Category Archives: (01) Non-dominant (“barbarian”) perspectives

Egyptian perspectives: Chairemon on Egyptian temple functionaries (first century CE)

Posted in (01) Non-dominant ("barbarian") perspectives, (b) Southern peoples, ancient ethnography / ethnographic culture, Chairemon (Egyptian), Egyptians, ethnicity in the ancient world on June 29, 2022 by Philip A. Harland.

Egyptian perspectives: Manetho on Egyptian Matters (early third century BCE)

Posted in (01) Non-dominant ("barbarian") perspectives, (b) Southern peoples, ancient ethnography / ethnographic culture, Egyptians, ethnicity in the ancient world, Hyksos (in Egypt), Manetho / pseudo-Manetho (Egyptian) on June 25, 2022 by Philip A. Harland.

Getians, Scythians, and Goths: Jordanes on their supposed origins and achievements (mid-sixth century CE)

Posted in (01) Non-dominant ("barbarian") perspectives, (02) Greek and Roman ethnographic perspectives and stereotypes on other peoples, (a) Northern peoples, Amazons (often considered Scythians), Cassiodorus (Goth), Getians / Dacians (northern Thracians), Goths (Ostrogoths and Visigoths), Huns, Jordanes (Goth), Scythians / Pontic peoples (broad category), Thracians (broad category), Vandals on December 30, 2022 by Philip A. Harland.

Judean perspectives: Anonymous on Abraham’s contributions (before the mid-first century BCE)

Posted in (01) Non-dominant ("barbarian") perspectives, (d) Eastern peoples, Alexander Polyhistor (Greek), ancient ethnography / ethnographic culture, ethnicity in the ancient world, Judeans / Jews / Israelites / Hebrews, Phoenicians / Canaanites on June 13, 2022 by Philip A. Harland.

Judean perspectives: Artapanos on contributions by Abraham, Joseph, and Moses (second century BCE)

Posted in (01) Non-dominant ("barbarian") perspectives, (d) Eastern peoples, Alexander Polyhistor (Greek), ancient ethnography / ethnographic culture, Arabians, Artapanos (Judean / Jewish), ethnicity in the ancient world, Judeans / Jews / Israelites / Hebrews on June 10, 2022 by Philip A. Harland.

Judean perspectives: Eupolemos on contributions by Abraham and Moses (before the mid-first century BCE)

Posted in (01) Non-dominant ("barbarian") perspectives, (d) Eastern peoples, Alexander Polyhistor (Greek), ancient ethnography / ethnographic culture, ethnicity in the ancient world, Eupolemos (Judean / Jewish), Judeans / Jews / Israelites / Hebrews, Phoenicians / Canaanites on June 13, 2022 by Philip A. Harland.

Judean perspectives: Josephos’ Against Apion in full (late first century CE)

Posted in (01) Non-dominant ("barbarian") perspectives, (d) Eastern peoples, ancient ethnography / ethnographic culture, Babylonians / Chaldeans, Egyptians, ethnicity in the ancient world, Josephos / Flavius Josephus (Judean), Judeans / Jews / Israelites / Hebrews, Phoenicians / Canaanites, Syrians / Assyrians / Aramaians on June 28, 2022 by Philip A. Harland.

Judean perspectives: Philo on the superiority of Moses and Judean ancestral customs (first century CE)

Posted in (01) Non-dominant ("barbarian") perspectives, (d) Eastern peoples, ancient ethnography / ethnographic culture, ethnicity in the ancient world, Judeans / Jews / Israelites / Hebrews, Philo of Alexandria (Judean / Jewish) on July 10, 2022 by Philip A. Harland.

Libyan perspectives: Apuleius self-identifies as a barbarian and Numidian / Gaetulian (mid-second century CE)

Posted in (01) Non-dominant ("barbarian") perspectives, (b) Southern peoples, (d) Eastern peoples, ancient ethnography / ethnographic culture, Apuleius (Numidian / Gaetulian), ethnicity in the ancient world, Gaitulians / Gaetulians (in northern Africa), Numidians (in northern Africa), Persians / Iranians / Magians on October 8, 2022 by Philip A. Harland.

Libyan perspectives: Cornelius Fronto self-identifies as a “barbarian” and Libyan nomad (mid-second century CE)

Posted in (01) Non-dominant ("barbarian") perspectives, (b) Southern peoples, ancient ethnography / ethnographic culture, Cornelius Fronto (Numidian / Roman), ethnicity in the ancient world, Libyans / Africans, Scythians / Pontic peoples (broad category) on October 8, 2022 by Philip A. Harland.

Phoenician perspectives: Philo of Byblos on “Phoenician Matters” (early second century CE)

Posted in (01) Non-dominant ("barbarian") perspectives, (d) Eastern peoples, ancient ethnography / ethnographic culture, Egyptians, ethnicity in the ancient world, Philo of Byblos (Phoenician), Phoenicians / Canaanites, Sanchuniathon (Phoenician), Syrians / Assyrians / Aramaians on June 15, 2022 by Philip A. Harland.

Syrian perspectives: Lucian of Samosata on The Syrian Goddess in full (mid-second century CE)

Posted in (01) Non-dominant ("barbarian") perspectives, (d) Eastern peoples, ancient ethnography / ethnographic culture, ethnicity in the ancient world, Greeks (broad category), Lucian of Samosata (Syrian / Assyrian), Phoenicians / Canaanites, Syrians / Assyrians / Aramaians on July 7, 2022 by Philip A. Harland.

Syrian perspectives: Lucian self-identifies as “barbarian” and “Assyrian” (mid-second century CE)

Posted in (01) Non-dominant ("barbarian") perspectives, (d) Eastern peoples, ancient ethnography / ethnographic culture, ethnicity in the ancient world, Lucian of Samosata (Syrian / Assyrian), Syrians / Assyrians / Aramaians on October 10, 2022 by Philip A. Harland.

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(01) Non-dominant ("barbarian") perspectives

Egyptian perspectives: Chairemon on Egyptian temple functionaries (first century CE)

Egyptian perspectives: Manetho on Egyptian Matters (early third century BCE)

Getians, Scythians, and Goths: Jordanes on their supposed origins and achievements (mid-sixth century CE)

Judean perspectives: Anonymous on Abraham's contributions (before the mid-first century BCE)

Judean perspectives: Artapanos on contributions by Abraham, Joseph, and Moses (second century BCE)

Judean perspectives: Eupolemos on contributions by Abraham and Moses (before the mid-first century BCE)

Judean perspectives: Josephos' Against Apion in full (late first century CE)

Judean perspectives: Philo on the superiority of Moses and Judean ancestral customs (first century CE)

Libyan perspectives: Apuleius self-identifies as a barbarian and Numidian / Gaetulian (mid-second century CE)

Libyan perspectives: Cornelius Fronto self-identifies as a "barbarian" and Libyan nomad (mid-second century CE)

Phoenician perspectives: Philo of Byblos on "Phoenician Matters" (early second century CE)

Syrian perspectives: Lucian of Samosata on The Syrian Goddess in full (mid-second century CE)

Syrian perspectives: Lucian self-identifies as "barbarian" and "Assyrian" (mid-second century CE)

(02) Greek and Roman ethnographic perspectives and stereotypes on other peoples

Aitolians: Ephoros on their origins and invincibility (mid-fourth century BCE)

Aitolians: Thucydides on barbarous Greeks (late fifth century BCE)

Amazons, Tibarenians, and Mossynoikians: Apollonios of Rhodes on a voyage to the Kolchians (third century BCE)

Amazons: Strabo on their customs and northern location (late first century CE)

Arabians and Aramaians: Poseidonios on relations between eastern peoples (first century BCE)

Arabians: Herodotos on deities and lifestyle (fifth century BCE)

Arkadians: Polybios theorizes environment and peoplehood (second century BCE)

Assyrians, Medes and Persians: Ktesias on Persian Matters via Diodoros and Photios (early fourth century BCE)

Babylonians and Assyrians: Herodotos on legendary queens and outstanding customs (mid-fifth century BCE)

Babylonians: Diodoros on Chaldeans' astrology and divination (mid-first century BCE)

Baktrians, Sogdianians, and some "completely barbarous" eastern peoples: Strabo (early first century CE)

Barbarian peoples: Nymphodoros, Nikolaos, and others with collections of paradoxical customs (third century BCE on)

Barbarians and Greeks: Thucydides theorizes the shift from barbarian banditry to settled civilization (late fifth century BCE)

Bithynians, Maryandinians, Paphlagonians, and others: Strabo on temple-states and peoples near his Pontic homeland (early first century CE)

Boiotians: Ephoros on the superiority of Boiotia and on a Phoenician connection (mid-fourth century BCE)

Britons and Iernians (Irish): Julius Caesar, Pytheas, and Strabo on customs including eating human flesh (early first century CE)

Britons: Julius Caesar (mid-first century BCE)

Britons: Tacitus (late first century CE)

Cappadocians: Strabo on their temple-states and supposed desire for subservience (early first century CE)

Carthaginians: Appian of Alexandria (mid-second century CE)

Celts / Galatians: Parthenios on wife abductions in the Galatian invasion (first century BCE)

Celts / Galatians: Polybios on the Celts' encounter with Rome and on his method in dealing with distant peoples (second century BCE)

Celts / Galatians: Priene inscription on Galatian "impiety" and "savagery" during the invasion (ca. 278-270 BCE)

Celts / Galatians: Thyatira inscription for a son rescued by the god Apollo out from under "the mob of Galatians" (276 BCE)

Celts / Gauls: Cicero's ethnic invective in defending Fonteius (mid-first century BCE)

Celts / Gauls: Julius Caesar (mid-first century BCE)

Celts / Gauls: Livy on legends of migration south of the Alps into Italy (late first century BCE)

Celts / Gauls: Timagenes of Alexandria on Celtic origins and customs (first century BCE)

Celts and Germans: Diodoros, Dionysios, Strabo, and Dio on distinguishing them (first centuries BCE and CE)

Celts and Germans: Plutarch’s ethnographic digressions in the Lives (early second century CE)

Celts and Ligurians: Strabo on peoples south of the Alps (early first century CE)

Celts: Dio Cassius on spirited and untrustworthy Galatians (early third century CE)

Celts: Ephoros (mid-fourth century BCE)

Celts: Poseidonios and others on banqueting and violent customs (first century BCE)

Celts: Strabo on peoples northwest of the Alps (early first century CE)

Daans, Kadousians, Hyrkanians, and Sakians: Strabo on peoples east of the Caspian Sea (first century CE)

Dyrbaians: Ktesias on an extremely just people between Baktria and India (early fourth century BCE)

Egyptian diasporas: Inscriptional evidence

Egyptians: Achilles Tatius and Dio Cassius on man-eating cowherds / bandits (second-third century CE)

Egyptians: Dio Cassius' speech by Octavian on the "effeminate" Antony (early third century CE)

Egyptians: Diodoros on the origins of civilization and on Egyptian views (mid-first century BCE)

Egyptians: Herodotos on customs and legendary kings (fifth century BCE)

Ethiopians and Arabians: Nonnosos on Saracens and on a hairy people (sixth century CE)

Ethiopians: Agatharchides and Diodoros on lifestyles and diets in the extreme south (second-first centuries BCE)

Ethiopians: Diodoros on their claims, appearance, and customs (mid-first century BCE)

Ethiopians: Herodotos on southern peoples at the ends of the earth (mid-fifth century BCE)

Europeans and Asians: Pseudo-Hippokrates on humoural and environmental theories (fifth century BCE)

Europeans, Asians, and Greeks: Aristotle on environment, ethnic hierarchies, and slaves (fourth century BCE)

Gauls: Cicero and the link between imperial conquest and negative stereotypes (mid-first century BCE)

Germanic peoples: Tacitus' Germania in full (late first century CE)

Germans and Sarmatians: Josephos on impulsive and violent northerners (late first century CE)

Germans and Scythians: Seneca on enduring hardships and on anger (first century CE)

Germans, Suebians, Marcomannians, and Kimbrians: Poseidonios and Strabo on customs and rumours about the tides (first century BCE)

Germans: Julius Caesar (mid-first century BCE)

Germans: Philo of Alexandria on fighting the tides (first century CE)

Getians, Dacians, and Scythians: Strabo (early first century CE)

Getians, Scythians, and Goths: Jordanes on their supposed origins and achievements (mid-sixth century CE)

Greeks and barbarians: Dionysios theorizes the blurry lines (late first century BCE)

Greeks and barbarians: Eratosthenes challenges the dichotomy (third century BCE)

Iapygians and Tarentinians: Klearchos of Soloi (fourth century BCE)

Iberians, Albanians and others of the Caucasus area: Strabo (early first century CE)

Iberians: Appian of Alexandria (mid-second century CE)

Iberians: Appian on Viriathus and resistance by Lusitanians (early second century CE)

Iberians: Artemidoros, Poseidonios, Strabo, and others (second century BCE to first century CE)

Iberians: Trogus on their extreme courage (first century BCE)

Ichthyophagians: Nearchos and Agatharchides on Fish-eaters around the Arabian Sea (fourth-first centuries BCE)

Idumeans and Judeans: Ptolemy the historian on the difference (late first century BCE)

Idumeans: Josephos on the Edomites' origins and relations with Judeans (late first century CE)

Illyrians, Pannonians, and other peoples: Strabo (early first century CE)

Illyrians: Appian of Alexandria (mid-second century CE)

Illyrians: Theopompos on banquets (fourth century BCE)

Indians, Ethiopians and others: Pliny the Elder on "unbelievable" peoples (first century CE)

Indians, Ethiopians, and Celts: Dio of Prusa critiques foreign imports and luxury (late first century CE)

Indians, Ethiopians, Celts, and Scythians: Ephoros on a four-fold division of the known world (mid-fourth century BCE)

Indians: Dio of Prusa on the Indians' superior mode of life (late first century CE)

Indians: Diodoros on environment, customs and social organization (mid-first century BCE)

Indians: Herodotos on eastern peoples at the ends of the earth (mid-fifth century BCE)

Indians: Iamboulos and Diodoros on a utopian island beyond India (mid-first century BCE)

Indians: Ktesias on Indian Matters via Photios, Pliny the Elder, and Aelian (early fourth century BCE)

Indians: Nearchos, Megasthenes, and Arrian (fourth century BCE-second century CE)

Italian and Roman diasporas: Inscriptional evidence

Itureans among Arabians: Strabo and Josephos on a supposed bandit-people (first century CE)

Judean and Indian wisdom: Philo on the freedom of Essenes and Kalanos (early first century CE)

Judeans and Celts: Various authors on Claudius' actions against foreigners in the 40s CE (second / third centuries CE

Judeans, "Asiatics", and Greeks: Cicero's ethnic invective aimed at eastern witnesses against Flaccus (mid-first century BCE)

Judeans, Africans, and Germans: Columella on the limits of environmental theory (first century CE)

Judeans, Egyptians, and Magians: Various authors on Tiberius' actions against foreign practices 17-19 CE (first-third centuries CE)

Judeans, Egyptians, and others: Seneca on the "superstitions" of foreigners (mid-first century CE)

Judeans, Syrians, and Egyptians: Epiktetos engages with ethnographic discourses for philosophical aims (mid-first century CE)

Judeans, Syrians, Celts, Scythians and others: Plutarch on the "barbarian" origins of fearing the gods, or "superstition" (early second century CE)

Judeans, Syrians, Indians, and others: Porphyry of Tyre on abstinence from meat (third century CE)

Judeans: Agatharchides of Knidos on the Sabbath (second century BCE)

Judeans: Dio Cassius and Roman elite attitudes (early third century CE)

Judeans: Kleomedes denigrates Epicurus and Judeans (second century CE)

Judeans: Manetho, Chairemon, and Lysimachos on an alternative Exodus (third century BCE on)

