCE)
Judeans / Israelites
Barbarian wisdom: Celsus and Origen of Alexandria (second-third centuries CE)
Barbarian wisdom: Various authors and Clement of Alexandria (second century CE)
Chaldeans, Greeks, Egyptians, and Judeans: Aristides of Athens (second century CE)
Eastern and northern peoples: Bardaisan of Edessa and Philippos' <i>Book of the Laws of Countries</i> (second-third centuries CE)
Egyptian diasporas: Legends of migration concerning Hyksos and Judeans (late fourth century BCE and on)
Egyptians: Diodoros on the origins of civilization and on Egyptian views (mid-first century BCE)
Egyptians: Josephos on animal worship (late first century CE)
Ethnic diversity in Egypt: Inscriptional and papyrological evidence
Indian and Judean wisdom: Klearchos citing Aristotle (fourth century BCE)
Judean and Indian wisdom: Philo on the freedom of Essenes and Kalanos (early first century CE)
Judean and Israelite diasporas: Inscriptional evidence (second century BCE-third century CE)
Judean perspectives: Anonymous on Abraham's contributions (before the mid-first century BCE)
Judean perspectives: Artapanos on contributions by Abraham, Joseph, and Moses (second century BCE)
Judean perspectives: Eupolemos on contributions by Abraham and Moses (before the mid-first century BCE)
Judean perspectives: Josephos' <i>Against Apion</i> in full (late first century CE)
Judean perspectives: Philo on the superiority of Moses and Judean ancestral customs (first century CE)
Judean wisdom: Philo on the Therapeutists' lifestyle (first century CE)
Judean wisdom: Theophrastos on Judean philosophers (fourth century BCE)
Judean, Indian, Babylonian, and Egyptian wisdom: Numenius the Platonic philosopher (mid-second century CE)
Judeans, Armenians, Dacians, Egyptians, and other peoples: Defeat, capture, and subjugation on Roman imperial coinage (first-fourth centuries CE)
Judeans, Syrians, Indians, and others: Porphyry of Tyre on abstinence from meat (third century CE)
Judeans: Agatharchides of Knidos on the Sabbath (second century BCE)
Judeans: Mnaseas, Poseidonios, Apollonios Molon, Diodoros, and Apion on the statue of a donkey and on human sacrifice (second century BCE and on)
Judeans: Pliny the Elder and Julius Solinus on the Essenes beside the Dead Sea (first / third centuries CE)
Judeans: Pseudo-Hekataios' <i>On Judeans</i> (before first century CE)
Judeans: Tacitus on Judean origins and customs (second century CE)
Mediterranean peoples: Sextus Empiricus draws on ethnographic material for philosophical aims (second-third centuries CE)
Kilikians / Cilicians (in Asia Minor)
Ethnic diversity in Egypt: Inscriptional and papyrological evidence
Mediterranean peoples: Sextus Empiricus draws on ethnographic material for philosophical aims (second-third centuries CE)
Various peoples: Herodotos on the mixed composition of the Persian army under Xerxes (fifth century BCE)
Kimbrians (Germanic)
Celts and Germans: Plutarch’s ethnographic digressions in the Lives (early second century CE)
Kimbrians / Germans: Poseidonios and Strabo refute stories about the tides (first century BCE)
Kimmerians / Cimmerians (subset of Scythians)
Northern peoples: Antonios Diogenes' <i>Wonders Beyond Thule</i> and ethnographic fiction (second century CE / ninth century CE)
Kolchians (in the Caucasus mountains)
Egyptians: Diodoros on the origins of civilization and on Egyptian views (mid-first century BCE)
Egyptians: Herodotos (fifth century BCE)
Persians and Medes: Herodotos (mid-fifth century BCE)
Scythian and Thracian diasporas: Inscriptional evidence
Various peoples: Herodotos on the mixed composition of the Persian army under Xerxes (fifth century BCE)
Kretans / Cretans
Egyptian diasporas: Legends of migration concerning Hyksos and Judeans (late fourth century BCE and on)
Judeans, Syrians, Indians, and others: Porphyry of Tyre on abstinence from meat (third century CE)
Kretans, Spartans, Carthaginians, and Romans: Polybios on superior and inferior societal organization (second century BCE)
Kretans: Ephoros on Kretan civic organization and customs (mid-fourth century BCE)
Kretans: Stereotypes in the letter to Titus (early second century CE)
Parthians, Libyans, Egyptians and others: Acts of the Apostles on legends of Judean migration (early second century CE)
Kynaitheans (in Arkadia Greece)
Arkadians: Polybios on an environmental theory of peoplehood (second century BCE)
Kyprians / Cyprians
Various peoples: Herodotos on the mixed composition of the Persian army under Xerxes (fifth century BCE)
Kyrenaians / Cyrenaeans (in Libya)
Libyans: Herodotos (fifth century BCE)
Scythians and other Pontic peoples: Herodotos (fifth century BCE)
Various peoples: Herodotos on the mixed composition of the Persian army under Xerxes (fifth century BCE)
Libyans / Africans
Barbarian wisdom: Cornutus on early humanity's Stoic understanding of the cosmos (mid-first century CE)
Egyptians: Herodotos (fifth century BCE)
Ethnic diversity in Libya / Africa: Sallust on legends of migration (mid-first century BCE)
Libyans / Africans: Sallust (mid-first century BCE)
Libyans: Hanno the Carthaginian (fourth century BCE or earlier)
Libyans: Herodotos (fifth century BCE)
Mediterranean peoples: Sextus Empiricus draws on ethnographic material for philosophical aims (second-third centuries CE)
Parthians, Libyans, Egyptians and others: Acts of the Apostles on legends of Judean migration (early second century CE)
Physiognomy and ethnicity: Polemon as summarized by Adamantius (second / fifth centuries CE)
Various peoples: Herodotos on the mixed composition of the Persian army under Xerxes (fifth century BCE)
Ligurians
Celts and Ligurians: Strabo on peoples south of the Alps (early first century CE)
Lydians (in Asia Minor)
Lydians: Xanthos of Lydia and Klearchos of Soloi (fifth-fourth centuries BCE)
Scythian wisdom: Letters of Anacharsis (mid-third century BCE)
Various peoples: Herodotos on the mixed composition of the Persian army under Xerxes (fifth century BCE)