Judeans: Mnaseas, Poseidonios, Apollonios Molon, Diodoros, Apion, and Damokritos on the statue of a donkey and on human sacrifice (second century BCE and on)

Judeans: Pliny the Elder and Julius Solinus on the Essenes beside the Dead Sea (first / third centuries CE)

Judeans: Poseidonios (?) and Strabo on decline after Moses (first century CE)

Judeans: Pseudo-Hekataios' On Judeans (before first century CE)

Judeans: Tacitus on Judean origins and customs (second century CE)

Judeans: Trogus on contributions of Joseph and Moses and on the exodus (first century BCE)

Judeans: Valerius Maximus on the 139 BCE expulsion with "Chaldeans" (early first century CE)

Kimmerians and Kolchians: Herodotos on other Pontic peoples (mid-fifth century BCE)

Kretans and Cilicians: Athenians, Rhodians, and Romans pair "banditry" with imperial control (fifth-second centuries BCE)

Kretans, Spartans, Carthaginians, and Romans: Polybios on superior and inferior societal organization (second century BCE)

Kretans: Ephoros on Kretan civic organization and customs (mid-fourth century BCE)

Libyans / Africans: Pliny on various peoples and strange customs (first century CE)

Libyans / Africans: Sallust (mid-first century BCE)

Libyans / Africans: Tacitus on Tacfarinas and resistance by Numidians, Maurians, and Musulamians (early second century CE)

Libyans: Hanno the Carthaginian (fourth century BCE or earlier)

Libyans: Herodotos on customs and colonization (fifth century BCE)

Lydians: Herodotos on king Croesus and Lydian customs (mid-fifth century BCE)

Lydians: Xanthos of Lydia and Klearchos of Soloi (fifth-fourth centuries BCE)

Maiotians, Bosporians, Kaukasians, and other Pontic peoples: Strabo on northern Asia (early first century CE)

Mediterranean peoples: Artemidoros theorizes foreign elements in dreams (second century CE)

Mediterranean peoples: Claudius Ptolemy on astrological effects on peoples (second century CE)

Mediterranean peoples: Pomponius Mela on peoples of the known world (mid-first century CE)

Mediterranean peoples: Pseudo-Skylax (fourth century BCE)

Mediterranean peoples: Pseudo-Skymnos' Voyage Around the Earth for Nikomedes in full (mid-second century BCE)

Mediterranean peoples: Sextus Empiricus engages with ethnographic discourses for philosophical aims (second-third centuries CE)

Mediterranean peoples: Vitruvius on the effects of climate (first century BCE)

Mossynoikians in Pontos: Xenophon and others on the "most barbarous" people (early fourth century BCE)

Mysians / Moesians: Poseidonios on their identification and customs based on Homer (first century BCE)

Mysians, Galatians, Pisidians, and others: Strabo on relations among Anatolian peoples (early first century CE)

Nabateans among Arabians: Diodoros on their customs and freedom (mid-first century BCE)

Northern peoples: Antonios Diogenes' Wonders Beyond Thule and ethnographic fiction (second century CE / ninth century CE)

Northern peoples: Inscriptions on barbarians as bandits (second-third centuries CE)

Parthians and Scythians: Julius Africanus on barbarian military techniques (early third century CE)

Parthians: Arrian on their Scythian origins (second century CE)

Parthians: Panamara inscription on Zeus' miraculous actions against invading Parthians (ca. 39 BCE)

Parthians: Poseidonios on royal banquets (first century BCE)

Parthians: Strabo on Scythian origins and military success (early first century CE)

Parthians: Trogus on the origins and developments of an empire (first century BCE)

Pelasgians: Strabo on a legendary migrating people (early first century CE)

Persians and Medes: Herakleides of Kyme, Klearchos of Soloi, and others on royal banquets (fourth century BCE)

Persians and Medes: Herodotos on customs (mid-fifth century BCE)

Persians and Medes: Thucydides on Medizing (late-fifth century BCE)

Persians, Spartans, and Athenians: Platonic author on the superiority of the Persians (fourth century BCE)

Persians: Apuleius of Madaura's defence against the charge of harmful Magian actions (ca. 158 CE)

Persians: Matthew and Luke-Acts on two contrasting approaches to Magians (late first century CE)

Persians: Pliny on the dissemination of Magian skill to the peoples of the world (first century CE)

Persians: Suda on Zoroaster and on expertise in Magian practice, wailing incantations, and potions (tenth century CE)

Persians: Xanthos on the Magians' supposed incest and on Zoroaster's date (fifth century BCE)

Persians: Xenophon and an anonymous author on royal customs and Cyrus (early fourth century BCE / second century BCE)

Phoenicians and Sardinians: Cicero's ethnic invective in defending Marcus Scaurus (mid-first century BCE)

Phoenicians: Herodotos on customs and colonizing efforts (fifth century BCE)

Romans: Dionysios on Roman origins and legends of Greek and Pelasgian migrations to Italy (late first century BCE)

Romans: Dionysios on the supposed Roman refusal of barbarian and Phrygian customs (late first century BCE)

Samaritans: Josephos on Chuthean origins and relations with Judeans over centuries (late first century CE)

Saracens: Ammianus Marcellinus on their customs (late fourth century CE)

Sarmatians: Tacitus on ferocity and laziness in military situations (early second century CE)

Scythian and Thracian diasporas: Inscriptional evidence

Scythians and Getians: Dio of Prusa on inter-ethnic encounters at Olbia and on Getian Matters (late first century CE)

Scythians and other northern peoples: Ephoros (mid-fourth century BCE)

Scythians and other Pontic peoples: Herodotos on the "most ignorant peoples of all" (fifth century BCE)

Scythians, Amazons, and Hyperboreans: Diodoros on some northerners (mid-first century BCE)

Scythians, Amazons, and Persians: Isokrates on the superiority of the Athenian people (early fourth century BCE)

Scythians: Aischines' ethnic invective against Demosthenes (mid-fourth century BCE)

Scythians: Klearchos of Soloi (fourth century BCE)

Scythians: Lucian on Toxaris' and Anacharsis' differing encounters with Greeks (late second century CE)

Scythians: Trogus on Scythian superiority (first century BCE)

Sicilians and other Greeks: Cicero's praise for Sicilians in the prosecution of Verres (mid-first century BCE)

Syrian and Phoenician diasporas: Inscriptional and archeological evidence

Thracians, Getians, Paionians, and others: Herodotos (mid-fifth century BCE)

Thracians: Tacitus on their uncivilized and wild nature (early second century CE)

Troglodytes: Graffiti and inscriptions from the Red Sea area thanking Pan / Min for rescue from Troglodytes (second century BCE)

Trojans, Lelegians, and Kilikians: Homer and Strabo on legendary peoples and migrations in the Troad (early first century CE)

Various peoples: Herodotos on the mixed composition of the Persian army under Xerxes (fifth century BCE)

Western peoples beyond the pillars of Herakles (and up): Lucian's "A True Story" and ethnographic fiction (late second century CE)

(03) Visual ethnography (via archeology)

Amazons: Greek artistic depictions of a female warrior people (fourth century BCE to second century CE)

Britons, Armenians, Bessians, and others: Reliefs of subjugated peoples at Aphrodisias (first century CE)

Celts / Galatians: Kyzikos monument with Herakles clubbing a barbarian (278/277 BCE)

Celts, Persians, and Amazons: Smaller statues of fighting and dying "barbarians" associated with Attalos of Pergamon (third-second century BCE / second century CE)

Celts: Statues of dying Gauls / Galatians associated with Attalos I of Pergamon (late third century BCE / second century CE)

Dacians and Sarmatians: Reliefs on "Trajan's Trophy" at Adamclisi, Romania (early second century CE)

Dacians: Reliefs on "Trajan's Column" at Rome celebrating subjugation (early second century CE)

Gauls and Germans: Scenes from the Triumphal Arch of Orange (late first century BCE)

Judeans, Armenians, Dacians, Egyptians, and other peoples: Defeat, capture, and subjugation on Roman imperial coinage (first-fourth centuries CE)

Parthians, Celts and Iberians or Germans: Scenes on the breastplate of the "Augustus of Prima Porta" (early first century CE)

Parthians: Scenes from the Arch of Septimius Severus (early third century CE)

Persians: God Mithras as a Roman representation of a Persian (second century CE)

Scythians: Greek depictions of Scythian archers on Attic pottery (sixth century BCE)

(04) Greeks on wise "barbarians" and noble "savages"

Assyrian wisdom: The Kyranides on a journey to learn from a foreign inscription (fourth century CE or earlier)

Babylonian and Persian wisdom: Kleitarchos on Chaldeans and Magians (late fourth-third centuries BCE)

Barbarian and Judean wisdom: Clement of Alexandria [V] on the sources of Plato's thought (late second century CE)

Barbarian and Scythian wisdom: Diogenes of Laertes (early third century CE)

Barbarian wisdom: Clement of Alexandria [VI] on barbarian and Hebrew philosophy (late second century CE)

Barbarian wisdom: Cornutus on early humanity's Stoic understanding of the cosmos (mid-first century CE)

Barbarian wisdom: Dio of Prusa on barbarians' innate knowledge of god (late first century CE)

Barbarian wisdom: Ephoros on inventors (mid-fourth century BCE)

Barbarian wisdom: Porphyry of Tyre's Neoplatonic perspective (third century CE)

Barbarian wisdom: Poseidonios on inventors of the golden age (first century BCE)

Barbarian wisdom: The Thunder, Perfect Mind (before the fourth century CE)

Dyrbaians: Ktesias on an extremely just people between Baktria and India (early fourth century BCE)

Egyptian wisdom: King Nektanebos the astrologer and diviner in the Alexander Romance (fourth century CE and earlier)

Egyptian wisdom: Lucian's story about Eukrates and Pankrates (late second century CE)

Egyptian wisdom: Plato on Solon, the Egyptian priest, and Atlantis (mid-fourth century BCE)

Egyptian wisdom: Thessalos on king Nechepsos and an Egyptian priest (first or second century CE)

Indian and Judean wisdom: Klearchos citing Aristotle (fourth century BCE)

Indian wisdom: Apuleius on the amazing naked philosophers and Pythagoras' journeys (mid-second century CE)

Indian wisdom: Josephos integrates Indians into Eleazar's Masada speech (late first century CE)

Indian wisdom: Naked philosophers and wise diviners in the Alexander Romance (fourth century CE and earlier)

Indian wisdom: Nearchos, Megasthenes, and Arrian on the sages Dandamis and Kalanos (fourth century BCE-second century CE)

Indian wisdom: Philostratos on Apollonios of Tyana's journeys to barbarian lands (early third century CE)

Judean wisdom: Josephos on philosophical sects among Judeans (late-first century CE)

Judean wisdom: Philo on the Therapeutists' lifestyle (first century CE)

Judean wisdom: Pseudo-Clement on a journey to Peter the Judean sage (third century CE and on)

Judean wisdom: Theophrastos on Judean philosophers (fourth century BCE)

Judean, Indian, Babylonian, and Egyptian wisdom: Numenius the Platonic philosopher (mid-second century CE)

Judeans and Thracians: Hermippos of Smyrna on their influence on Pythagoras (early second century BCE)

Persian wisdom: Aristoxenos of Tarentum on Pythagoras and Zoroaster (fourth century BCE)

Persian wisdom: Eudemos of Rhodes on Magians (fourth century BCE)

Persian wisdom: Plutarch's story about Kleombrotos' journeys (early second century CE)

Persian wisdom: Theopompos of Chios and Plutarch on Magians and Zoroaster (fourth century BCE and later)

Persian, Egyptian, Indian, and Celtic wisdom: Dio of Prusa on philosophers' roles in leadership (late first century CE)

Persian, Indian, and Judean wisdom: Klearchos of Soloi on Magian precedence (fourth century BCE)

Persians: Dio of Prusa on a supposedly Zoroastrian myth (late first century CE)

Persians: Matthew and Luke-Acts on two contrasting approaches to Magians (late first century CE)

Persians: Suda on Zoroaster and on expertise in Magian practice, wailing incantations, and potions (tenth century CE)

Phoenician wisdom: Ampelius on Mochos of Sidon (early-third century CE)

Phoenician wisdom: Damascius on Eudemos of Rhodes and Mochos of Sidon (fourth century BCE)

Phoenician wisdom: Strabo and Poseidonios on Mochos of Sidon (first century BCE)

Phoenician, Egyptian and Babylonian wisdom: Porphyry of Tyre and Antonius Diogenes on Pythagoras (third century CE)

Phoenician, Egyptian and Persian wisdom: Iamblichos of Chalkis on Pythagoras (fourth century CE)

Scythian wisdom: Curtius Rufus on the Scythian elder's speech about Alexander the bandit (first century CE)

Scythian wisdom: Letters of Anacharsis (mid-third century BCE)

Scythians: Lucian on Toxaris' and Anacharsis' differing encounters with Greeks (late second century CE)

(05) Judeans (Jews) and Christians as participants in ethnographic culture

Babylonian diasporas: Josephos and others on legends of migration from Babel (first-second centuries CE)

Barbarian and Judean wisdom: Clement of Alexandria [V] on the sources of Plato's thought (late second century CE)

Barbarian wisdom: Celsus and Origen of Alexandria (second-third centuries CE)

Barbarian wisdom: Clement of Alexandria [VI] on barbarian and Hebrew philosophy (late second century CE)

Barbarian wisdom: The Thunder, Perfect Mind (before the fourth century CE)

Chaldeans, Greeks, Egyptians, and Judeans: Aristides of Athens (second century CE)

Christians, Judeans, and Greeks: Christians as a descent group in the Epistle to Diognetos (second or third century CE)

Eastern and northern peoples: Bardaisan of Edessa and Philippos' Book of the Laws of Countries (second-third centuries CE)

Egyptians and Canaanites: Wisdom of Solomon on worship of animals and images (first century BCE)

Egyptians: Clement of Alexandria [II] on Egyptian animal worship as less offensive than Greek customs (late second century CE)

Egyptians: Josephos on animal worship (late first century CE)

Germans and Sarmatians: Josephos on impulsive and violent northerners (late first century CE)

Germans: Philo of Alexandria on fighting the tides (first century CE)

Greeks and Judeans: "Hellenizing" and "Judaizing" in 2 Maccabees (first century BCE)

Greeks and other peoples: Paul's Judean stereotypes about non-Judeans (mid-first century CE)

Greeks, Barbarians, Judeans, and Christians: Eusebios' framing of a way of life (early fourth century CE)

Idumeans and Judeans: Ptolemy the historian on the difference (late first century BCE)

Idumeans: Josephos on the Edomites' origins and relations with Judeans (late first century CE)

Indian wisdom: Josephos integrates Indians into Eleazar's Masada speech (late first century CE)

Itureans among Arabians: Strabo and Josephos on a supposed bandit-people (first century CE)

Judean and Indian wisdom: Philo on the freedom of Essenes and Kalanos (early first century CE)

Judean diasporas: Josephos on conflicts in Babylonia, ca. 40-66 CE (late first century CE)

Judean diasporas: Philo on conflicts with Greeks at Alexandria and on rebellious Egyptians (mid-first century CE)

Judean wisdom: Josephos on philosophical sects among Judeans (late-first century CE)

Judean wisdom: Philo on the Therapeutists' lifestyle (first century CE)

Judean wisdom: Pseudo-Clement on a journey to Peter the Judean sage (third century CE and on)

Judeans and others: The Gospel of Philip (before the fourth century CE)

Judeans: Ignatius on Judaizing and Christianizing (early second century CE)

Kretans: Stereotypes in the letter to Titus (early second century CE)

Parthians and Scythians: Julius Africanus on barbarian military techniques (early third century CE)

Parthians, Libyans, Egyptians and others: Acts of the Apostles on legends of Judean migration (early second century CE)

Phoenicians: Gospel of Mark on Jesus and a Syro-Phoenician woman (late first century CE)