Lykians / Lycians (in Asia Minor)
Ethnic diversity in Egypt: Inscriptional and papyrological evidence
Various peoples: Herodotos on the mixed composition of the Persian army under Xerxes (fifth century BCE)
Macedonians or Greco-Macedonians
Ethnic diversity in Egypt: Inscriptional and papyrological evidence
Massagetians (subset of Scythians)
Judeans, Syrians, Indians, and others: Porphyry of Tyre on abstinence from meat (third century CE)
Mediterranean peoples: Sextus Empiricus draws on ethnographic material for philosophical aims (second-third centuries CE)
Northern peoples: Antonios Diogenes' <i>Wonders Beyond Thule</i> and ethnographic fiction (second century CE / ninth century CE)
Mauritanians (in Africa)
Eastern and northern peoples: Bardaisan of Edessa and Philippos' <i>Book of the Laws of Countries</i> (second-third centuries CE)
Medes
Eastern and northern peoples: Bardaisan of Edessa and Philippos' <i>Book of the Laws of Countries</i> (second-third centuries CE)
Ethnic diversity in Libya / Africa: Sallust on legends of migration (mid-first century BCE)
Parthians, Libyans, Egyptians and others: Acts of the Apostles on legends of Judean migration (early second century CE)
Persians and Medes: Herakleides of Kyme, Klearchos of Soloi, and others on royal banquets (fourth century BCE)
Persians and Medes: Herodotos (mid-fifth century BCE)
Persians: Xenophon and an anonymous author on royal customs and Cyrus (early fourth century BCE / second century BCE)
Scythians and other Pontic peoples: Herodotos (fifth century BCE)
Scythians, Amazons, and Hyperboreans: Diodoros on some northerners (mid-first century BCE)
Mediterranean peoples
Eastern and northern peoples: Bardaisan of Edessa and Philippos' <i>Book of the Laws of Countries</i> (second-third centuries CE)
Mediterranean peoples: Claudius Ptolemy on astrological effects on peoples (second century CE)
Mediterranean peoples: Pseudo-Skylax (fourth century BCE)
Mediterranean peoples: Pseudo-Skymnos' <i>Voyage Around the Earth for Nikomedes</i> in full (mid-second century BCE)
Mediterranean peoples: Sextus Empiricus draws on ethnographic material for philosophical aims (second-third centuries CE)
Mediterranean peoples: Vitruvius on the effects of climate (first century BCE)
Various peoples: Herodotos on the mixed composition of the Persian army under Xerxes (fifth century BCE)
Mossynoikians (in Pontos)
Mossynoikians in Pontos: Xenophon and others on the "most barbarous" people (early fourth century BCE)
Mysians / Moesians
Getians, Dacians, and Scythians: Strabo (early first century CE)
Mysians / Moesians: Poseidonios on their identification and customs based on Homer (first century BCE)
Various peoples: Herodotos on the mixed composition of the Persian army under Xerxes (fifth century BCE)
Nabateans (subset of Arabians)
Arabians: Diodoros on Nabateans and other Arabian peoples (mid-first century BCE)
Arabians: Herodotos (fifth century BCE)
Nasamonians (Libyans)
Libyans: Herodotos (fifth century BCE)
Odrysians (in Thrace)
Barbarian wisdom: Various authors and Clement of Alexandria (second century CE)
Pannonians (northwest of Greece)
Illyrians, Pannonians, and other peoples: Strabo (early first century CE)
Paphlagonians (in northern Asia Minor)
Ethnic diversity in Egypt: Inscriptional and papyrological evidence
Various peoples: Herodotos on the mixed composition of the Persian army under Xerxes (fifth century BCE)
Parthians
Eastern and northern peoples: Bardaisan of Edessa and Philippos' <i>Book of the Laws of Countries</i> (second-third centuries CE)
Judeans, Armenians, Dacians, Egyptians, and other peoples: Defeat, capture, and subjugation on Roman imperial coinage (first-fourth centuries CE)
Parthians, Celts and Iberians or Germans: Scenes on the breastplate of the "Augustus of Prima Porta" (early first century CE)
Parthians, Libyans, Egyptians and others: Acts of the Apostles on legends of Judean migration (early second century CE)
Parthians: Poseidonios on royal banquets (first century BCE)
Parthians: Scenes from the Arch of Septimius Severus (early third century CE)
Pelasgians
Egyptians: Herodotos (fifth century BCE)
Libyans: Herodotos (fifth century BCE)
Pelasgian diasporas: Ephoros on legends of migration (mid-fourth century BCE)
Persians / Iranians
Arabians: Herodotos (fifth century BCE)
Barbarian wisdom: Various authors and Clement of Alexandria (second century CE)
Celts, Persians, and Amazons: Smaller statues of fighting and dying "barbarians" associated with Attalos of Pergamon (third-second century BCE / second century CE)
Eastern and northern peoples: Bardaisan of Edessa and Philippos' <i>Book of the Laws of Countries</i> (second-third centuries CE)
Ethnic diversity in Libya / Africa: Sallust on legends of migration (mid-first century BCE)
Judean and Indian wisdom: Philo on the freedom of Essenes and Kalanos (early first century CE)
Judeans, Syrians, Indians, and others: Porphyry of Tyre on abstinence from meat (third century CE)
Judeans: Poseidonios (?) and Strabo on decline after Moses (first century CE)
Libyans: Herodotos (fifth century BCE)
Mediterranean peoples: Sextus Empiricus draws on ethnographic material for philosophical aims (second-third centuries CE)
Persian wisdom: Aristoxenos of Tarentum on Pythagoras and Zoroaster (fourth century BCE)
Persian wisdom: Eudemos of Rhodes on Magians (fourth century BCE)
Persian wisdom: Plutarch's story about Kleombrotos' journeys (early second century CE)
Persian wisdom: Theopompos of Chios and Plutarch on Magians (fourth century BCE and later)
Persians and Medes: Herakleides of Kyme, Klearchos of Soloi, and others on royal banquets (fourth century BCE)
Persians and Medes: Herodotos (mid-fifth century BCE)
Persians: God Mithras as a Roman representation of a Persian (second century CE)
Persians: Xenophon and an anonymous author on royal customs and Cyrus (early fourth century BCE / second century BCE)
Phoenician, Egyptian and Persian wisdom: Iamblichos of Chalkis on Pythagoras (fourth century CE)
Scythian and barbarian wisdom: Diogenes of Laertes (early third century CE)
Scythians and other Pontic peoples: Herodotos (fifth century BCE)
Scythians, Amazons, and Hyperboreans: Diodoros on some northerners (mid-first century BCE)
Scythians, Amazons, and Persians: Isokrates on the superiority of the Athenian people (early fourth century BCE)
Various peoples: Herodotos on the mixed composition of the Persian army under Xerxes (fifth century BCE)
Phoenicians / Canaanites
Barbarian wisdom: Celsus and Origen of Alexandria (second-third centuries CE)
Barbarian wisdom: Ephoros on inventors (mid-fourth century BCE)
Barbarian wisdom: Porphyry of Tyre's Neoplatonic perspective (third century CE)
Boiotians: Ephoros on the superiority of Boiotia and on a Phoenician connection (mid-fourth century BCE)
Carthaginians: Appian of Alexandria (mid-second century CE)
Egyptians and Canaanites: Wisdom of Solomon on worship of animals and images (first century BCE)
Egyptians: Herodotos (fifth century BCE)
Iberians: Appian of Alexandria (mid-second century CE)
Iberians: Artemidoros, Poseidonios, and others (second century BCE to first century CE)
Indians: Nearchos, Megasthenes, and Arrian (fourth century BCE-second century CE)
Judean perspectives: Anonymous on Abraham's contributions (before the mid-first century BCE)
Judean perspectives: Eupolemos on contributions by Abraham and Moses (before the mid-first century BCE)
Judean perspectives: Josephos' <i>Against Apion</i> in full (late first century CE)
Judeans, Syrians, Indians, and others: Porphyry of Tyre on abstinence from meat (third century CE)
Kretans, Spartans, Carthaginians, and Romans: Polybios on superior and inferior societal organization (second century BCE)
Libyans / Africans: Sallust (mid-first century BCE)
Libyans: Hanno the Carthaginian (fourth century BCE or earlier)
Mediterranean peoples: Claudius Ptolemy on astrological effects on peoples (second century CE)
Mediterranean peoples: Pseudo-Skylax (fourth century BCE)
Mediterranean peoples: Pseudo-Skymnos' <i>Voyage Around the Earth for Nikomedes</i> in full (mid-second century BCE)
Phoenician diasporas: Ephoros on Kadmos and legends of migration to Boiotia (mid-fourth century BCE)
Phoenician perspectives: Philo of Byblos on <i>Phoenician Matters</i> (early second century CE)
Phoenician wisdom: Damascius on Eudemos of Rhodes and Mochos of Sidon (fourth century BCE)
Phoenician, Egyptian and Babylonian wisdom: Porphyry of Tyre on Pythagoras (third century CE)
Phoenicians: Gospel of Mark on Jesus and a Syro-Phoenician woman (late first century CE)
Phoenicians: Herodotos (fifth century BCE)
Scythians and other Pontic peoples: Herodotos (fifth century BCE)
Syrian and Phoenician diasporas: Inscriptional evidence
Syrian perspectives: Lucian of Samosata on <i>The Syrian Goddess</i> in full (mid-second century CE)
Various peoples: Herodotos on the mixed composition of the Persian army under Xerxes (fifth century BCE)
Phrygians (in Asia Minor)
Barbarian wisdom: Cornutus on early humanity's Stoic understanding of the cosmos (mid-first century CE)
Barbarian wisdom: Ephoros on inventors (mid-fourth century BCE)
Eastern and northern peoples: Bardaisan of Edessa and Philippos' <i>Book of the Laws of Countries</i> (second-third centuries CE)
Egyptians: Herodotos (fifth century BCE)
Parthians, Libyans, Egyptians and others: Acts of the Apostles on legends of Judean migration (early second century CE)
Various peoples: Herodotos on the mixed composition of the Persian army under Xerxes (fifth century BCE)
Piroustians (subset of Dacians)
Pisidians (in Asia Minor)
Ethnic diversity in Egypt: Inscriptional and papyrological evidence
Various peoples: Herodotos on the mixed composition of the Persian army under Xerxes (fifth century BCE)
Rhoxolanians (subset of Sarmatians)
Getians, Dacians, and Scythians: Strabo (early first century CE)
Sarmatians: Tacitus on ferocity and laziness in military situations (early second century CE)
Romans / Italians
Boiotians: Ephoros on the superiority of Boiotia and on a Phoenician connection (mid-fourth century BCE)
Celts / Galatians: Polybios on the Celts' encounter with Rome and on his method in dealing with distant peoples (second century BCE)
Eastern and northern peoples: Bardaisan of Edessa and Philippos' <i>Book of the Laws of Countries</i> (second-third centuries CE)
Iberians: Pompeius Trogus (first century BCE)
Italian and Roman diasporas: Inscriptional evidence
Kretans, Spartans, Carthaginians, and Romans: Polybios on superior and inferior societal organization (second century BCE)
Samaritans
Saracens
Eastern and northern peoples: Bardaisan of Edessa and Philippos' <i>Book of the Laws of Countries</i> (second-third centuries CE)
Sarmatians (sometimes a subset of Scythians)
Amazons: Greek artistic depictions of a female warrior people (fourth century BCE to second century CE)
Dacians and Sarmatians: Reliefs on "Trajan's Trophy" at Adamclisi, Romania (early second century CE)
Getians, Dacians, and Scythians: Strabo (early first century CE)
Judeans, Armenians, Dacians, Egyptians, and other peoples: Defeat, capture, and subjugation on Roman imperial coinage (first-fourth centuries CE)
Mediterranean peoples: Sextus Empiricus draws on ethnographic material for philosophical aims (second-third centuries CE)
Sarmatians: Tacitus on ferocity and laziness in military situations (early second century CE)
Sauromatians
Europeans and Asians: "Hippokrates" on humoural and environmental theories (fifth century BCE)
Mediterranean peoples: Pseudo-Skylax (fourth century BCE)
Scythians and other northern peoples: Ephoros (mid-fourth century BCE)
Scythians and other Pontic peoples: Herodotos (fifth century BCE)
Scythians / Pontic peoples (broad category)
Amazons: Greek artistic depictions of a female warrior people (fourth century BCE to second century CE)
Amazons: Strabo on their customs and northern location (first century CE)
Barbarian wisdom: Celsus and Origen of Alexandria (second-third centuries CE)