Pontic peoples: Tertullian on the Pontic "barbarian" Marcion (late second century CE)

Samaritans and Judeans: Belonging to Israel in the Gospels (first century CE)

Samaritans: Josephos on Chuthean origins and relations with Judeans over centuries (late first century CE)

Saracens: Pseudo-Nilus on barbarian bandits in the Sinai desert (early fifth century CE)

Scythians and barbarians: Colossians and others on ritual recitations (late first or early second century CE)

Scythians: Adventures of Andrew and Matthias among the Man-eaters as ethnographic fiction (third-fifth century CE)

Scythians: Clement of Alexandria [I] on the example of Anacharsis (late second century CE)

(06) Migration, ethnic diversity, and diasporas

Babylonian diasporas: Josephos and others on legends of migration from Babel (first-second centuries CE)

Barbarians and Greeks: Thucydides theorizes the shift from barbarian banditry to settled civilization (late fifth century BCE)

Celts / Gauls: Livy on legends of migration south of the Alps into Italy (late first century BCE)

Egyptian and Ethiopian diasporas: Diodoros on competing legends of migration and colonization (mid-first century BCE)

Egyptian diasporas: Herodotos on legends about Kolchians and customs of circumcision (late fourth century BCE)

Egyptian diasporas: Inscriptional evidence

Egyptian diasporas: Legends of migration concerning Hyksos and Judeans (late fourth century BCE and on)

Ethnic diversity in Alexandria: Dio of Prusa on the cross-roads of the world (late first century CE)

Ethnic diversity in Egypt: Inscriptional and papyrological evidence

Ethnic diversity in Libya / Africa: Sallust on legends of migration (mid-first century BCE)

Ethnic diversity on Rhodes island: Inscriptional evidence

Idumean diasporas: Inscriptions and papyri (second century BCE-third century CE)

Italian and Roman diasporas: Inscriptional evidence

Judean and Israelite diasporas: Inscriptional evidence (second century BCE-third century CE)

Judean diasporas: Josephos on conflicts in Babylonia, ca. 40-66 CE (late first century CE)

Judean diasporas: Josephos on tensions with Greeks in Syria, the Decapolis, and Alexandria ca. 59-66 CE (late first century CE)

Judean diasporas: Josephos' citation of documents on Asia Minor and Libya under Julius Caesar and Augustus (late first century CE)

Judean diasporas: Philo on conflicts with Greeks at Alexandria and on rebellious Egyptians (mid-first century CE)

Pelasgian diasporas: Ephoros on legends of migration (mid-fourth century BCE)

Pelasgian diasporas: Herodotos on legends of migration, language, and influence (mid-fifth century BCE)

Pelasgians: Strabo on a legendary migrating people (early first century CE)

Phoenician diasporas: Ephoros on Kadmos and legends of migration to Boiotia (mid-fourth century BCE)

Romans: Dionysios on Roman origins and legends of Greek and Pelasgian migrations to Italy (late first century BCE)

Scythian and Thracian diasporas: Inscriptional evidence

Syrian and Phoenician diasporas: Inscriptional and archeological evidence

Trojans, Lelegians, and Kilikians: Homer and Strabo on legendary peoples and migrations in the Troad (early first century CE)

(07) Further ancient theorizing, ethnic stereotyping and racialization

Arkadians: Polybios theorizes environment and peoplehood (second century BCE)

Barbarians and Greeks: Thucydides theorizes the shift from barbarian banditry to settled civilization (late fifth century BCE)

Europeans and Asians: Pseudo-Hippokrates on humoural and environmental theories (fifth century BCE)

Europeans, Asians, and Greeks: Aristotle on environment, ethnic hierarchies, and slaves (fourth century BCE)

Mediterranean peoples: Artemidoros theorizes foreign elements in dreams (second century CE)

Mediterranean peoples: Polemon theorizes the meaning of physical features (second / fifth centuries CE)

Mediterranean peoples: Pseudo-Aristotle theorizes the meaning of physical features (third century BCE)

Northern peoples: Inscriptions on barbarians as bandits (second-third centuries CE)

Scythians and Ethiopians: Agatharchides and Diodoros theorize about the effects of climate (second-first centuries CE)

(08) Gender, sexuality, and ethnographic discourses

Amazons, Tibarenians, and Mossynoikians: Apollonios of Rhodes on a voyage to the Kolchians (third century BCE)

Amazons: Greek artistic depictions of a female warrior people (fourth century BCE to second century CE)

Babylonians and Assyrians: Herodotos on legendary queens and outstanding customs (mid-fifth century BCE)

Barbarian peoples: Nymphodoros, Nikolaos, and others with collections of paradoxical customs (third century BCE on)

Celts / Galatians: Parthenios on wife abductions in the Galatian invasion (first century BCE)

Celts: Poseidonios and others on banqueting and violent customs (first century BCE)

Eastern and northern peoples: Bardaisan of Edessa and Philippos' Book of the Laws of Countries (second-third centuries CE)

Ethiopians: Agatharchides and Diodoros on lifestyles and diets in the extreme south (second-first centuries BCE)

Europeans and Asians: Pseudo-Hippokrates on humoural and environmental theories (fifth century BCE)

Iapygians and Tarentinians: Klearchos of Soloi (fourth century BCE)

Illyrians: Theopompos on banquets (fourth century BCE)

Indians: Herodotos on eastern peoples at the ends of the earth (mid-fifth century BCE)

Libyans: Herodotos on customs and colonization (fifth century BCE)

Lydians: Xanthos of Lydia and Klearchos of Soloi (fifth-fourth centuries BCE)

Mediterranean peoples: Sextus Empiricus engages with ethnographic discourses for philosophical aims (second-third centuries CE)

Mossynoikians in Pontos: Xenophon and others on the "most barbarous" people (early fourth century BCE)

Samaritans and Judeans: Belonging to Israel in the Gospels (first century CE)

Saracens: Ammianus Marcellinus on their customs (late fourth century CE)

Scythians, Amazons, and Hyperboreans: Diodoros on some northerners (mid-first century BCE)

Scythians: Trogus on Scythian superiority (first century BCE)

(09) Ethnic groups or peoples

(a) Northern peoples

Amazons, Tibarenians, and Mossynoikians: Apollonios of Rhodes on a voyage to the Kolchians (third century BCE)

Amazons: Greek artistic depictions of a female warrior people (fourth century BCE to second century CE)

Amazons: Strabo on their customs and northern location (late first century CE)

Babylonian diasporas: Josephos and others on legends of migration from Babel (first-second centuries CE)

Barbarian and Judean wisdom: Clement of Alexandria [V] on the sources of Plato's thought (late second century CE)

Barbarian and Scythian wisdom: Diogenes of Laertes (early third century CE)

Barbarian peoples: Nymphodoros, Nikolaos, and others with collections of paradoxical customs (third century BCE on)

Barbarian wisdom: Celsus and Origen of Alexandria (second-third centuries CE)

Barbarian wisdom: Clement of Alexandria [VI] on barbarian and Hebrew philosophy (late second century CE)

Barbarian wisdom: Ephoros on inventors (mid-fourth century BCE)

Barbarian wisdom: Poseidonios on inventors of the golden age (first century BCE)

Britons, Armenians, Bessians, and others: Reliefs of subjugated peoples at Aphrodisias (first century CE)

Britons: Julius Caesar (mid-first century BCE)

Britons: Tacitus (late first century CE)

Celts / Galatians: Polybios on the Celts' encounter with Rome and on his method in dealing with distant peoples (second century BCE)

Celts / Galatians: Priene inscription on Galatian "impiety" and "savagery" during the invasion (ca. 278-270 BCE)

Celts / Gauls: Julius Caesar (mid-first century BCE)

Celts / Gauls: Livy on legends of migration south of the Alps into Italy (late first century BCE)

Celts / Gauls: Timagenes of Alexandria on Celtic origins and customs (first century BCE)

Celts and Germans: Diodoros, Dionysios, Strabo, and Dio on distinguishing them (first centuries BCE and CE)

Celts and Germans: Plutarch’s ethnographic digressions in the Lives (early second century CE)

Celts, Persians, and Amazons: Smaller statues of fighting and dying "barbarians" associated with Attalos of Pergamon (third-second century BCE / second century CE)

Celts: Dio Cassius on spirited and untrustworthy Galatians (early third century CE)

Celts: Ephoros (mid-fourth century BCE)

Celts: Poseidonios and others on banqueting and violent customs (first century BCE)

Celts: Statues of dying Gauls / Galatians associated with Attalos I of Pergamon (late third century BCE / second century CE)

Daans, Kadousians, Hyrkanians, and Sakians: Strabo on peoples east of the Caspian Sea (first century CE)

Dacians and Sarmatians: Reliefs on "Trajan's Trophy" at Adamclisi, Romania (early second century CE)

Dacians: Reliefs on "Trajan's Column" at Rome celebrating subjugation (early second century CE)

Eastern and northern peoples: Bardaisan of Edessa and Philippos' Book of the Laws of Countries (second-third centuries CE)

Egyptian diasporas: Herodotos on legends about Kolchians and customs of circumcision (late fourth century BCE)

Europeans and Asians: Pseudo-Hippokrates on humoural and environmental theories (fifth century BCE)

Gauls and Germans: Scenes from the Triumphal Arch of Orange (late first century BCE)

Germanic peoples: Tacitus' Germania in full (late first century CE)

Germans and Scythians: Seneca on enduring hardships and on anger (first century CE)

Germans, Suebians, Marcomannians, and Kimbrians: Poseidonios and Strabo on customs and rumours about the tides (first century BCE)

Germans: Julius Caesar (mid-first century BCE)

Germans: Philo of Alexandria on fighting the tides (first century CE)

Getians, Dacians, and Scythians: Strabo (early first century CE)

Getians, Scythians, and Goths: Jordanes on their supposed origins and achievements (mid-sixth century CE)

Greeks and barbarians: Eratosthenes challenges the dichotomy (third century BCE)

Iberians, Albanians and others of the Caucasus area: Strabo (early first century CE)

Illyrians, Pannonians, and other peoples: Strabo (early first century CE)

Illyrians: Appian of Alexandria (mid-second century CE)

Illyrians: Theopompos on banquets (fourth century BCE)

Indians, Ethiopians and others: Pliny the Elder on "unbelievable" peoples (first century CE)

Indians, Ethiopians, and Celts: Dio of Prusa critiques foreign imports and luxury (late first century CE)

Indians, Ethiopians, Celts, and Scythians: Ephoros on a four-fold division of the known world (mid-fourth century BCE)

Judeans and Celts: Various authors on Claudius' actions against foreigners in the 40s CE (second / third centuries CE

Judeans, Syrians, Celts, Scythians and others: Plutarch on the "barbarian" origins of fearing the gods, or "superstition" (early second century CE)

Judeans, Syrians, Indians, and others: Porphyry of Tyre on abstinence from meat (third century CE)

Maiotians, Bosporians, Kaukasians, and other Pontic peoples: Strabo on northern Asia (early first century CE)

Mediterranean peoples: Artemidoros theorizes foreign elements in dreams (second century CE)

Mediterranean peoples: Claudius Ptolemy on astrological effects on peoples (second century CE)

Mediterranean peoples: Polemon theorizes the meaning of physical features (second / fifth centuries CE)

Mediterranean peoples: Pomponius Mela on peoples of the known world (mid-first century CE)

Mediterranean peoples: Pseudo-Aristotle theorizes the meaning of physical features (third century BCE)

Mediterranean peoples: Pseudo-Skylax (fourth century BCE)

Mediterranean peoples: Pseudo-Skymnos' Voyage Around the Earth for Nikomedes in full (mid-second century BCE)

Mediterranean peoples: Sextus Empiricus engages with ethnographic discourses for philosophical aims (second-third centuries CE)

Mediterranean peoples: Vitruvius on the effects of climate (first century BCE)

Mysians / Moesians: Poseidonios on their identification and customs based on Homer (first century BCE)

Northern peoples: Antonios Diogenes' Wonders Beyond Thule and ethnographic fiction (second century CE / ninth century CE)

Northern peoples: Inscriptions on barbarians as bandits (second-third centuries CE)

Parthians and Scythians: Julius Africanus on barbarian military techniques (early third century CE)

Parthians, Celts and Iberians or Germans: Scenes on the breastplate of the "Augustus of Prima Porta" (early first century CE)

Parthians: Arrian on their Scythian origins (second century CE)

Persian, Egyptian, Indian, and Celtic wisdom: Dio of Prusa on philosophers' roles in leadership (late first century CE)

Persians: Pliny on the dissemination of Magian skill to the peoples of the world (first century CE)

Pontic peoples: Tertullian on the Pontic "barbarian" Marcion (late second century CE)

Sarmatians: Tacitus on ferocity and laziness in military situations (early second century CE)

Scythian and Thracian diasporas: Inscriptional evidence

Scythian wisdom: Curtius Rufus on the Scythian elder's speech about Alexander the bandit (first century CE)

Scythian wisdom: Letters of Anacharsis (mid-third century BCE)

Scythians and barbarians: Colossians and others on ritual recitations (late first or early second century CE)

Scythians and Ethiopians: Agatharchides and Diodoros theorize about the effects of climate (second-first centuries CE)

Scythians and other northern peoples: Ephoros (mid-fourth century BCE)

Scythians and other Pontic peoples: Herodotos on the "most ignorant peoples of all" (fifth century BCE)

Scythians, Amazons, and Hyperboreans: Diodoros on some northerners (mid-first century BCE)

Scythians, Amazons, and Persians: Isokrates on the superiority of the Athenian people (early fourth century BCE)

Scythians: Adventures of Andrew and Matthias among the Man-eaters as ethnographic fiction (third-fifth century CE)

Scythians: Aischines' ethnic invective against Demosthenes (mid-fourth century BCE)

Scythians: Greek depictions of Scythian archers on Attic pottery (sixth century BCE)

Scythians: Klearchos of Soloi (fourth century BCE)

Scythians: Trogus on Scythian superiority (first century BCE)

Thracians, Getians, Paionians, and others: Herodotos (mid-fifth century BCE)

Thracians: Tacitus on their uncivilized and wild nature (early second century CE)

Various peoples: Herodotos on the mixed composition of the Persian army under Xerxes (fifth century BCE)

(b) Southern peoples

Babylonian diasporas: Josephos and others on legends of migration from Babel (first-second centuries CE)

Barbarian peoples: Nymphodoros, Nikolaos, and others with collections of paradoxical customs (third century BCE on)

Carthaginians: Appian of Alexandria (mid-second century CE)

Chaldeans, Greeks, Egyptians, and Judeans: Aristides of Athens (second century CE)

Egyptian diasporas: Inscriptional evidence

Egyptian perspectives: Chairemon on Egyptian temple functionaries (first century CE)

Egyptian perspectives: Manetho on Egyptian Matters (early third century BCE)

Egyptian wisdom: King Nektanebos the astrologer and diviner in the Alexander Romance (fourth century CE and earlier)

Egyptian wisdom: Lucian's story about Eukrates and Pankrates (late second century CE)

Egyptian wisdom: Plato on Solon, the Egyptian priest, and Atlantis (mid-fourth century BCE)

Egyptian wisdom: Thessalos on king Nechepsos and an Egyptian priest (first or second century CE)

Egyptians: Herodotos on customs and legendary kings (fifth century BCE)

Egyptians: Josephos on animal worship (late first century CE)

Ethnic diversity in Libya / Africa: Sallust on legends of migration (mid-first century BCE)

Greeks and barbarians: Eratosthenes challenges the dichotomy (third century BCE)

Indians, Ethiopians and others: Pliny the Elder on "unbelievable" peoples (first century CE)

Judeans, Syrians, and Egyptians: Epiktetos engages with ethnographic discourses for philosophical aims (mid-first century CE)

Judeans, Syrians, Celts, Scythians and others: Plutarch on the "barbarian" origins of fearing the gods, or "superstition" (early second century CE)