Barbarian wisdom: Ephoros on inventors (mid-fourth century BCE)
Barbarian wisdom: Poseidonios on inventors of the golden age (first century BCE)
Britons and Iernians (Irish): Julius Caesar, Pytheas, and Strabo on customs and cannibalism (early first century CE)
Celts and Germans: Plutarch’s ethnographic digressions in the Lives (early second century CE)
Celts, Persians, and Amazons: Smaller statues of fighting and dying "barbarians" associated with Attalos of Pergamon (third-second century BCE / second century CE)
Europeans and Asians: "Hippokrates" on humoural and environmental theories (fifth century BCE)
Europeans, Asians, and Greeks: Aristotle on environment, ethnic hierarchies, and slaves (fourth century BCE)
Germans and Scythians: Seneca on enduring hardships and on anger (first century CE)
Germans: Tacitus' <i>Germania</i> in full (late first century CE)
Getians, Dacians, and Scythians: Strabo (early first century CE)
Iberians: Artemidoros, Poseidonios, and others (second century BCE to first century CE)
Indians, Ethiopians, Celts, and Scythians: Ephoros on a four-fold division of the known world (mid-fourth century BCE)
Judeans, Syrians, Indians, and others: Porphyry of Tyre on abstinence from meat (third century CE)
Judeans: Poseidonios (?) and Strabo on decline after Moses (first century CE)
Mediterranean peoples: Claudius Ptolemy on astrological effects on peoples (second century CE)
Mediterranean peoples: Sextus Empiricus draws on ethnographic material for philosophical aims (second-third centuries CE)
Mossynoikians in Pontos: Xenophon and others on the "most barbarous" people (early fourth century BCE)
Mysians / Moesians: Poseidonios on their identification and customs based on Homer (first century BCE)
Northern peoples: Antonios Diogenes' <i>Wonders Beyond Thule</i> and ethnographic fiction (second century CE / ninth century CE)
Persians and Medes: Herodotos (mid-fifth century BCE)
Phoenicians: Herodotos (fifth century BCE)
Physiognomy and ethnicity: Polemon as summarized by Adamantius (second / fifth centuries CE)
Pontic peoples: Tertullian on the Pontic "barbarian" Marcion (late second century CE)
Sarmatians: Tacitus on ferocity and laziness in military situations (early second century CE)
Scythian and barbarian wisdom: Diogenes of Laertes (early third century CE)
Scythian and Thracian diasporas: Inscriptional evidence
Scythian wisdom: Letters of Anacharsis (mid-third century BCE)
Scythians and barbarians: Colossians and others on ritual recitations (late first or early second century CE)
Scythians and other northern peoples: Ephoros (mid-fourth century BCE)
Scythians and other Pontic peoples: Herodotos (fifth century BCE)
Scythians, Amazons, and Hyperboreans: Diodoros on some northerners (mid-first century BCE)
Scythians, Amazons, and Persians: Isokrates on the superiority of the Athenian people (early fourth century BCE)
Scythians: Greek depictions of Scythian archers on Attic pottery (sixth century BCE)
Scythians: Pompeius Trogus on Scythian superiority (first century BCE)
Various peoples: Herodotos on the mixed composition of the Persian army under Xerxes (fifth century BCE)
Serians (Chinese)
Eastern and northern peoples: Bardaisan of Edessa and Philippos' <i>Book of the Laws of Countries</i> (second-third centuries CE)
Sidonians (in Phoenicia)
Ethnic diversity in Egypt: Inscriptional and papyrological evidence
Spartans (in Greece)
Egyptians: Herodotos (fifth century BCE)
Europeans, Asians, and Greeks: Aristotle on environment, ethnic hierarchies, and slaves (fourth century BCE)
Germans and Scythians: Seneca on enduring hardships and on anger (first century CE)
Kretans, Spartans, Carthaginians, and Romans: Polybios on superior and inferior societal organization (second century BCE)
Kretans: Ephoros on Kretan civic organization and customs (mid-fourth century BCE)
Spartans / Lakedaimonians
Judeans, Syrians, Indians, and others: Porphyry of Tyre on abstinence from meat (third century CE)
Syrians / Assyrians / Aramaians
Arabians and Aramaians: Poseidonios on relations between eastern peoples (first century BCE)
Barbarian wisdom: Ephoros on inventors (mid-fourth century BCE)
Barbarian wisdom: Various authors and Clement of Alexandria (second century CE)
Boiotians: Ephoros on the superiority of Boiotia and on a Phoenician connection (mid-fourth century BCE)
Carthaginians: Appian of Alexandria (mid-second century CE)
Egyptians: Herodotos (fifth century BCE)
Ethnic diversity in Egypt: Inscriptional and papyrological evidence
Ethnic diversity in Libya / Africa: Sallust on legends of migration (mid-first century BCE)
Indian and Judean wisdom: Klearchos citing Aristotle (fourth century BCE)
Judean perspectives: Josephos' <i>Against Apion</i> in full (late first century CE)
Judean wisdom: Theophrastos on Judean philosophers (fourth century BCE)
Judeans, Syrians, Indians, and others: Porphyry of Tyre on abstinence from meat (third century CE)
Judeans: Poseidonios (?) and Strabo on decline after Moses (first century CE)
Mediterranean peoples: Sextus Empiricus draws on ethnographic material for philosophical aims (second-third centuries CE)
Parthians: Scenes from the Arch of Septimius Severus (early third century CE)
Phoenician diasporas: Ephoros on Kadmos and legends of migration to Boiotia (mid-fourth century BCE)
Phoenician perspectives: Philo of Byblos on <i>Phoenician Matters</i> (early second century CE)
Phoenician wisdom: Damascius on Eudemos of Rhodes and Mochos of Sidon (fourth century BCE)
Phoenician wisdom: Strabo and Poseidonios on Mochos of Sidon (first century BCE)
Phoenician, Egyptian and Babylonian wisdom: Porphyry of Tyre on Pythagoras (third century CE)
Phoenician, Egyptian and Persian wisdom: Iamblichos of Chalkis on Pythagoras (fourth century CE)
Phoenicians: Gospel of Mark on Jesus and a Syro-Phoenician woman (late first century CE)
Phoenicians: Herodotos (fifth century BCE)
Scythians and other Pontic peoples: Herodotos (fifth century BCE)
Scythians, Amazons, and Hyperboreans: Diodoros on some northerners (mid-first century BCE)
Syrian and Phoenician diasporas: Inscriptional evidence
Syrian perspectives: Lucian of Samosata on <i>The Syrian Goddess</i> in full (mid-second century CE)
Various peoples: Herodotos on the mixed composition of the Persian army under Xerxes (fifth century BCE)
Tarentinians (southern Italy)
Iapygians and Tarentinians: Klearchos of Soloi (fourth century BCE)
Taurians (north of the Black Sea)
Mediterranean peoples: Pseudo-Skylax (fourth century BCE)
Mediterranean peoples: Sextus Empiricus draws on ethnographic material for philosophical aims (second-third centuries CE)
Scythians and other Pontic peoples: Herodotos (fifth century BCE)
Thebans (in Greece)
Kretans, Spartans, Carthaginians, and Romans: Polybios on superior and inferior societal organization (second century BCE)
Thracians (broad category)
Barbarian wisdom: Celsus and Origen of Alexandria (second-third centuries CE)
Barbarian wisdom: Various authors and Clement of Alexandria (second century CE)
Dacians and Sarmatians: Reliefs on "Trajan's Trophy" at Adamclisi, Romania (early second century CE)
Dacians: Reliefs on "Trajan's Column" at Rome celebrating subjugation (early second century CE)
Ethnic diversity in Egypt: Inscriptional and papyrological evidence
Getians, Dacians, and Scythians: Strabo (early first century CE)
Mediterranean peoples: Sextus Empiricus draws on ethnographic material for philosophical aims (second-third centuries CE)
Mysians / Moesians: Poseidonios on their identification and customs based on Homer (first century BCE)
Northern peoples: Antonios Diogenes' <i>Wonders Beyond Thule</i> and ethnographic fiction (second century CE / ninth century CE)
Scythian and Thracian diasporas: Inscriptional evidence
Scythian wisdom: Letters of Anacharsis (mid-third century BCE)
Scythians: Klearchos of Soloi (fourth century BCE)
Thracians: Tacitus on their uncivilized and wild nature (early second century CE)
Various peoples: Herodotos on the mixed composition of the Persian army under Xerxes (fifth century BCE)
Thulians (legendary)
Northern peoples: Antonios Diogenes' <i>Wonders Beyond Thule</i> and ethnographic fiction (second century CE / ninth century CE)
Tyrrhenians (Etruscans)
Celts / Galatians: Polybios on the Celts' encounter with Rome and on his method in dealing with distant peoples (second century BCE)
Judeans: Poseidonios (?) and Strabo on decline after Moses (first century CE)
Northern peoples: Antonios Diogenes' <i>Wonders Beyond Thule</i> and ethnographic fiction (second century CE / ninth century CE)
(10) Ancient authors
Agatharchides (Greek)
Judeans: Agatharchides of Knidos on the Sabbath (second century BCE)
Aklepiades (Greek)
Judeans, Syrians, Indians, and others: Porphyry of Tyre on abstinence from meat (third century CE)
Alexander Polyhistor (Greek)
Barbarian wisdom: Various authors and Clement of Alexandria (second century CE)
Ampelius (Latin-speaking)
Phoenician wisdom: Ampelius on Mochos of Sidon (early-third century CE)
Anacharsis (i.e. Pseudo-Anacharsis)
Scythian wisdom: Letters of Anacharsis (mid-third century BCE)
Scythians and other northern peoples: Ephoros (mid-fourth century BCE)
Antonios Diogenes (Greek)
Northern peoples: Antonios Diogenes' <i>Wonders Beyond Thule</i> and ethnographic fiction (second century CE / ninth century CE)
Apion of Alexandria (Greek)
Judeans: Mnaseas, Poseidonios, Apollonios Molon, Diodoros, and Apion on the statue of a donkey and on human sacrifice (second century BCE and on)
Apollonios Molon of Rhodes (Greek)
Judeans: Mnaseas, Poseidonios, Apollonios Molon, Diodoros, and Apion on the statue of a donkey and on human sacrifice (second century BCE and on)
Appian of Alexandria (Greek)
Carthaginians: Appian of Alexandria (mid-second century CE)
Iberians: Appian of Alexandria (mid-second century CE)
Illyrians: Appian of Alexandria (mid-second century CE)
Aristoboulos (Greek)
Barbarian wisdom: Various authors and Clement of Alexandria (second century CE)
Aristotle (Greek)
Europeans, Asians, and Greeks: Aristotle on environment, ethnic hierarchies, and slaves (fourth century BCE)
Getians, Dacians, and Scythians: Strabo (early first century CE)
Indian and Judean wisdom: Klearchos citing Aristotle (fourth century BCE)
Physiognomy and ethnicity: Pseudo-Aristotle (third century BCE)
Aristoxenos (Greek)
Persian wisdom: Aristoxenos of Tarentum on Pythagoras and Zoroaster (fourth century BCE)
Arrian of Nikomedia (Greek)
Indian wisdom: Nearchos, Megasthenes, and Arrian on the sages Dandamis and Kalanos (fourth century BCE-second century CE)
Indians: Nearchos, Megasthenes, and Arrian (fourth century BCE-second century CE)
Artapanos (Judean)
Judean perspectives: Artapanos on contributions by Abraham, Joseph, and Moses (second century BCE)
Athenaios (Greek)
Barbarian wisdom: Ephoros on inventors (mid-fourth century BCE)
Celts: Poseidonios and others on banqueting and violent customs (first century BCE)
Iapygians and Tarentinians: Klearchos of Soloi (fourth century BCE)
Persians and Medes: Herakleides of Kyme, Klearchos of Soloi, and others on royal banquets (fourth century BCE)
Scythians: Klearchos of Soloi (fourth century BCE)
Bardaisan (Edessan / Christian)
Eastern and northern peoples: Bardaisan of Edessa and Philippos' <i>Book of the Laws of Countries</i> (second-third centuries CE)
Judeans, Syrians, Indians, and others: Porphyry of Tyre on abstinence from meat (third century CE)
Celsus (Greek)
Barbarian wisdom: Celsus and Origen of Alexandria (second-third centuries CE)
Chairemon (Egyptian)
Egyptian perspectives: Chairemon on Egyptian temple functionaries (first century CE)
Judeans, Syrians, Indians, and others: Porphyry of Tyre on abstinence from meat (third century CE)
Judeans: Manetho, Chairemon, and Lysimachos on an alternative Exodus (third century BCE on)
Chares of Mitylene (Greek)
Persians and Medes: Herakleides of Kyme, Klearchos of Soloi, and others on royal banquets (fourth century BCE)