Kretans, Spartans, Carthaginians, and Romans: Polybios on superior and inferior societal organization (second century BCE)

Libyan perspectives: Apuleius self-identifies as a barbarian and Numidian / Gaetulian (mid-second century CE)

Libyan perspectives: Cornelius Fronto self-identifies as a "barbarian" and Libyan nomad (mid-second century CE)

Libyans / Africans: Pliny on various peoples and strange customs (first century CE)

Libyans / Africans: Sallust (mid-first century BCE)

Libyans / Africans: Tacitus on Tacfarinas and resistance by Numidians, Maurians, and Musulamians (early second century CE)

Libyans: Hanno the Carthaginian (fourth century BCE or earlier)

Mediterranean peoples: Artemidoros theorizes foreign elements in dreams (second century CE)

Mediterranean peoples: Claudius Ptolemy on astrological effects on peoples (second century CE)

Mediterranean peoples: Polemon theorizes the meaning of physical features (second / fifth centuries CE)

Mediterranean peoples: Pomponius Mela on peoples of the known world (mid-first century CE)

Mediterranean peoples: Pseudo-Aristotle theorizes the meaning of physical features (third century BCE)

Mediterranean peoples: Pseudo-Skylax (fourth century BCE)

Mediterranean peoples: Pseudo-Skymnos' Voyage Around the Earth for Nikomedes in full (mid-second century BCE)

Mediterranean peoples: Sextus Empiricus engages with ethnographic discourses for philosophical aims (second-third centuries CE)

Mediterranean peoples: Vitruvius on the effects of climate (first century BCE)

Persian, Egyptian, Indian, and Celtic wisdom: Dio of Prusa on philosophers' roles in leadership (late first century CE)

Phoenicians and Sardinians: Cicero's ethnic invective in defending Marcus Scaurus (mid-first century BCE)

Scythians and Ethiopians: Agatharchides and Diodoros theorize about the effects of climate (second-first centuries CE)

Troglodytes: Graffiti and inscriptions from the Red Sea area thanking Pan / Min for rescue from Troglodytes (second century BCE)

Various peoples: Herodotos on the mixed composition of the Persian army under Xerxes (fifth century BCE)

Arkadians: Polybios theorizes environment and peoplehood (second century BCE)

Babylonian diasporas: Josephos and others on legends of migration from Babel (first-second centuries CE)

Barbarian peoples: Nymphodoros, Nikolaos, and others with collections of paradoxical customs (third century BCE on)

Europeans and Asians: Pseudo-Hippokrates on humoural and environmental theories (fifth century BCE)

Europeans, Asians, and Greeks: Aristotle on environment, ethnic hierarchies, and slaves (fourth century BCE)

Iapygians and Tarentinians: Klearchos of Soloi (fourth century BCE)

Iberians: Appian of Alexandria (mid-second century CE)

Iberians: Appian on Viriathus and resistance by Lusitanians (early second century CE)

Iberians: Artemidoros, Poseidonios, Strabo, and others (second century BCE to first century CE)

Iberians: Trogus on their extreme courage (first century BCE)

Indians, Ethiopians and others: Pliny the Elder on "unbelievable" peoples (first century CE)

Italian and Roman diasporas: Inscriptional evidence

Judeans, Syrians, and Egyptians: Epiktetos engages with ethnographic discourses for philosophical aims (mid-first century CE)

Kretans, Spartans, Carthaginians, and Romans: Polybios on superior and inferior societal organization (second century BCE)

Mediterranean peoples: Artemidoros theorizes foreign elements in dreams (second century CE)

Mediterranean peoples: Claudius Ptolemy on astrological effects on peoples (second century CE)

Mediterranean peoples: Polemon theorizes the meaning of physical features (second / fifth centuries CE)

Mediterranean peoples: Pomponius Mela on peoples of the known world (mid-first century CE)

Mediterranean peoples: Pseudo-Skylax (fourth century BCE)

Mediterranean peoples: Pseudo-Skymnos' Voyage Around the Earth for Nikomedes in full (mid-second century BCE)

Mediterranean peoples: Sextus Empiricus engages with ethnographic discourses for philosophical aims (second-third centuries CE)

Parthians, Celts and Iberians or Germans: Scenes on the breastplate of the "Augustus of Prima Porta" (early first century CE)

Romans: Dionysios on Roman origins and legends of Greek and Pelasgian migrations to Italy (late first century BCE)

Romans: Dionysios on the supposed Roman refusal of barbarian and Phrygian customs (late first century BCE)

Western peoples beyond the pillars of Herakles (and up): Lucian's "A True Story" and ethnographic fiction (late second century CE)

(d) Eastern peoples

Arabians and Aramaians: Poseidonios on relations between eastern peoples (first century BCE)

Assyrians, Medes and Persians: Ktesias on Persian Matters via Diodoros and Photios (early fourth century BCE)

Babylonian diasporas: Josephos and others on legends of migration from Babel (first-second centuries CE)

Baktrians, Sogdianians, and some "completely barbarous" eastern peoples: Strabo (early first century CE)

Barbarian and Judean wisdom: Clement of Alexandria [V] on the sources of Plato's thought (late second century CE)

Barbarian and Scythian wisdom: Diogenes of Laertes (early third century CE)

Barbarian peoples: Nymphodoros, Nikolaos, and others with collections of paradoxical customs (third century BCE on)

Barbarian wisdom: Celsus and Origen of Alexandria (second-third centuries CE)

Barbarian wisdom: Clement of Alexandria [VI] on barbarian and Hebrew philosophy (late second century CE)

Barbarian wisdom: Ephoros on inventors (mid-fourth century BCE)

Barbarian wisdom: Poseidonios on inventors of the golden age (first century BCE)

Britons, Armenians, Bessians, and others: Reliefs of subjugated peoples at Aphrodisias (first century CE)

Celts, Persians, and Amazons: Smaller statues of fighting and dying "barbarians" associated with Attalos of Pergamon (third-second century BCE / second century CE)

Chaldeans, Greeks, Egyptians, and Judeans: Aristides of Athens (second century CE)

Daans, Kadousians, Hyrkanians, and Sakians: Strabo on peoples east of the Caspian Sea (first century CE)

Eastern and northern peoples: Bardaisan of Edessa and Philippos' Book of the Laws of Countries (second-third centuries CE)

Ethiopians and Arabians: Nonnosos on Saracens and on a hairy people (sixth century CE)

Europeans and Asians: Pseudo-Hippokrates on humoural and environmental theories (fifth century BCE)

Europeans, Asians, and Greeks: Aristotle on environment, ethnic hierarchies, and slaves (fourth century BCE)

Iberians, Albanians and others of the Caucasus area: Strabo (early first century CE)

Ichthyophagians: Nearchos and Agatharchides on Fish-eaters around the Arabian Sea (fourth-first centuries BCE)

Idumean diasporas: Inscriptions and papyri (second century BCE-third century CE)

Indian and Judean wisdom: Klearchos citing Aristotle (fourth century BCE)

Indian wisdom: Apuleius on the amazing naked philosophers and Pythagoras' journeys (mid-second century CE)

Indian wisdom: Naked philosophers and wise diviners in the Alexander Romance (fourth century CE and earlier)

Indians, Ethiopians and others: Pliny the Elder on "unbelievable" peoples (first century CE)

Indians, Ethiopians, and Celts: Dio of Prusa critiques foreign imports and luxury (late first century CE)

Indians, Ethiopians, Celts, and Scythians: Ephoros on a four-fold division of the known world (mid-fourth century BCE)

Indians: Diodoros on environment, customs and social organization (mid-first century BCE)

Indians: Ktesias on Indian Matters via Photios, Pliny the Elder, and Aelian (early fourth century BCE)

Indians: Nearchos, Megasthenes, and Arrian (fourth century BCE-second century CE)

Isaurians: Ammianus Marcellinus on their incursions and banditry (late fourth century CE)

Itureans among Arabians: Strabo and Josephos on a supposed bandit-people (first century CE)

Judean and Indian wisdom: Philo on the freedom of Essenes and Kalanos (early first century CE)

Judean and Israelite diasporas: Inscriptional evidence (second century BCE-third century CE)

Judean diasporas: Differing perspectives on violent clashes between Judeans and Greeks in Libya and Egypt under Trajan, ca. 115-117 CE (second-fourth centuries CE)

Judean diasporas: Josephos on conflicts in Babylonia, ca. 40-66 CE (late first century CE)

Judean diasporas: Josephos on tensions with Greeks in Syria, the Decapolis, and Alexandria ca. 59-66 CE (late first century CE)

Judean diasporas: Philo on conflicts with Greeks at Alexandria and on rebellious Egyptians (mid-first century CE)

Judean perspectives: Anonymous on Abraham's contributions (before the mid-first century BCE)

Judean perspectives: Artapanos on contributions by Abraham, Joseph, and Moses (second century BCE)

Judean perspectives: Eupolemos on contributions by Abraham and Moses (before the mid-first century BCE)

Judean perspectives: Josephos' Against Apion in full (late first century CE)

Judean perspectives: Philo on the superiority of Moses and Judean ancestral customs (first century CE)

Judean wisdom: Philo on the Therapeutists' lifestyle (first century CE)

Judean wisdom: Pseudo-Clement on a journey to Peter the Judean sage (third century CE and on)

Judean wisdom: Theophrastos on Judean philosophers (fourth century BCE)

Judeans and Celts: Various authors on Claudius' actions against foreigners in the 40s CE (second / third centuries CE

Judeans and Thracians: Hermippos of Smyrna on their influence on Pythagoras (early second century BCE)

Judeans, "Asiatics", and Greeks: Cicero's ethnic invective aimed at eastern witnesses against Flaccus (mid-first century BCE)

Judeans, Egyptians, and Magians: Various authors on Tiberius' actions against foreign practices 17-19 CE (first-third centuries CE)

Judeans, Syrians, and Egyptians: Epiktetos engages with ethnographic discourses for philosophical aims (mid-first century CE)

Judeans, Syrians, Celts, Scythians and others: Plutarch on the "barbarian" origins of fearing the gods, or "superstition" (early second century CE)

Judeans, Syrians, Indians, and others: Porphyry of Tyre on abstinence from meat (third century CE)

Judeans: Agatharchides of Knidos on the Sabbath (second century BCE)

Judeans: Kleomedes denigrates Epicurus and Judeans (second century CE)

Judeans: Manetho, Chairemon, and Lysimachos on an alternative Exodus (third century BCE on)

Judeans: Mnaseas, Poseidonios, Apollonios Molon, Diodoros, Apion, and Damokritos on the statue of a donkey and on human sacrifice (second century BCE and on)

Judeans: Pliny the Elder and Julius Solinus on the Essenes beside the Dead Sea (first / third centuries CE)

Judeans: Poseidonios (?) and Strabo on decline after Moses (first century CE)

Judeans: Pseudo-Hekataios' On Judeans (before first century CE)

Judeans: Tacitus on Judean origins and customs (second century CE)

Libyan perspectives: Apuleius self-identifies as a barbarian and Numidian / Gaetulian (mid-second century CE)

Lydians, Maionians, Arimians, and Solymians: Strabo on a variety of peoples in Lydia, Phrygia and Pisidia (early first century CE)

Lydians: Xanthos of Lydia and Klearchos of Soloi (fifth-fourth centuries BCE)

Mediterranean peoples: Artemidoros theorizes foreign elements in dreams (second century CE)

Mediterranean peoples: Claudius Ptolemy on astrological effects on peoples (second century CE)

Mediterranean peoples: Polemon theorizes the meaning of physical features (second / fifth centuries CE)

Mediterranean peoples: Pomponius Mela on peoples of the known world (mid-first century CE)

Mediterranean peoples: Pseudo-Skylax (fourth century BCE)

Mediterranean peoples: Pseudo-Skymnos' Voyage Around the Earth for Nikomedes in full (mid-second century BCE)

Mediterranean peoples: Sextus Empiricus engages with ethnographic discourses for philosophical aims (second-third centuries CE)

Mediterranean peoples: Vitruvius on the effects of climate (first century BCE)

Mysians, Galatians, Pisidians, and others: Strabo on relations among Anatolian peoples (early first century CE)

Parthians and Scythians: Julius Africanus on barbarian military techniques (early third century CE)

Parthians, Celts and Iberians or Germans: Scenes on the breastplate of the "Augustus of Prima Porta" (early first century CE)

Parthians, Libyans, Egyptians and others: Acts of the Apostles on legends of Judean migration (early second century CE)

Parthians: Panamara inscription on Zeus' miraculous actions against invading Parthians (ca. 39 BCE)

Parthians: Poseidonios on royal banquets (first century BCE)

Parthians: Scenes from the Arch of Septimius Severus (early third century CE)

Parthians: Trogus on the origins and developments of an empire (first century BCE)

Persian wisdom: Aristoxenos of Tarentum on Pythagoras and Zoroaster (fourth century BCE)

Persian wisdom: Eudemos of Rhodes on Magians (fourth century BCE)

Persian wisdom: Plutarch's story about Kleombrotos' journeys (early second century CE)

Persian wisdom: Theopompos of Chios and Plutarch on Magians and Zoroaster (fourth century BCE and later)

Persian, Egyptian, Indian, and Celtic wisdom: Dio of Prusa on philosophers' roles in leadership (late first century CE)

Persians and Medes: Herakleides of Kyme, Klearchos of Soloi, and others on royal banquets (fourth century BCE)

Persians, Spartans, and Athenians: Platonic author on the superiority of the Persians (fourth century BCE)

Persians: Matthew and Luke-Acts on two contrasting approaches to Magians (late first century CE)

Persians: Pliny on the dissemination of Magian skill to the peoples of the world (first century CE)

Persians: Xanthos on the Magians' supposed incest and on Zoroaster's date (fifth century BCE)

Phoenician perspectives: Philo of Byblos on "Phoenician Matters" (early second century CE)

Phoenician wisdom: Ampelius on Mochos of Sidon (early-third century CE)

Phoenician wisdom: Damascius on Eudemos of Rhodes and Mochos of Sidon (fourth century BCE)

Phoenician wisdom: Strabo and Poseidonios on Mochos of Sidon (first century BCE)

Phoenician, Egyptian and Babylonian wisdom: Porphyry of Tyre and Antonius Diogenes on Pythagoras (third century CE)

Phoenician, Egyptian and Persian wisdom: Iamblichos of Chalkis on Pythagoras (fourth century CE)

Phoenicians and Sardinians: Cicero's ethnic invective in defending Marcus Scaurus (mid-first century BCE)

Phoenicians: Gospel of Mark on Jesus and a Syro-Phoenician woman (late first century CE)

Phoenicians: Herodotos on customs and colonizing efforts (fifth century BCE)

Romans: Dionysios on Roman origins and legends of Greek and Pelasgian migrations to Italy (late first century BCE)

Samaritans and Judeans: Belonging to Israel in the Gospels (first century CE)

Saracens: Ammianus Marcellinus on their customs (late fourth century CE)

Scythians, Amazons, and Persians: Isokrates on the superiority of the Athenian people (early fourth century BCE)

Syrian and Phoenician diasporas: Inscriptional and archeological evidence

Syrian perspectives: Lucian of Samosata on The Syrian Goddess in full (mid-second century CE)

Syrian perspectives: Lucian self-identifies as "barbarian" and "Assyrian" (mid-second century CE)

Trojans, Lelegians, and Kilikians: Homer and Strabo on legendary peoples and migrations in the Troad (early first century CE)

Various peoples: Herodotos on the mixed composition of the Persian army under Xerxes (fifth century BCE)

Abians (subset of Scythians)

Aiolians / Aeolians (broad subset of Greeks)

Babylonian diasporas: Josephos and others on legends of migration from Babel (first-second centuries CE)