Clement of Alexandria (Greek / Christian)
Barbarian wisdom: Various authors and Clement of Alexandria (second century CE)
Cornutus (Phoenician / Roman)
Barbarian wisdom: Cornutus on early humanity's Stoic understanding of the cosmos (mid-first century CE)
Damascius (Greek)
Phoenician wisdom: Damascius on Eudemos of Rhodes and Mochos of Sidon (fourth century BCE)
Demokritos (Greek)
Barbarian wisdom: Various authors and Clement of Alexandria (second century CE)
Dikaiarchos / Dicaearchus (Greek)
Judeans, Syrians, Indians, and others: Porphyry of Tyre on abstinence from meat (third century CE)
Dio Chrysostom of Prusa (Greek)
Barbarian wisdom: Dio of Prusa on barbarians' innate knowledge of god (late first century CE)
Diodoros of Sicily (Greek)
Arabians: Diodoros on Nabateans and other Arabian peoples (mid-first century BCE)
Babylonians: Diodoros on Chaldeans' astrology and divination (mid-first century BCE)
Barbarian wisdom: Ephoros on inventors (mid-fourth century BCE)
Ethiopians: Diodoros on their claims, appearance, and customs (mid-first century BCE)
Indians: Diodoros on environment, customs and social organization (mid-first century BCE)
Indians: Iamboulos and Diodoros on a utopian island beyond India (mid-first century BCE)
Judeans: Mnaseas, Poseidonios, Apollonios Molon, Diodoros, and Apion on the statue of a donkey and on human sacrifice (second century BCE and on)
Scythians, Amazons, and Hyperboreans: Diodoros on some northerners (mid-first century BCE)
Diogenes of Laertes (Greek)
Scythian and barbarian wisdom: Diogenes of Laertes (early third century CE)
Ephoros (Greek)
Aitolians: Ephoros on their origins and invincibility (mid-fourth century BCE)
Barbarian wisdom: Ephoros on inventors (mid-fourth century BCE)
Barbarian wisdom: Various authors and Clement of Alexandria (second century CE)
Boiotians: Ephoros on the superiority of Boiotia and on a Phoenician connection (mid-fourth century BCE)
Celts: Ephoros (mid-fourth century BCE)
Indians, Ethiopians, Celts, and Scythians: Ephoros on a four-fold division of the known world (mid-fourth century BCE)
Kimbrians / Germans: Poseidonios and Strabo refute stories about the tides (first century BCE)
Kretans, Spartans, Carthaginians, and Romans: Polybios on superior and inferior societal organization (second century BCE)
Mediterranean peoples: Pseudo-Skymnos' <i>Voyage Around the Earth for Nikomedes</i> in full (mid-second century BCE)
Pelasgian diasporas: Ephoros on legends of migration (mid-fourth century BCE)
Scythians and other northern peoples: Ephoros (mid-fourth century BCE)
Eudemos (Greek)
Persian wisdom: Eudemos of Rhodes on Magians (fourth century BCE)
Phoenician wisdom: Damascius on Eudemos of Rhodes and Mochos of Sidon (fourth century BCE)
Eudoxos (Greek)
Mediterranean peoples: Sextus Empiricus draws on ethnographic material for philosophical aims (second-third centuries CE)
Euphantos (Greek)
Judeans, Syrians, Indians, and others: Porphyry of Tyre on abstinence from meat (third century CE)
Eupolemos (Judean)
Judean perspectives: Eupolemos on contributions by Abraham and Moses (before the mid-first century BCE)
Eusebius (Greek)
Barbarian wisdom: Porphyry of Tyre's Neoplatonic perspective (third century CE)
Judean, Indian, Babylonian, and Egyptian wisdom: Numenius the Platonic philosopher (mid-second century CE)
Gaius Julius Solinus (Roman)
Judeans: Pliny the Elder and Julius Solinus on the Essenes beside the Dead Sea (first / third centuries CE)
Hekataios / pseudo-Hekataios (Greek)
Egyptians: Diodoros on the origins of civilization and on Egyptian views (mid-first century BCE)
Judeans: Pseudo-Hekataios' <i>On Judeans</i> (before first century CE)
Scythians, Amazons, and Hyperboreans: Diodoros on some northerners (mid-first century BCE)
Herakleides of Kyme (Greek)
Persians and Medes: Herakleides of Kyme, Klearchos of Soloi, and others on royal banquets (fourth century BCE)
Herodotos (Greek)
Barbarian wisdom: Various authors and Clement of Alexandria (second century CE)
Egyptians: Diodoros on the origins of civilization and on Egyptian views (mid-first century BCE)
Egyptians: Herodotos (fifth century BCE)
Ethiopians: Diodoros on their claims, appearance, and customs (mid-first century BCE)
Libyans: Herodotos (fifth century BCE)
Mediterranean peoples: Sextus Empiricus draws on ethnographic material for philosophical aims (second-third centuries CE)
Phoenicians: Herodotos (fifth century BCE)
Scythians and other Pontic peoples: Herodotos (fifth century BCE)
Various peoples: Herodotos on the mixed composition of the Persian army under Xerxes (fifth century BCE)
Herordoros (Greek)
Barbarian wisdom: Various authors and Clement of Alexandria (second century CE)
Hippokratic author (Greek)
Europeans and Asians: "Hippokrates" on humoural and environmental theories (fifth century BCE)
Homer (Greek)
Arabians and Aramaians: Poseidonios on relations between eastern peoples (first century BCE)
Getians, Dacians, and Scythians: Strabo (early first century CE)
Mysians / Moesians: Poseidonios on their identification and customs based on Homer (first century BCE)
Hypsikrates (Greek)
Amazons: Strabo on their customs and northern location (first century CE)
Iamblichos (Syrian)
Phoenician, Egyptian and Persian wisdom: Iamblichos of Chalkis on Pythagoras (fourth century CE)
Iamboulos
Indians: Iamboulos and Diodoros on a utopian island beyond India (mid-first century BCE)
Isokrates (Greek)
Scythians, Amazons, and Persians: Isokrates on the superiority of the Athenian people (early fourth century BCE)
Josephos (Judean)
Egyptian diasporas: Legends of migration concerning Hyksos and Judeans (late fourth century BCE and on)
Egyptians: Josephos on animal worship (late first century CE)
Indian and Judean wisdom: Klearchos citing Aristotle (fourth century BCE)
Judean perspectives: Josephos' <i>Against Apion</i> in full (late first century CE)
Judeans, Syrians, Indians, and others: Porphyry of Tyre on abstinence from meat (third century CE)
Judeans: Agatharchides of Knidos on the Sabbath (second century BCE)
Judeans: Manetho, Chairemon, and Lysimachos on an alternative Exodus (third century BCE on)
Julius Caesar (Roman)
Britons: Julius Caesar (mid-first century BCE)
Celts / Gauls: Julius Caesar (mid-first century BCE)
Germans: Julius Caesar (mid-first century BCE)
Kallisthenes (Greek)
Kretans, Spartans, Carthaginians, and Romans: Polybios on superior and inferior societal organization (second century BCE)
Klearchos / Clearchus (Greek)
Iapygians and Tarentinians: Klearchos of Soloi (fourth century BCE)
Indian and Judean wisdom: Klearchos citing Aristotle (fourth century BCE)
Lydians: Xanthos of Lydia and Klearchos of Soloi (fifth-fourth centuries BCE)
Persians and Medes: Herakleides of Kyme, Klearchos of Soloi, and others on royal banquets (fourth century BCE)
Scythians: Klearchos of Soloi (fourth century BCE)
Kleitarchos (Greek)
Amazons: Strabo on their customs and northern location (first century CE)
Kimbrians / Germans: Poseidonios and Strabo refute stories about the tides (first century BCE)
Ktesias (Greek)
Egyptians: Diodoros on the origins of civilization and on Egyptian views (mid-first century BCE)
Ethiopians: Diodoros on their claims, appearance, and customs (mid-first century BCE)
Lucian of Samosata (Syrian / Assyrian)
Syrian perspectives: Lucian of Samosata on <i>The Syrian Goddess</i> in full (mid-second century CE)
Western peoples beyond the pillars of Herakles (and up): Lucian's <i>A True Story</i> and ethnographic fiction (late second century CE)
Lucian of Samosata (Syrian)
Egyptian wisdom: Lucian's story about Eukrates and Pankrates (late second century CE)
Luke-Acts author
Parthians, Libyans, Egyptians and others: Acts of the Apostles on legends of Judean migration (early second century CE)
Lysimachos of Alexandria (Greek)
Egyptian diasporas: Legends of migration concerning Hyksos and Judeans (late fourth century BCE and on)
Judeans: Manetho, Chairemon, and Lysimachos on an alternative Exodus (third century BCE on)
Manetho / pseudo-Manetho (Egyptian)
Egyptian diasporas: Legends of migration concerning Hyksos and Judeans (late fourth century BCE and on)
Egyptian perspectives: Manetho on <i>Egyptian Matters</i> (early third century BCE)
Judeans: Manetho, Chairemon, and Lysimachos on an alternative Exodus (third century BCE on)
Megasthenes (Greek)
Barbarian wisdom: Various authors and Clement of Alexandria (second century CE)
Indian wisdom: Nearchos, Megasthenes, and Arrian on the sages Dandamis and Kalanos (fourth century BCE-second century CE)
Indians: Nearchos, Megasthenes, and Arrian (fourth century BCE-second century CE)
Metrodoros of Skepsis (Greek)
Amazons: Strabo on their customs and northern location (first century CE)
Mochos (Sidonian)
Phoenician wisdom: Ampelius on Mochos of Sidon (early-third century CE)
Neanthes (Greek)
Judeans, Syrians, Indians, and others: Porphyry of Tyre on abstinence from meat (third century CE)
Nearchos (Greek)
Indian wisdom: Nearchos, Megasthenes, and Arrian on the sages Dandamis and Kalanos (fourth century BCE-second century CE)
Indians: Nearchos, Megasthenes, and Arrian (fourth century BCE-second century CE)
Numenius of Apameia (Syrian / Roman)
Judean, Indian, Babylonian, and Egyptian wisdom: Numenius the Platonic philosopher (mid-second century CE)
Origen (Greek)
Barbarian wisdom: Celsus and Origen of Alexandria (second-third centuries CE)
Judean, Indian, Babylonian, and Egyptian wisdom: Numenius the Platonic philosopher (mid-second century CE)
Pallas (Greek)
Judeans, Syrians, Indians, and others: Porphyry of Tyre on abstinence from meat (third century CE)
Paul (Judean in the diaspora)
Greeks and other peoples: Paul's Judean stereotypes about non-Judeans (mid-first century CE)
Philippos (Christian)
Eastern and northern peoples: Bardaisan of Edessa and Philippos' <i>Book of the Laws of Countries</i> (second-third centuries CE)
Philo of Alexandria (Judean)
Barbarian wisdom: Various authors and Clement of Alexandria (second century CE)
Germans: Philo of Alexandria on fighting the tides (first century CE)
Judean and Indian wisdom: Philo on the freedom of Essenes and Kalanos (early first century CE)
Judean perspectives: Philo on the superiority of Moses and Judean ancestral customs (first century CE)
Philo of Byblos (Phoenician)
Phoenician perspectives: Philo of Byblos on <i>Phoenician Matters</i> (early second century CE)
Philostratos (Greek)
Indian wisdom: Philostratos on Apollonios of Tyana's journeys to barbarian lands (early third century CE)
Phylarchos (Greek)
Celts: Poseidonios and others on banqueting and violent customs (first century BCE)
Plato (Greek)
Egyptian wisdom: Plato on Solon, the Egyptian priest, and Atlantis (mid-fourth century BCE)
Kretans, Spartans, Carthaginians, and Romans: Polybios on superior and inferior societal organization (second century BCE)
Pliny the Elder (Roman)
Judeans: Pliny the Elder and Julius Solinus on the Essenes beside the Dead Sea (first / third centuries CE)
Plutarch (Greek)
Celts and Germans: Plutarch’s ethnographic digressions in the Lives (early second century CE)
Persian wisdom: Theopompos of Chios and Plutarch on Magians (fourth century BCE and later)
Polybios (Greek)
Arkadians: Polybios on an environmental theory of peoplehood (second century BCE)
Celts / Galatians: Polybios on the Celts' encounter with Rome and on his method in dealing with distant peoples (second century BCE)
Celts and Ligurians: Strabo on peoples south of the Alps (early first century CE)
Kretans, Spartans, Carthaginians, and Romans: Polybios on superior and inferior societal organization (second century BCE)
Kretans: Ephoros on Kretan civic organization and customs (mid-fourth century BCE)
Pompeius Trogus (Gaul / Roman)
Scythians: Pompeius Trogus on Scythian superiority (first century BCE)
Porphyry (Syrian)
Barbarian wisdom: Porphyry of Tyre's Neoplatonic perspective (third century CE)