Judeans, "Asiatics", and Greeks: Cicero's ethnic invective aimed at eastern witnesses against Flaccus (mid-first century BCE)

Pelasgian diasporas: Herodotos on legends of migration, language, and influence (mid-fifth century BCE)

Aitolians / Aetolians (in Greece)

Aitolians: Ephoros on their origins and invincibility (mid-fourth century BCE)

Aitolians: Thucydides on barbarous Greeks (late fifth century BCE)

Barbarians and Greeks: Thucydides theorizes the shift from barbarian banditry to settled civilization (late fifth century BCE)

Albanians of the Caucasus area

Iberians, Albanians and others of the Caucasus area: Strabo (early first century CE)

Alexandrians (in Egypt)

Egyptian diasporas: Inscriptional evidence

Allobrogians (subset of "Germans" or Celts)

Celts / Gauls: Cicero's ethnic invective in defending Fonteius (mid-first century BCE)

Celts / Gauls: Timagenes of Alexandria on Celtic origins and customs (first century BCE)

Celts and Ligurians: Strabo on peoples south of the Alps (early first century CE)

Celts: Strabo on peoples northwest of the Alps (early first century CE)

Gauls: Cicero and the link between imperial conquest and negative stereotypes (mid-first century BCE)

Amazons (often considered Scythians)

Amazons, Tibarenians, and Mossynoikians: Apollonios of Rhodes on a voyage to the Kolchians (third century BCE)

Amazons: Greek artistic depictions of a female warrior people (fourth century BCE to second century CE)

Amazons: Strabo on their customs and northern location (late first century CE)

Barbarian peoples: Nymphodoros, Nikolaos, and others with collections of paradoxical customs (third century BCE on)

Britons, Armenians, Bessians, and others: Reliefs of subjugated peoples at Aphrodisias (first century CE)

Celts, Persians, and Amazons: Smaller statues of fighting and dying "barbarians" associated with Attalos of Pergamon (third-second century BCE / second century CE)

Eastern and northern peoples: Bardaisan of Edessa and Philippos' Book of the Laws of Countries (second-third centuries CE)

Getians, Scythians, and Goths: Jordanes on their supposed origins and achievements (mid-sixth century CE)

Mysians, Galatians, Pisidians, and others: Strabo on relations among Anatolian peoples (early first century CE)

Scythians and other northern peoples: Ephoros (mid-fourth century BCE)

Scythians and other Pontic peoples: Herodotos on the "most ignorant peoples of all" (fifth century BCE)

Scythians, Amazons, and Hyperboreans: Diodoros on some northerners (mid-first century BCE)

Scythians, Amazons, and Persians: Isokrates on the superiority of the Athenian people (early fourth century BCE)

Scythians: Trogus on Scythian superiority (first century BCE)

Arabians

Arabians and Aramaians: Poseidonios on relations between eastern peoples (first century BCE)

Arabians: Herodotos on deities and lifestyle (fifth century BCE)

Babylonians and Assyrians: Herodotos on legendary queens and outstanding customs (mid-fifth century BCE)

Eastern and northern peoples: Bardaisan of Edessa and Philippos' Book of the Laws of Countries (second-third centuries CE)

Egyptians: Herodotos on customs and legendary kings (fifth century BCE)

Ethiopians and Arabians: Nonnosos on Saracens and on a hairy people (sixth century CE)

Ethnic diversity in Alexandria: Dio of Prusa on the cross-roads of the world (late first century CE)

Ethnic diversity in Egypt: Inscriptional and papyrological evidence

Indian wisdom: Apuleius on the amazing naked philosophers and Pythagoras' journeys (mid-second century CE)

Itureans among Arabians: Strabo and Josephos on a supposed bandit-people (first century CE)

Judean perspectives: Artapanos on contributions by Abraham, Joseph, and Moses (second century BCE)

Nabateans among Arabians: Diodoros on their customs and freedom (mid-first century BCE)

Parthians, Libyans, Egyptians and others: Acts of the Apostles on legends of Judean migration (early second century CE)

Phoenician, Egyptian and Babylonian wisdom: Porphyry of Tyre and Antonius Diogenes on Pythagoras (third century CE)

Saracens: Pseudo-Nilus on barbarian bandits in the Sinai desert (early fifth century CE)

Various peoples: Herodotos on the mixed composition of the Persian army under Xerxes (fifth century BCE)

Arianians

Greeks and barbarians: Eratosthenes challenges the dichotomy (third century BCE)

Arians

Daans, Kadousians, Hyrkanians, and Sakians: Strabo on peoples east of the Caspian Sea (first century CE)

Arimians (in Asia Minor)

Lydians, Maionians, Arimians, and Solymians: Strabo on a variety of peoples in Lydia, Phrygia and Pisidia (early first century CE)

Arkadians (in Greece)

Arkadians: Polybios theorizes environment and peoplehood (second century BCE)

Pelasgian diasporas: Ephoros on legends of migration (mid-fourth century BCE)

Pelasgian diasporas: Herodotos on legends of migration, language, and influence (mid-fifth century BCE)

Romans: Dionysios on Roman origins and legends of Greek and Pelasgian migrations to Italy (late first century BCE)

Armenians

Arabians and Aramaians: Poseidonios on relations between eastern peoples (first century BCE)

Babylonians and Assyrians: Herodotos on legendary queens and outstanding customs (mid-fifth century BCE)

Britons, Armenians, Bessians, and others: Reliefs of subjugated peoples at Aphrodisias (first century CE)

Ethnic diversity in Libya / Africa: Sallust on legends of migration (mid-first century BCE)

Judeans, Armenians, Dacians, Egyptians, and other peoples: Defeat, capture, and subjugation on Roman imperial coinage (first-fourth centuries CE)

Parthians: Trogus on the origins and developments of an empire (first century BCE)

Various peoples: Herodotos on the mixed composition of the Persian army under Xerxes (fifth century BCE)

Asians / Asiatics (general)

Baktrians, Sogdianians, and some "completely barbarous" eastern peoples: Strabo (early first century CE)

Cappadocians: Strabo on their temple-states and supposed desire for subservience (early first century CE)

Daans, Kadousians, Hyrkanians, and Sakians: Strabo on peoples east of the Caspian Sea (first century CE)

Europeans and Asians: Pseudo-Hippokrates on humoural and environmental theories (fifth century BCE)

Europeans, Asians, and Greeks: Aristotle on environment, ethnic hierarchies, and slaves (fourth century BCE)

Iberians, Albanians and others of the Caucasus area: Strabo (early first century CE)

Judeans, "Asiatics", and Greeks: Cicero's ethnic invective aimed at eastern witnesses against Flaccus (mid-first century BCE)

Maiotians, Bosporians, Kaukasians, and other Pontic peoples: Strabo on northern Asia (early first century CE)

Parthians, Libyans, Egyptians and others: Acts of the Apostles on legends of Judean migration (early second century CE)

Athenians

Aitolians: Thucydides on barbarous Greeks (late fifth century BCE)

Barbarians and Greeks: Thucydides theorizes the shift from barbarian banditry to settled civilization (late fifth century BCE)

Egyptian and Ethiopian diasporas: Diodoros on competing legends of migration and colonization (mid-first century BCE)

Egyptian wisdom: Plato on Solon, the Egyptian priest, and Atlantis (mid-fourth century BCE)

Ethnic diversity in Alexandria: Dio of Prusa on the cross-roads of the world (late first century CE)

Judeans, "Asiatics", and Greeks: Cicero's ethnic invective aimed at eastern witnesses against Flaccus (mid-first century BCE)

Kretans, Spartans, Carthaginians, and Romans: Polybios on superior and inferior societal organization (second century BCE)

Pelasgian diasporas: Herodotos on legends of migration, language, and influence (mid-fifth century BCE)

Persians, Spartans, and Athenians: Platonic author on the superiority of the Persians (fourth century BCE)

Thracians, Getians, Paionians, and others: Herodotos (mid-fifth century BCE)

Babylonians / Chaldeans

Arabians: Herodotos on deities and lifestyle (fifth century BCE)

Assyrians, Medes and Persians: Ktesias on Persian Matters via Diodoros and Photios (early fourth century BCE)

Babylonian and Persian wisdom: Kleitarchos on Chaldeans and Magians (late fourth-third centuries BCE)

Babylonian diasporas: Josephos and others on legends of migration from Babel (first-second centuries CE)

Babylonians and Assyrians: Herodotos on legendary queens and outstanding customs (mid-fifth century BCE)

Babylonians: Diodoros on Chaldeans' astrology and divination (mid-first century BCE)

Barbarian and Judean wisdom: Clement of Alexandria [V] on the sources of Plato's thought (late second century CE)

Barbarian and Scythian wisdom: Diogenes of Laertes (early third century CE)

Barbarian peoples: Nymphodoros, Nikolaos, and others with collections of paradoxical customs (third century BCE on)

Barbarian wisdom: Celsus and Origen of Alexandria (second-third centuries CE)

Barbarian wisdom: Clement of Alexandria [VI] on barbarian and Hebrew philosophy (late second century CE)

Barbarian wisdom: Cornutus on early humanity's Stoic understanding of the cosmos (mid-first century CE)

Chaldeans, Greeks, Egyptians, and Judeans: Aristides of Athens (second century CE)

Eastern and northern peoples: Bardaisan of Edessa and Philippos' Book of the Laws of Countries (second-third centuries CE)

Egyptian and Ethiopian diasporas: Diodoros on competing legends of migration and colonization (mid-first century BCE)

Egyptians: Diodoros on the origins of civilization and on Egyptian views (mid-first century BCE)

Egyptians: Herodotos on customs and legendary kings (fifth century BCE)

Indian wisdom: Apuleius on the amazing naked philosophers and Pythagoras' journeys (mid-second century CE)

Indians, Ethiopians, and Celts: Dio of Prusa critiques foreign imports and luxury (late first century CE)

Judean diasporas: Josephos on conflicts in Babylonia, ca. 40-66 CE (late first century CE)

Judean perspectives: Josephos' Against Apion in full (late first century CE)

Judean, Indian, Babylonian, and Egyptian wisdom: Numenius the Platonic philosopher (mid-second century CE)

Judeans, Egyptians, and Magians: Various authors on Tiberius' actions against foreign practices 17-19 CE (first-third centuries CE)

Judeans: Poseidonios (?) and Strabo on decline after Moses (first century CE)

Persian wisdom: Aristoxenos of Tarentum on Pythagoras and Zoroaster (fourth century BCE)

Persians: Clement of Alexandria [IV] on the elements among Greek philosophers and Persian Magians (late second century CE)

Persians: Suda on Zoroaster and on expertise in Magian practice, wailing incantations, and potions (tenth century CE)

Phoenician, Egyptian and Babylonian wisdom: Porphyry of Tyre and Antonius Diogenes on Pythagoras (third century CE)

Phoenician, Egyptian and Persian wisdom: Iamblichos of Chalkis on Pythagoras (fourth century CE)

Various peoples: Herodotos on the mixed composition of the Persian army under Xerxes (fifth century BCE)

Baktrians / Bactrians

Assyrians, Medes and Persians: Ktesias on Persian Matters via Diodoros and Photios (early fourth century BCE)

Babylonian diasporas: Josephos and others on legends of migration from Babel (first-second centuries CE)

Baktrians, Sogdianians, and some "completely barbarous" eastern peoples: Strabo (early first century CE)

Eastern and northern peoples: Bardaisan of Edessa and Philippos' Book of the Laws of Countries (second-third centuries CE)

Ethnic diversity in Alexandria: Dio of Prusa on the cross-roads of the world (late first century CE)

Indians: Herodotos on eastern peoples at the ends of the earth (mid-fifth century BCE)

Judeans, Syrians, Indians, and others: Porphyry of Tyre on abstinence from meat (third century CE)

Parthians: Strabo on Scythian origins and military success (early first century CE)

Parthians: Trogus on the origins and developments of an empire (first century BCE)

Scythians: Trogus on Scythian superiority (first century BCE)

Various peoples: Herodotos on the mixed composition of the Persian army under Xerxes (fifth century BCE)

Bessians (subset of Thracians)

Britons, Armenians, Bessians, and others: Reliefs of subjugated peoples at Aphrodisias (first century CE)

Thracians, Getians, Paionians, and others: Herodotos (mid-fifth century BCE)

Bithynians (in Asia Minor)

Bithynians, Maryandinians, Paphlagonians, and others: Strabo on temple-states and peoples near his Pontic homeland (early first century CE)

Mysians, Galatians, Pisidians, and others: Strabo on relations among Anatolian peoples (early first century CE)

Thracians, Getians, Paionians, and others: Herodotos (mid-fifth century BCE)

Various peoples: Herodotos on the mixed composition of the Persian army under Xerxes (fifth century BCE)

Boiotians / Boeotians (in Greece)

Barbarian peoples: Nymphodoros, Nikolaos, and others with collections of paradoxical customs (third century BCE on)

Boiotians: Ephoros on the superiority of Boiotia and on a Phoenician connection (mid-fourth century BCE)

Ethnic diversity in Egypt: Inscriptional and papyrological evidence

Phoenician diasporas: Ephoros on Kadmos and legends of migration to Boiotia (mid-fourth century BCE)

Britons / Britannians

Britons and Iernians (Irish): Julius Caesar, Pytheas, and Strabo on customs including eating human flesh (early first century CE)

Britons, Armenians, Bessians, and others: Reliefs of subjugated peoples at Aphrodisias (first century CE)

Britons: Julius Caesar (mid-first century BCE)

Britons: Tacitus (late first century CE)

Eastern and northern peoples: Bardaisan of Edessa and Philippos' Book of the Laws of Countries (second-third centuries CE)

Mediterranean peoples: Pomponius Mela on peoples of the known world (mid-first century CE)

Persians: Pliny on the dissemination of Magian skill to the peoples of the world (first century CE)

Cappadocians (in eastern Anatolia)

Cappadocians: Strabo on their temple-states and supposed desire for subservience (early first century CE)

Carians (in Asia Minor)

Barbarians and Greeks: Thucydides theorizes the shift from barbarian banditry to settled civilization (late fifth century BCE)

Ethnic diversity in Egypt: Inscriptional and papyrological evidence

Lydians: Herodotos on king Croesus and Lydian customs (mid-fifth century BCE)

Mysians, Galatians, Pisidians, and others: Strabo on relations among Anatolian peoples (early first century CE)

Carthaginians

Carthaginians: Appian of Alexandria (mid-second century CE)

Greeks and barbarians: Eratosthenes challenges the dichotomy (third century BCE)

Iberians: Trogus on their extreme courage (first century BCE)

Judeans, Syrians, Celts, Scythians and others: Plutarch on the "barbarian" origins of fearing the gods, or "superstition" (early second century CE)

Kretans, Spartans, Carthaginians, and Romans: Polybios on superior and inferior societal organization (second century BCE)

Libyans: Herodotos on customs and colonization (fifth century BCE)

Mediterranean peoples: Sextus Empiricus engages with ethnographic discourses for philosophical aims (second-third centuries CE)

Celts / Gauls / Galatians

Babylonian diasporas: Josephos and others on legends of migration from Babel (first-second centuries CE)

Barbarian and Scythian wisdom: Diogenes of Laertes (early third century CE)

Barbarian peoples: Nymphodoros, Nikolaos, and others with collections of paradoxical customs (third century BCE on)

Barbarian wisdom: Clement of Alexandria [VI] on barbarian and Hebrew philosophy (late second century CE)

Barbarian wisdom: Cornutus on early humanity's Stoic understanding of the cosmos (mid-first century CE)

Britons and Iernians (Irish): Julius Caesar, Pytheas, and Strabo on customs including eating human flesh (early first century CE)

Britons: Julius Caesar (mid-first century BCE)

Britons: Tacitus (late first century CE)

Celts / Galatians: Kyzikos monument with Herakles clubbing a barbarian (278/277 BCE)

Celts / Galatians: Parthenios on wife abductions in the Galatian invasion (first century BCE)

Celts / Galatians: Polybios on the Celts' encounter with Rome and on his method in dealing with distant peoples (second century BCE)

Celts / Galatians: Priene inscription on Galatian "impiety" and "savagery" during the invasion (ca. 278-270 BCE)

Celts / Galatians: Thyatira inscription for a son rescued by the god Apollo out from under "the mob of Galatians" (276 BCE)

Celts / Gauls: Cicero's ethnic invective in defending Fonteius (mid-first century BCE)

Celts / Gauls: Julius Caesar (mid-first century BCE)

Celts / Gauls: Livy on legends of migration south of the Alps into Italy (late first century BCE)

Celts / Gauls: Timagenes of Alexandria on Celtic origins and customs (first century BCE)

Celts and Germans: Diodoros, Dionysios, Strabo, and Dio on distinguishing them (first centuries BCE and CE)

Celts and Germans: Plutarch’s ethnographic digressions in the Lives (early second century CE)

Celts and Ligurians: Strabo on peoples south of the Alps (early first century CE)

Celts, Persians, and Amazons: Smaller statues of fighting and dying "barbarians" associated with Attalos of Pergamon (third-second century BCE / second century CE)

Celts: Dio Cassius on spirited and untrustworthy Galatians (early third century CE)

Celts: Ephoros (mid-fourth century BCE)

Celts: Poseidonios and others on banqueting and violent customs (first century BCE)

Celts: Statues of dying Gauls / Galatians associated with Attalos I of Pergamon (late third century BCE / second century CE)

Celts: Strabo on peoples northwest of the Alps (early first century CE)

Eastern and northern peoples: Bardaisan of Edessa and Philippos' Book of the Laws of Countries (second-third centuries CE)

Ethnic diversity in Egypt: Inscriptional and papyrological evidence

Gauls and Germans: Scenes from the Triumphal Arch of Orange (late first century BCE)

Gauls: Cicero and the link between imperial conquest and negative stereotypes (mid-first century BCE)

Germanic peoples: Tacitus' Germania in full (late first century CE)

Germans and Sarmatians: Josephos on impulsive and violent northerners (late first century CE)

Iberians: Appian of Alexandria (mid-second century CE)

Iberians: Artemidoros, Poseidonios, Strabo, and others (second century BCE to first century CE)

Indians, Ethiopians, and Celts: Dio of Prusa critiques foreign imports and luxury (late first century CE)

Indians, Ethiopians, Celts, and Scythians: Ephoros on a four-fold division of the known world (mid-fourth century BCE)

Judeans and Celts: Various authors on Claudius' actions against foreigners in the 40s CE (second / third centuries CE

Judeans, Syrians, Celts, Scythians and others: Plutarch on the "barbarian" origins of fearing the gods, or "superstition" (early second century CE)

Mediterranean peoples: Polemon theorizes the meaning of physical features (second / fifth centuries CE)

Mediterranean peoples: Sextus Empiricus engages with ethnographic discourses for philosophical aims (second-third centuries CE)

Parthians, Celts and Iberians or Germans: Scenes on the breastplate of the "Augustus of Prima Porta" (early first century CE)

Persian, Egyptian, Indian, and Celtic wisdom: Dio of Prusa on philosophers' roles in leadership (late first century CE)

Persians: Pliny on the dissemination of Magian skill to the peoples of the world (first century CE)

Chattians (subset of Germans)

Germans, Suebians, Marcomannians, and Kimbrians: Poseidonios and Strabo on customs and rumours about the tides (first century BCE)

Christians / Jesus adherents

Chaldeans, Greeks, Egyptians, and Judeans: Aristides of Athens (second century CE)

Eastern and northern peoples: Bardaisan of Edessa and Philippos' Book of the Laws of Countries (second-third centuries CE)

Greeks, Barbarians, Judeans, and Christians: Eusebios' framing of a way of life (early fourth century CE)

Judeans and others: The Gospel of Philip (before the fourth century CE)

Cilicians (in Asia Minor)

Babylonian diasporas: Josephos and others on legends of migration from Babel (first-second centuries CE)

Ethnic diversity in Alexandria: Dio of Prusa on the cross-roads of the world (late first century CE)

Ethnic diversity in Egypt: Inscriptional and papyrological evidence

Kretans and Cilicians: Athenians, Rhodians, and Romans pair "banditry" with imperial control (fifth-second centuries BCE)

Mediterranean peoples: Sextus Empiricus engages with ethnographic discourses for philosophical aims (second-third centuries CE)

Mysians, Galatians, Pisidians, and others: Strabo on relations among Anatolian peoples (early first century CE)

Various peoples: Herodotos on the mixed composition of the Persian army under Xerxes (fifth century BCE)

Daans (subset of Scythians)

Daans, Kadousians, Hyrkanians, and Sakians: Strabo on peoples east of the Caspian Sea (first century CE)

Parthians: Strabo on Scythian origins and military success (early first century CE)

Dorians (Greeks)

Judeans, "Asiatics", and Greeks: Cicero's ethnic invective aimed at eastern witnesses against Flaccus (mid-first century BCE)

Pelasgian diasporas: Herodotos on legends of migration, language, and influence (mid-fifth century BCE)

Various peoples: Herodotos on the mixed composition of the Persian army under Xerxes (fifth century BCE)

Egyptians

Assyrian wisdom: The Kyranides on a journey to learn from a foreign inscription (fourth century CE or earlier)

Babylonian diasporas: Josephos and others on legends of migration from Babel (first-second centuries CE)

Babylonians and Assyrians: Herodotos on legendary queens and outstanding customs (mid-fifth century BCE)

Barbarian and Judean wisdom: Clement of Alexandria [V] on the sources of Plato's thought (late second century CE)

Barbarian wisdom: Celsus and Origen of Alexandria (second-third centuries CE)

Barbarian wisdom: Clement of Alexandria [VI] on barbarian and Hebrew philosophy (late second century CE)

Barbarian wisdom: Ephoros on inventors (mid-fourth century BCE)

Chaldeans, Greeks, Egyptians, and Judeans: Aristides of Athens (second century CE)

Egyptian and Ethiopian diasporas: Diodoros on competing legends of migration and colonization (mid-first century BCE)

Egyptian diasporas: Herodotos on legends about Kolchians and customs of circumcision (late fourth century BCE)

Egyptian diasporas: Inscriptional evidence

Egyptian diasporas: Legends of migration concerning Hyksos and Judeans (late fourth century BCE and on)

Egyptian perspectives: Chairemon on Egyptian temple functionaries (first century CE)

Egyptian perspectives: Manetho on Egyptian Matters (early third century BCE)

Egyptian wisdom: King Nektanebos the astrologer and diviner in the Alexander Romance (fourth century CE and earlier)

Egyptian wisdom: Lucian's story about Eukrates and Pankrates (late second century CE)

Egyptian wisdom: Plato on Solon, the Egyptian priest, and Atlantis (mid-fourth century BCE)

Egyptian wisdom: Thessalos on king Nechepsos and an Egyptian priest (first or second century CE)

Egyptians and Canaanites: Wisdom of Solomon on worship of animals and images (first century BCE)

Egyptians: Achilles Tatius and Dio Cassius on man-eating cowherds / bandits (second-third century CE)

Egyptians: Clement of Alexandria [II] on Egyptian animal worship as less offensive than Greek customs (late second century CE)

Egyptians: Dio Cassius' speech by Octavian on the "effeminate" Antony (early third century CE)

Egyptians: Diodoros on the origins of civilization and on Egyptian views (mid-first century BCE)

Egyptians: Herodotos on customs and legendary kings (fifth century BCE)

Egyptians: Josephos on animal worship (late first century CE)

Ethiopians: Diodoros on their claims, appearance, and customs (mid-first century BCE)

Ethiopians: Herodotos on southern peoples at the ends of the earth (mid-fifth century BCE)

Ethnic diversity in Alexandria: Dio of Prusa on the cross-roads of the world (late first century CE)

Greeks and barbarians: Eratosthenes challenges the dichotomy (third century BCE)

Indian wisdom: Apuleius on the amazing naked philosophers and Pythagoras' journeys (mid-second century CE)

Indian wisdom: Philostratos on Apollonios of Tyana's journeys to barbarian lands (early third century CE)

Indians: Herodotos on eastern peoples at the ends of the earth (mid-fifth century BCE)

Judean diasporas: Differing perspectives on violent clashes between Judeans and Greeks in Libya and Egypt under Trajan, ca. 115-117 CE (second-fourth centuries CE)

Judean diasporas: Philo on conflicts with Greeks at Alexandria and on rebellious Egyptians (mid-first century CE)

Judean perspectives: Josephos' Against Apion in full (late first century CE)

Judean wisdom: Pseudo-Clement on a journey to Peter the Judean sage (third century CE and on)

Judean, Indian, Babylonian, and Egyptian wisdom: Numenius the Platonic philosopher (mid-second century CE)

Judeans, Armenians, Dacians, Egyptians, and other peoples: Defeat, capture, and subjugation on Roman imperial coinage (first-fourth centuries CE)

Judeans, Egyptians, and Magians: Various authors on Tiberius' actions against foreign practices 17-19 CE (first-third centuries CE)

Judeans, Egyptians, and others: Seneca on the "superstitions" of foreigners (mid-first century CE)

Judeans, Syrians, and Egyptians: Epiktetos engages with ethnographic discourses for philosophical aims (mid-first century CE)

Judeans, Syrians, Celts, Scythians and others: Plutarch on the "barbarian" origins of fearing the gods, or "superstition" (early second century CE)

Judeans, Syrians, Indians, and others: Porphyry of Tyre on abstinence from meat (third century CE)

Judeans: Tacitus on Judean origins and customs (second century CE)

Libyans: Herodotos on customs and colonization (fifth century BCE)

Mediterranean peoples: Polemon theorizes the meaning of physical features (second / fifth centuries CE)

Mediterranean peoples: Pomponius Mela on peoples of the known world (mid-first century CE)

Mediterranean peoples: Pseudo-Aristotle theorizes the meaning of physical features (third century BCE)

Mediterranean peoples: Sextus Empiricus engages with ethnographic discourses for philosophical aims (second-third centuries CE)

Parthians: Arrian on their Scythian origins (second century CE)

Persian, Egyptian, Indian, and Celtic wisdom: Dio of Prusa on philosophers' roles in leadership (late first century CE)

Persians and Medes: Herodotos on customs (mid-fifth century BCE)

Phoenician perspectives: Philo of Byblos on "Phoenician Matters" (early second century CE)

Phoenician, Egyptian and Babylonian wisdom: Porphyry of Tyre and Antonius Diogenes on Pythagoras (third century CE)

Phoenician, Egyptian and Persian wisdom: Iamblichos of Chalkis on Pythagoras (fourth century CE)

Phoenicians: Herodotos on customs and colonizing efforts (fifth century BCE)

Eleians (in Greece)

Aitolians: Ephoros on their origins and invincibility (mid-fourth century BCE)

Ethiopians

Babylonian diasporas: Josephos and others on legends of migration from Babel (first-second centuries CE)

Barbarian peoples: Nymphodoros, Nikolaos, and others with collections of paradoxical customs (third century BCE on)

Egyptian and Ethiopian diasporas: Diodoros on competing legends of migration and colonization (mid-first century BCE)

Egyptians: Herodotos on customs and legendary kings (fifth century BCE)

Ethiopians and Arabians: Nonnosos on Saracens and on a hairy people (sixth century CE)

Ethiopians: Agatharchides and Diodoros on lifestyles and diets in the extreme south (second-first centuries BCE)

Ethiopians: Diodoros on their claims, appearance, and customs (mid-first century BCE)

Ethiopians: Herodotos on southern peoples at the ends of the earth (mid-fifth century BCE)

Ichthyophagians: Nearchos and Agatharchides on Fish-eaters around the Arabian Sea (fourth-first centuries BCE)

Indian wisdom: Philostratos on Apollonios of Tyana's journeys to barbarian lands (early third century CE)

Indians, Ethiopians and others: Pliny the Elder on "unbelievable" peoples (first century CE)

Indians, Ethiopians, Celts, and Scythians: Ephoros on a four-fold division of the known world (mid-fourth century BCE)

Indians: Herodotos on eastern peoples at the ends of the earth (mid-fifth century BCE)

Libyans: Hanno the Carthaginian (fourth century BCE or earlier)

Libyans: Herodotos on customs and colonization (fifth century BCE)

Mediterranean peoples: Claudius Ptolemy on astrological effects on peoples (second century CE)

Mediterranean peoples: Pomponius Mela on peoples of the known world (mid-first century CE)

Mediterranean peoples: Pseudo-Aristotle theorizes the meaning of physical features (third century BCE)

Phoenicians: Herodotos on customs and colonizing efforts (fifth century BCE)

Saracens: Ammianus Marcellinus on their customs (late fourth century CE)

Scythians and Ethiopians: Agatharchides and Diodoros theorize about the effects of climate (second-first centuries CE)

Various peoples: Herodotos on the mixed composition of the Persian army under Xerxes (fifth century BCE)

Europeans (general)

Europeans, Asians, and Greeks: Aristotle on environment, ethnic hierarchies, and slaves (fourth century BCE)

Mediterranean peoples: Pomponius Mela on peoples of the known world (mid-first century CE)

Gaitulians / Gaetulians (in northern Africa)

Babylonian diasporas: Josephos and others on legends of migration from Babel (first-second centuries CE)

Libyan perspectives: Apuleius self-identifies as a barbarian and Numidian / Gaetulian (mid-second century CE)

Mediterranean peoples: Pomponius Mela on peoples of the known world (mid-first century CE)

Persians: Apuleius of Madaura's defence against the charge of harmful Magian actions (ca. 158 CE)

Garamantians (in northern Africa)

Libyans / Africans: Tacitus on Tacfarinas and resistance by Numidians, Maurians, and Musulamians (early second century CE)

Mediterranean peoples: Pomponius Mela on peoples of the known world (mid-first century CE)

Gelians

Daans, Kadousians, Hyrkanians, and Sakians: Strabo on peoples east of the Caspian Sea (first century CE)

Gelians (on the Caspian Sea)

Eastern and northern peoples: Bardaisan of Edessa and Philippos' Book of the Laws of Countries (second-third centuries CE)

Georgians

Getians, Dacians, and Scythians: Strabo (early first century CE)

Germanic peoples (broad category)

Barbarian wisdom: Clement of Alexandria [VI] on barbarian and Hebrew philosophy (late second century CE)

Celts and Germans: Diodoros, Dionysios, Strabo, and Dio on distinguishing them (first centuries BCE and CE)

Celts and Germans: Plutarch’s ethnographic digressions in the Lives (early second century CE)

Celts: Ephoros (mid-fourth century BCE)

Celts: Strabo on peoples northwest of the Alps (early first century CE)

Eastern and northern peoples: Bardaisan of Edessa and Philippos' Book of the Laws of Countries (second-third centuries CE)

Gauls and Germans: Scenes from the Triumphal Arch of Orange (late first century BCE)

Gauls: Cicero and the link between imperial conquest and negative stereotypes (mid-first century BCE)

Germanic peoples: Tacitus' Germania in full (late first century CE)

Germans and Sarmatians: Josephos on impulsive and violent northerners (late first century CE)

Germans and Scythians: Seneca on enduring hardships and on anger (first century CE)

Germans, Suebians, Marcomannians, and Kimbrians: Poseidonios and Strabo on customs and rumours about the tides (first century BCE)

Germans: Julius Caesar (mid-first century BCE)

Germans: Philo of Alexandria on fighting the tides (first century CE)

Judeans and Celts: Various authors on Claudius' actions against foreigners in the 40s CE (second / third centuries CE

Judeans, Africans, and Germans: Columella on the limits of environmental theory (first century CE)