Judean wisdom: Theophrastos on Judean philosophers (fourth century BCE)
Judeans, Syrians, Indians, and others: Porphyry of Tyre on abstinence from meat (third century CE)
Phoenician, Egyptian and Babylonian wisdom: Porphyry of Tyre on Pythagoras (third century CE)
Poseidonios (Greek or Syrian)
Arabians and Aramaians: Poseidonios on relations between eastern peoples (first century BCE)
Barbarian wisdom: Poseidonios on inventors of the golden age (first century BCE)
Celts: Poseidonios and others on banqueting and violent customs (first century BCE)
Celts: Strabo on peoples northwest of the Alps (early first century CE)
Iberians: Artemidoros, Poseidonios, and others (second century BCE to first century CE)
Judeans: Mnaseas, Poseidonios, Apollonios Molon, Diodoros, and Apion on the statue of a donkey and on human sacrifice (second century BCE and on)
Judeans: Poseidonios (?) and Strabo on decline after Moses (first century CE)
Kimbrians / Germans: Poseidonios and Strabo refute stories about the tides (first century BCE)
Mysians / Moesians: Poseidonios on their identification and customs based on Homer (first century BCE)
Parthians: Poseidonios on royal banquets (first century BCE)
Phoenician wisdom: Strabo and Poseidonios on Mochos of Sidon (first century BCE)
Pseudo-Skylax (Greek)
Mediterranean peoples: Pseudo-Skylax (fourth century BCE)
Pseudo-Skymnos (Greek)
Indians, Ethiopians, Celts, and Scythians: Ephoros on a four-fold division of the known world (mid-fourth century BCE)
Mediterranean peoples: Pseudo-Skymnos' <i>Voyage Around the Earth for Nikomedes</i> in full (mid-second century BCE)
Scythians and other northern peoples: Ephoros (mid-fourth century BCE)
Sallust (Roman)
Ethnic diversity in Libya / Africa: Sallust on legends of migration (mid-first century BCE)
Libyans / Africans: Sallust (mid-first century BCE)
Sanchuniathon (Phoenician)
Phoenician perspectives: Philo of Byblos on <i>Phoenician Matters</i> (early second century CE)
Seneca the Younger (Roman)
Barbarian wisdom: Poseidonios on inventors of the golden age (first century BCE)
Germans and Scythians: Seneca on enduring hardships and on anger (first century CE)
Stephanos of Byzantion (Greek)
Scythians and other northern peoples: Ephoros (mid-fourth century BCE)
Strabo (Greek)
Arabians and Aramaians: Poseidonios on relations between eastern peoples (first century BCE)
Barbarian wisdom: Ephoros on inventors (mid-fourth century BCE)
Boiotians: Ephoros on the superiority of Boiotia and on a Phoenician connection (mid-fourth century BCE)
Britons and Iernians (Irish): Julius Caesar, Pytheas, and Strabo on customs and cannibalism (early first century CE)
Celts and Ligurians: Strabo on peoples south of the Alps (early first century CE)
Celts: Ephoros (mid-fourth century BCE)
Celts: Poseidonios and others on banqueting and violent customs (first century BCE)
Celts: Strabo on peoples northwest of the Alps (early first century CE)
Getians, Dacians, and Scythians: Strabo (early first century CE)
Iberians: Artemidoros, Poseidonios, and others (second century BCE to first century CE)
Illyrians, Pannonians, and other peoples: Strabo (early first century CE)
Indians, Ethiopians, Celts, and Scythians: Ephoros on a four-fold division of the known world (mid-fourth century BCE)
Judeans: Poseidonios (?) and Strabo on decline after Moses (first century CE)
Kimbrians / Germans: Poseidonios and Strabo refute stories about the tides (first century BCE)
Kretans: Ephoros on Kretan civic organization and customs (mid-fourth century BCE)
Mysians / Moesians: Poseidonios on their identification and customs based on Homer (first century BCE)
Pelasgian diasporas: Ephoros on legends of migration (mid-fourth century BCE)
Phoenician wisdom: Strabo and Poseidonios on Mochos of Sidon (first century BCE)
Tacitus (Roman)
Britons: Tacitus (late first century CE)
Egyptian diasporas: Legends of migration concerning Hyksos and Judeans (late fourth century BCE and on)
Germans: Tacitus' <i>Germania</i> in full (late first century CE)
Judeans: Tacitus on Judean origins and customs (second century CE)
Sarmatians: Tacitus on ferocity and laziness in military situations (early second century CE)
Thracians: Tacitus on their uncivilized and wild nature (early second century CE)
Tertullian of Carthage
Pontic peoples: Tertullian on the Pontic "barbarian" Marcion (late second century CE)
Theophanes of Mytilene
Amazons: Strabo on their customs and northern location (first century CE)
Theophrastos (Greek)
Judean wisdom: Theophrastos on Judean philosophers (fourth century BCE)
Judeans, Syrians, Indians, and others: Porphyry of Tyre on abstinence from meat (third century CE)
Theopompos (Greek)
Persian wisdom: Theopompos of Chios and Plutarch on Magians (fourth century BCE and later)
Theopompos of Chios (Greek)
Illyrians: Theopompos on banquets (fourth century BCE)
Thessalos (Greek)
Egyptian wisdom: Thessalos (first or second century CE)
Timagenes (Greek)
Celts / Gauls: Timagenes of Alexandria (first century BCE)
Vitruvius (Roman)
Mediterranean peoples: Vitruvius on the effects of climate (first century BCE)
Wisdom of Solomon author (Judean)
Egyptians and Canaanites: Wisdom of Solomon on worship of animals and images (first century BCE)
Xanthos of Lydia (Greek)
Lydians: Xanthos of Lydia and Klearchos of Soloi (fifth-fourth centuries BCE)
Xenophon of Athens (Greek)
Kretans, Spartans, Carthaginians, and Romans: Polybios on superior and inferior societal organization (second century BCE)
Mossynoikians in Pontos: Xenophon and others on the "most barbarous" people (early fourth century BCE)
Persians and Medes: Herakleides of Kyme, Klearchos of Soloi, and others on royal banquets (fourth century BCE)
Persians: Xenophon and an anonymous author on royal customs and Cyrus (early fourth century BCE / second century BCE)
(11) Scholarly articles on ethnic relations
Scholarly articles on ethnic relations and migration

Maps for locating places and peoples

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