Judeans, Armenians, Dacians, Egyptians, and other peoples: Defeat, capture, and subjugation on Roman imperial coinage (first-fourth centuries CE)

Mediterranean peoples: Pomponius Mela on peoples of the known world (mid-first century CE)

Mediterranean peoples: Sextus Empiricus engages with ethnographic discourses for philosophical aims (second-third centuries CE)

Northern peoples: Inscriptions on barbarians as bandits (second-third centuries CE)

Parthians, Celts and Iberians or Germans: Scenes on the breastplate of the "Augustus of Prima Porta" (early first century CE)

Getians / Dacians (northern Thracians)

Britons, Armenians, Bessians, and others: Reliefs of subjugated peoples at Aphrodisias (first century CE)

Dacians and Sarmatians: Reliefs on "Trajan's Trophy" at Adamclisi, Romania (early second century CE)

Dacians: Reliefs on "Trajan's Column" at Rome celebrating subjugation (early second century CE)

Getians, Dacians, and Scythians: Strabo (early first century CE)

Getians, Scythians, and Goths: Jordanes on their supposed origins and achievements (mid-sixth century CE)

Judean wisdom: Josephos on philosophical sects among Judeans (late-first century CE)

Judeans, Armenians, Dacians, Egyptians, and other peoples: Defeat, capture, and subjugation on Roman imperial coinage (first-fourth centuries CE)

Mediterranean peoples: Artemidoros theorizes foreign elements in dreams (second century CE)

Mediterranean peoples: Pomponius Mela on peoples of the known world (mid-first century CE)

Northern peoples: Antonios Diogenes' Wonders Beyond Thule and ethnographic fiction (second century CE / ninth century CE)

Northern peoples: Inscriptions on barbarians as bandits (second-third centuries CE)

Scythians and Getians: Dio of Prusa on inter-ethnic encounters at Olbia and on Getian Matters (late first century CE)

Scythians and other Pontic peoples: Herodotos on the "most ignorant peoples of all" (fifth century BCE)

Thracians, Getians, Paionians, and others: Herodotos (mid-fifth century BCE)

Goths (Ostrogoths and Visigoths)

Getians, Scythians, and Goths: Jordanes on their supposed origins and achievements (mid-sixth century CE)

Greeks (broad category)

Aitolians: Ephoros on their origins and invincibility (mid-fourth century BCE)

Aitolians: Thucydides on barbarous Greeks (late fifth century BCE)

Barbarian and Judean wisdom: Clement of Alexandria [V] on the sources of Plato's thought (late second century CE)

Barbarian peoples: Nymphodoros, Nikolaos, and others with collections of paradoxical customs (third century BCE on)

Barbarian wisdom: Cornutus on early humanity's Stoic understanding of the cosmos (mid-first century CE)

Barbarian wisdom: The Thunder, Perfect Mind (before the fourth century CE)

Barbarians and Greeks: Thucydides theorizes the shift from barbarian banditry to settled civilization (late fifth century BCE)

Boiotians: Ephoros on the superiority of Boiotia and on a Phoenician connection (mid-fourth century BCE)

Celts / Galatians: Priene inscription on Galatian "impiety" and "savagery" during the invasion (ca. 278-270 BCE)

Chaldeans, Greeks, Egyptians, and Judeans: Aristides of Athens (second century CE)

Christians, Judeans, and Greeks: Christians as a descent group in the Epistle to Diognetos (second or third century CE)

Eastern and northern peoples: Bardaisan of Edessa and Philippos' Book of the Laws of Countries (second-third centuries CE)

Egyptian and Ethiopian diasporas: Diodoros on competing legends of migration and colonization (mid-first century BCE)

Egyptian wisdom: Plato on Solon, the Egyptian priest, and Atlantis (mid-fourth century BCE)

Egyptians: Clement of Alexandria [II] on Egyptian animal worship as less offensive than Greek customs (late second century CE)

Egyptians: Diodoros on the origins of civilization and on Egyptian views (mid-first century BCE)

Egyptians: Herodotos on customs and legendary kings (fifth century BCE)

Ethnic diversity in Alexandria: Dio of Prusa on the cross-roads of the world (late first century CE)

Europeans, Asians, and Greeks: Aristotle on environment, ethnic hierarchies, and slaves (fourth century BCE)

Greeks and barbarians: Dionysios theorizes the blurry lines (late first century BCE)

Greeks and Judeans: "Hellenizing" and "Judaizing" in 2 Maccabees (first century BCE)

Greeks and other peoples: Paul's Judean stereotypes about non-Judeans (mid-first century CE)

Greeks, Barbarians, Judeans, and Christians: Eusebios' framing of a way of life (early fourth century CE)

Indian wisdom: Josephos integrates Indians into Eleazar's Masada speech (late first century CE)

Indian wisdom: Philostratos on Apollonios of Tyana's journeys to barbarian lands (early third century CE)

Judean diasporas: Differing perspectives on violent clashes between Judeans and Greeks in Libya and Egypt under Trajan, ca. 115-117 CE (second-fourth centuries CE)

Judean diasporas: Josephos on conflicts in Babylonia, ca. 40-66 CE (late first century CE)

Judean diasporas: Josephos on tensions with Greeks in Syria, the Decapolis, and Alexandria ca. 59-66 CE (late first century CE)

Judean diasporas: Josephos' citation of documents on Asia Minor and Libya under Julius Caesar and Augustus (late first century CE)

Judean diasporas: Philo on conflicts with Greeks at Alexandria and on rebellious Egyptians (mid-first century CE)

Judean wisdom: Philo on the Therapeutists' lifestyle (first century CE)

Judeans, Syrians, Indians, and others: Porphyry of Tyre on abstinence from meat (third century CE)

Kretans: Ephoros on Kretan civic organization and customs (mid-fourth century BCE)

Kretans: Stereotypes in the letter to Titus (early second century CE)

Libyans: Herodotos on customs and colonization (fifth century BCE)

Mediterranean peoples: Artemidoros theorizes foreign elements in dreams (second century CE)

Mediterranean peoples: Claudius Ptolemy on astrological effects on peoples (second century CE)

Mediterranean peoples: Polemon theorizes the meaning of physical features (second / fifth centuries CE)

Mediterranean peoples: Sextus Empiricus engages with ethnographic discourses for philosophical aims (second-third centuries CE)

Parthians and Scythians: Julius Africanus on barbarian military techniques (early third century CE)

Parthians, Libyans, Egyptians and others: Acts of the Apostles on legends of Judean migration (early second century CE)

Parthians: Panamara inscription on Zeus' miraculous actions against invading Parthians (ca. 39 BCE)

Pelasgian diasporas: Ephoros on legends of migration (mid-fourth century BCE)

Persians and Medes: Herodotos on customs (mid-fifth century BCE)

Persians, Spartans, and Athenians: Platonic author on the superiority of the Persians (fourth century BCE)

Romans: Dionysios on Roman origins and legends of Greek and Pelasgian migrations to Italy (late first century BCE)

Romans: Dionysios on the supposed Roman refusal of barbarian and Phrygian customs (late first century BCE)

Scythian wisdom: Letters of Anacharsis (mid-third century BCE)

Scythians and Ethiopians: Agatharchides and Diodoros theorize about the effects of climate (second-first centuries CE)

Scythians, Amazons, and Persians: Isokrates on the superiority of the Athenian people (early fourth century BCE)

Scythians: Clement of Alexandria [I] on the example of Anacharsis (late second century CE)

Scythians: Lucian on Toxaris' and Anacharsis' differing encounters with Greeks (late second century CE)

Sicilians and other Greeks: Cicero's praise for Sicilians in the prosecution of Verres (mid-first century BCE)

Syrian perspectives: Lucian of Samosata on The Syrian Goddess in full (mid-second century CE)

Taurians and Greeks: Clement of Alexandria [III] on human sacrifice (late second century CE)

Helvetians (a subset of "Germans")

Celts / Gauls: Julius Caesar (mid-first century BCE)

Gauls: Cicero and the link between imperial conquest and negative stereotypes (mid-first century BCE)

Northern peoples: Inscriptions on barbarians as bandits (second-third centuries CE)

Huns

Getians, Scythians, and Goths: Jordanes on their supposed origins and achievements (mid-sixth century CE)

Hyksos (in Egypt)

Egyptian perspectives: Manetho on Egyptian Matters (early third century BCE)

Hyperboreans

Mediterranean peoples: Pomponius Mela on peoples of the known world (mid-first century CE)

Scythians, Amazons, and Hyperboreans: Diodoros on some northerners (mid-first century BCE)

Hyrkanians / Hyrcanians

Daans, Kadousians, Hyrkanians, and Sakians: Strabo on peoples east of the Caspian Sea (first century CE)

Mediterranean peoples: Pomponius Mela on peoples of the known world (mid-first century CE)

Iapygians (in southern Italy)

Iapygians and Tarentinians: Klearchos of Soloi (fourth century BCE)

Romans: Dionysios on Roman origins and legends of Greek and Pelasgian migrations to Italy (late first century BCE)

Iazygians (subset of Germans)

Northern peoples: Inscriptions on barbarians as bandits (second-third centuries CE)

Iberians (in Spain)

Babylonian diasporas: Josephos and others on legends of migration from Babel (first-second centuries CE)

Barbarian peoples: Nymphodoros, Nikolaos, and others with collections of paradoxical customs (third century BCE on)

Barbarian wisdom: Cornutus on early humanity's Stoic understanding of the cosmos (mid-first century CE)

Britons and Iernians (Irish): Julius Caesar, Pytheas, and Strabo on customs including eating human flesh (early first century CE)

Ethnic diversity in Libya / Africa: Sallust on legends of migration (mid-first century BCE)

Iapygians and Tarentinians: Klearchos of Soloi (fourth century BCE)

Iberians: Appian of Alexandria (mid-second century CE)

Iberians: Appian on Viriathus and resistance by Lusitanians (early second century CE)

Iberians: Artemidoros, Poseidonios, Strabo, and others (second century BCE to first century CE)

Iberians: Trogus on their extreme courage (first century BCE)

Indians, Ethiopians, and Celts: Dio of Prusa critiques foreign imports and luxury (late first century CE)

Maiotians, Bosporians, Kaukasians, and other Pontic peoples: Strabo on northern Asia (early first century CE)

Parthians, Celts and Iberians or Germans: Scenes on the breastplate of the "Augustus of Prima Porta" (early first century CE)

Iberians of the Caucasus area

Iberians, Albanians and others of the Caucasus area: Strabo (early first century CE)

Idumeans / Edomites

Ethnic diversity in Egypt: Inscriptional and papyrological evidence

Idumean diasporas: Inscriptions and papyri (second century BCE-third century CE)

Idumeans and Judeans: Ptolemy the historian on the difference (late first century BCE)

Idumeans: Josephos on the Edomites' origins and relations with Judeans (late first century CE)

Iernians (inhabitants of Ireland)

Britons and Iernians (Irish): Julius Caesar, Pytheas, and Strabo on customs including eating human flesh (early first century CE)

Mediterranean peoples: Pomponius Mela on peoples of the known world (mid-first century CE)

Illyrians (north of Greece)

Babylonians and Assyrians: Herodotos on legendary queens and outstanding customs (mid-fifth century BCE)

Barbarian peoples: Nymphodoros, Nikolaos, and others with collections of paradoxical customs (third century BCE on)

Getians, Dacians, and Scythians: Strabo (early first century CE)

Illyrians, Pannonians, and other peoples: Strabo (early first century CE)

Illyrians: Appian of Alexandria (mid-second century CE)

Illyrians: Theopompos on banquets (fourth century BCE)

Thracians, Getians, Paionians, and others: Herodotos (mid-fifth century BCE)

Indians

Assyrians, Medes and Persians: Ktesias on Persian Matters via Diodoros and Photios (early fourth century BCE)

Babylonian diasporas: Josephos and others on legends of migration from Babel (first-second centuries CE)

Barbarian and Scythian wisdom: Diogenes of Laertes (early third century CE)

Barbarian wisdom: Clement of Alexandria [VI] on barbarian and Hebrew philosophy (late second century CE)

Eastern and northern peoples: Bardaisan of Edessa and Philippos' Book of the Laws of Countries (second-third centuries CE)

Ethiopians: Herodotos on southern peoples at the ends of the earth (mid-fifth century BCE)

Ethnic diversity in Alexandria: Dio of Prusa on the cross-roads of the world (late first century CE)

Greeks and barbarians: Eratosthenes challenges the dichotomy (third century BCE)

Ichthyophagians: Nearchos and Agatharchides on Fish-eaters around the Arabian Sea (fourth-first centuries BCE)

Indian and Judean wisdom: Klearchos citing Aristotle (fourth century BCE)

Indian wisdom: Apuleius on the amazing naked philosophers and Pythagoras' journeys (mid-second century CE)

Indian wisdom: Josephos integrates Indians into Eleazar's Masada speech (late first century CE)

Indian wisdom: Naked philosophers and wise diviners in the Alexander Romance (fourth century CE and earlier)

Indian wisdom: Nearchos, Megasthenes, and Arrian on the sages Dandamis and Kalanos (fourth century BCE-second century CE)

Indian wisdom: Philostratos on Apollonios of Tyana's journeys to barbarian lands (early third century CE)

Indians, Ethiopians and others: Pliny the Elder on "unbelievable" peoples (first century CE)

Indians, Ethiopians, and Celts: Dio of Prusa critiques foreign imports and luxury (late first century CE)

Indians, Ethiopians, Celts, and Scythians: Ephoros on a four-fold division of the known world (mid-fourth century BCE)

Indians: Dio of Prusa on the Indians' superior mode of life (late first century CE)

Indians: Diodoros on environment, customs and social organization (mid-first century BCE)

Indians: Herodotos on eastern peoples at the ends of the earth (mid-fifth century BCE)

Indians: Iamboulos and Diodoros on a utopian island beyond India (mid-first century BCE)

Indians: Ktesias on Indian Matters via Photios, Pliny the Elder, and Aelian (early fourth century BCE)

Indians: Nearchos, Megasthenes, and Arrian (fourth century BCE-second century CE)

Judean and Indian wisdom: Philo on the freedom of Essenes and Kalanos (early first century CE)

Judean, Indian, Babylonian, and Egyptian wisdom: Numenius the Platonic philosopher (mid-second century CE)

Judeans, Syrians, Indians, and others: Porphyry of Tyre on abstinence from meat (third century CE)

Judeans: Poseidonios (?) and Strabo on decline after Moses (first century CE)

Libyans: Herodotos on customs and colonization (fifth century BCE)

Mediterranean peoples: Sextus Empiricus engages with ethnographic discourses for philosophical aims (second-third centuries CE)

Persian, Egyptian, Indian, and Celtic wisdom: Dio of Prusa on philosophers' roles in leadership (late first century CE)

Persian, Indian, and Judean wisdom: Klearchos of Soloi on Magian precedence (fourth century BCE)

Romans: Dionysios on Roman origins and legends of Greek and Pelasgian migrations to Italy (late first century BCE)

Various peoples: Herodotos on the mixed composition of the Persian army under Xerxes (fifth century BCE)

Insubrians (subset of Celts)

Celts: Dio Cassius on spirited and untrustworthy Galatians (early third century CE)

Ionians (in Asia Minor)

Babylonian diasporas: Josephos and others on legends of migration from Babel (first-second centuries CE)

Egyptians: Herodotos on customs and legendary kings (fifth century BCE)

Judeans, "Asiatics", and Greeks: Cicero's ethnic invective aimed at eastern witnesses against Flaccus (mid-first century BCE)

Lydians: Herodotos on king Croesus and Lydian customs (mid-fifth century BCE)

Mediterranean peoples: Polemon theorizes the meaning of physical features (second / fifth centuries CE)

Pelasgian diasporas: Herodotos on legends of migration, language, and influence (mid-fifth century BCE)

Various peoples: Herodotos on the mixed composition of the Persian army under Xerxes (fifth century BCE)

Isaurians (in Asia Minor)

Isaurians: Ammianus Marcellinus on their incursions and banditry (late fourth century CE)

Italic peoples (broad category)

Persians: Pliny on the dissemination of Magian skill to the peoples of the world (first century CE)

Romans: Dionysios on Roman origins and legends of Greek and Pelasgian migrations to Italy (late first century BCE)

Itureans

Indian wisdom: Apuleius on the amazing naked philosophers and Pythagoras' journeys (mid-second century CE)

Itureans (subset of Arabians)

Itureans among Arabians: Strabo and Josephos on a supposed bandit-people (first century CE)

Judeans / Jews / Israelites / Hebrews

Babylonian diasporas: Josephos and others on legends of migration from Babel (first-second centuries CE)

Barbarian and Judean wisdom: Clement of Alexandria [V] on the sources of Plato's thought (late second century CE)

Barbarian wisdom: Celsus and Origen of Alexandria (second-third centuries CE)

Barbarian wisdom: Clement of Alexandria [VI] on barbarian and Hebrew philosophy (late second century CE)

Chaldeans, Greeks, Egyptians, and Judeans: Aristides of Athens (second century CE)

Christians, Judeans, and Greeks: Christians as a descent group in the Epistle to Diognetos (second or third century CE)

Eastern and northern peoples: Bardaisan of Edessa and Philippos' Book of the Laws of Countries (second-third centuries CE)

Egyptian and Ethiopian diasporas: Diodoros on competing legends of migration and colonization (mid-first century BCE)

Egyptian diasporas: Legends of migration concerning Hyksos and Judeans (late fourth century BCE and on)

Egyptians: Diodoros on the origins of civilization and on Egyptian views (mid-first century BCE)

Egyptians: Josephos on animal worship (late first century CE)

Ethnic diversity in Egypt: Inscriptional and papyrological evidence

Greeks and Judeans: "Hellenizing" and "Judaizing" in 2 Maccabees (first century BCE)

Greeks, Barbarians, Judeans, and Christians: Eusebios' framing of a way of life (early fourth century CE)

Idumeans and Judeans: Ptolemy the historian on the difference (late first century BCE)

Idumeans: Josephos on the Edomites' origins and relations with Judeans (late first century CE)

Indian and Judean wisdom: Klearchos citing Aristotle (fourth century BCE)

Indian wisdom: Apuleius on the amazing naked philosophers and Pythagoras' journeys (mid-second century CE)

Indian wisdom: Josephos integrates Indians into Eleazar's Masada speech (late first century CE)

Judean and Indian wisdom: Philo on the freedom of Essenes and Kalanos (early first century CE)

Judean and Israelite diasporas: Inscriptional evidence (second century BCE-third century CE)

Judean diasporas: Differing perspectives on violent clashes between Judeans and Greeks in Libya and Egypt under Trajan, ca. 115-117 CE (second-fourth centuries CE)

Judean diasporas: Josephos on conflicts in Babylonia, ca. 40-66 CE (late first century CE)

Judean diasporas: Josephos on tensions with Greeks in Syria, the Decapolis, and Alexandria ca. 59-66 CE (late first century CE)

Judean diasporas: Josephos' citation of documents on Asia Minor and Libya under Julius Caesar and Augustus (late first century CE)

Judean diasporas: Philo on conflicts with Greeks at Alexandria and on rebellious Egyptians (mid-first century CE)

Judean perspectives: Anonymous on Abraham's contributions (before the mid-first century BCE)

Judean perspectives: Artapanos on contributions by Abraham, Joseph, and Moses (second century BCE)

Judean perspectives: Eupolemos on contributions by Abraham and Moses (before the mid-first century BCE)

Judean perspectives: Josephos' Against Apion in full (late first century CE)

Judean perspectives: Philo on the superiority of Moses and Judean ancestral customs (first century CE)

Judean wisdom: Josephos on philosophical sects among Judeans (late-first century CE)

Judean wisdom: Philo on the Therapeutists' lifestyle (first century CE)

Judean wisdom: Pseudo-Clement on a journey to Peter the Judean sage (third century CE and on)

Judean wisdom: Theophrastos on Judean philosophers (fourth century BCE)

Judean, Indian, Babylonian, and Egyptian wisdom: Numenius the Platonic philosopher (mid-second century CE)

Judeans and Celts: Various authors on Claudius' actions against foreigners in the 40s CE (second / third centuries CE

Judeans and others: The Gospel of Philip (before the fourth century CE)

Judeans and Thracians: Hermippos of Smyrna on their influence on Pythagoras (early second century BCE)

Judeans, Africans, and Germans: Columella on the limits of environmental theory (first century CE)

Judeans, Armenians, Dacians, Egyptians, and other peoples: Defeat, capture, and subjugation on Roman imperial coinage (first-fourth centuries CE)

Judeans, Egyptians, and Magians: Various authors on Tiberius' actions against foreign practices 17-19 CE (first-third centuries CE)

Judeans, Egyptians, and others: Seneca on the "superstitions" of foreigners (mid-first century CE)

Judeans, Syrians, and Egyptians: Epiktetos engages with ethnographic discourses for philosophical aims (mid-first century CE)

Judeans, Syrians, Celts, Scythians and others: Plutarch on the "barbarian" origins of fearing the gods, or "superstition" (early second century CE)

Judeans, Syrians, Indians, and others: Porphyry of Tyre on abstinence from meat (third century CE)

Judeans: Agatharchides of Knidos on the Sabbath (second century BCE)

Judeans: Dio Cassius and Roman elite attitudes (early third century CE)

Judeans: Kleomedes denigrates Epicurus and Judeans (second century CE)

Judeans: Mnaseas, Poseidonios, Apollonios Molon, Diodoros, Apion, and Damokritos on the statue of a donkey and on human sacrifice (second century BCE and on)

Judeans: Pliny the Elder and Julius Solinus on the Essenes beside the Dead Sea (first / third centuries CE)

Judeans: Pseudo-Hekataios' On Judeans (before first century CE)

Judeans: Tacitus on Judean origins and customs (second century CE)

Judeans: Trogus on contributions of Joseph and Moses and on the exodus (first century BCE)

Mediterranean peoples: Sextus Empiricus engages with ethnographic discourses for philosophical aims (second-third centuries CE)

Persian, Indian, and Judean wisdom: Klearchos of Soloi on Magian precedence (fourth century BCE)

Persians: Pliny on the dissemination of Magian skill to the peoples of the world (first century CE)

Phoenician, Egyptian and Babylonian wisdom: Porphyry of Tyre and Antonius Diogenes on Pythagoras (third century CE)

Samaritans and Judeans: Belonging to Israel in the Gospels (first century CE)

Samaritans: Josephos on Chuthean origins and relations with Judeans over centuries (late first century CE)

Kadousians / Cadusians

Assyrians, Medes and Persians: Ktesias on Persian Matters via Diodoros and Photios (early fourth century BCE)

Daans, Kadousians, Hyrkanians, and Sakians: Strabo on peoples east of the Caspian Sea (first century CE)

Mediterranean peoples: Pomponius Mela on peoples of the known world (mid-first century CE)

Kilikians in Homer's terms (legendary people in northwestern Asia Minor)

Trojans, Lelegians, and Kilikians: Homer and Strabo on legendary peoples and migrations in the Troad (early first century CE)

Kimbrians (Germanic)

Celts and Germans: Plutarch’s ethnographic digressions in the Lives (early second century CE)

Germans, Suebians, Marcomannians, and Kimbrians: Poseidonios and Strabo on customs and rumours about the tides (first century BCE)

Kimmerians / Cimmerians (subset of Scythians)

Babylonian diasporas: Josephos and others on legends of migration from Babel (first-second centuries CE)

Kimmerians and Kolchians: Herodotos on other Pontic peoples (mid-fifth century BCE)

Lydians, Maionians, Arimians, and Solymians: Strabo on a variety of peoples in Lydia, Phrygia and Pisidia (early first century CE)

Maiotians, Bosporians, Kaukasians, and other Pontic peoples: Strabo on northern Asia (early first century CE)

Mediterranean peoples: Pomponius Mela on peoples of the known world (mid-first century CE)

Northern peoples: Antonios Diogenes' Wonders Beyond Thule and ethnographic fiction (second century CE / ninth century CE)

Kolchians (in the Caucasus mountains)

Amazons, Tibarenians, and Mossynoikians: Apollonios of Rhodes on a voyage to the Kolchians (third century BCE)

Barbarian peoples: Nymphodoros, Nikolaos, and others with collections of paradoxical customs (third century BCE on)

Egyptian diasporas: Herodotos on legends about Kolchians and customs of circumcision (late fourth century BCE)

Egyptians: Diodoros on the origins of civilization and on Egyptian views (mid-first century BCE)

Egyptians: Herodotos on customs and legendary kings (fifth century BCE)

Ethiopians: Herodotos on southern peoples at the ends of the earth (mid-fifth century BCE)

Kimmerians and Kolchians: Herodotos on other Pontic peoples (mid-fifth century BCE)

Maiotians, Bosporians, Kaukasians, and other Pontic peoples: Strabo on northern Asia (early first century CE)

Persians and Medes: Herodotos on customs (mid-fifth century BCE)

Scythian and Thracian diasporas: Inscriptional evidence

Various peoples: Herodotos on the mixed composition of the Persian army under Xerxes (fifth century BCE)

Kostobokians

Northern peoples: Inscriptions on barbarians as bandits (second-third centuries CE)

Kretans / Cretans

Barbarians and Greeks: Thucydides theorizes the shift from barbarian banditry to settled civilization (late fifth century BCE)

Egyptian diasporas: Legends of migration concerning Hyksos and Judeans (late fourth century BCE and on)

Judeans, Syrians, Indians, and others: Porphyry of Tyre on abstinence from meat (third century CE)

Kretans and Cilicians: Athenians, Rhodians, and Romans pair "banditry" with imperial control (fifth-second centuries BCE)

Kretans, Spartans, Carthaginians, and Romans: Polybios on superior and inferior societal organization (second century BCE)

Kretans: Ephoros on Kretan civic organization and customs (mid-fourth century BCE)

Kretans: Stereotypes in the letter to Titus (early second century CE)

Lydians: Herodotos on king Croesus and Lydian customs (mid-fifth century BCE)

Parthians, Libyans, Egyptians and others: Acts of the Apostles on legends of Judean migration (early second century CE)

Taurians and Greeks: Clement of Alexandria [III] on human sacrifice (late second century CE)

Kynaitheans (in Arkadia Greece)

Arkadians: Polybios theorizes environment and peoplehood (second century BCE)

Kyprians / Cyprians

Babylonian diasporas: Josephos and others on legends of migration from Babel (first-second centuries CE)

Various peoples: Herodotos on the mixed composition of the Persian army under Xerxes (fifth century BCE)

Kyrenaians / Cyrenaeans (in Libya)

Libyans: Herodotos on customs and colonization (fifth century BCE)

Scythians and other Pontic peoples: Herodotos on the "most ignorant peoples of all" (fifth century BCE)

Various peoples: Herodotos on the mixed composition of the Persian army under Xerxes (fifth century BCE)

Lelegians (legendary)

Trojans, Lelegians, and Kilikians: Homer and Strabo on legendary peoples and migrations in the Troad (early first century CE)

Libyans / Africans

Babylonian diasporas: Josephos and others on legends of migration from Babel (first-second centuries CE)

Barbarian peoples: Nymphodoros, Nikolaos, and others with collections of paradoxical customs (third century BCE on)

Barbarian wisdom: Cornutus on early humanity's Stoic understanding of the cosmos (mid-first century CE)

Egyptian and Ethiopian diasporas: Diodoros on competing legends of migration and colonization (mid-first century BCE)

Egyptians: Herodotos on customs and legendary kings (fifth century BCE)

Ethiopians: Herodotos on southern peoples at the ends of the earth (mid-fifth century BCE)

Ethnic diversity in Libya / Africa: Sallust on legends of migration (mid-first century BCE)

Judeans, Africans, and Germans: Columella on the limits of environmental theory (first century CE)

Libyan perspectives: Cornelius Fronto self-identifies as a "barbarian" and Libyan nomad (mid-second century CE)

Libyans / Africans: Pliny on various peoples and strange customs (first century CE)

Libyans / Africans: Sallust (mid-first century BCE)

Libyans: Hanno the Carthaginian (fourth century BCE or earlier)

Libyans: Herodotos on customs and colonization (fifth century BCE)

Mediterranean peoples: Polemon theorizes the meaning of physical features (second / fifth centuries CE)

Mediterranean peoples: Sextus Empiricus engages with ethnographic discourses for philosophical aims (second-third centuries CE)

Parthians, Libyans, Egyptians and others: Acts of the Apostles on legends of Judean migration (early second century CE)

Phoenicians and Sardinians: Cicero's ethnic invective in defending Marcus Scaurus (mid-first century BCE)

Romans: Dionysios on Roman origins and legends of Greek and Pelasgian migrations to Italy (late first century BCE)

Various peoples: Herodotos on the mixed composition of the Persian army under Xerxes (fifth century BCE)

Ligurians

Celts and Ligurians: Strabo on peoples south of the Alps (early first century CE)

Romans: Dionysios on the supposed Roman refusal of barbarian and Phrygian customs (late first century BCE)

Lusitanians (subset of Iberians)

Iberians: Appian on Viriathus and resistance by Lusitanians (early second century CE)

Lycians (in Asia Minor)

Ethnic diversity in Egypt: Inscriptional and papyrological evidence

Lydians, Maionians, Arimians, and Solymians: Strabo on a variety of peoples in Lydia, Phrygia and Pisidia (early first century CE)

Mysians, Galatians, Pisidians, and others: Strabo on relations among Anatolian peoples (early first century CE)

Various peoples: Herodotos on the mixed composition of the Persian army under Xerxes (fifth century BCE)

Lydians / Maionians (in Asia Minor)

Judeans, "Asiatics", and Greeks: Cicero's ethnic invective aimed at eastern witnesses against Flaccus (mid-first century BCE)

Lydians, Maionians, Arimians, and Solymians: Strabo on a variety of peoples in Lydia, Phrygia and Pisidia (early first century CE)

Lydians: Herodotos on king Croesus and Lydian customs (mid-fifth century BCE)

Lydians: Xanthos of Lydia and Klearchos of Soloi (fifth-fourth centuries BCE)

Mysians, Galatians, Pisidians, and others: Strabo on relations among Anatolian peoples (early first century CE)

Scythian wisdom: Letters of Anacharsis (mid-third century BCE)

Trojans, Lelegians, and Kilikians: Homer and Strabo on legendary peoples and migrations in the Troad (early first century CE)

Various peoples: Herodotos on the mixed composition of the Persian army under Xerxes (fifth century BCE)

Macedonians or Greco-Macedonians

Egyptian wisdom: King Nektanebos the astrologer and diviner in the Alexander Romance (fourth century CE and earlier)

Ethnic diversity in Egypt: Inscriptional and papyrological evidence

Judean diasporas: Josephos on conflicts in Babylonia, ca. 40-66 CE (late first century CE)

Lydians, Maionians, Arimians, and Solymians: Strabo on a variety of peoples in Lydia, Phrygia and Pisidia (early first century CE)

Parthians and Scythians: Julius Africanus on barbarian military techniques (early third century CE)

Pelasgian diasporas: Herodotos on legends of migration, language, and influence (mid-fifth century BCE)

Persians: Clement of Alexandria [IV] on the elements among Greek philosophers and Persian Magians (late second century CE)

Romans: Dionysios on Roman origins and legends of Greek and Pelasgian migrations to Italy (late first century BCE)

Scythian wisdom: Curtius Rufus on the Scythian elder's speech about Alexander the bandit (first century CE)

Marcomannians (subset of Germans)

Germans, Suebians, Marcomannians, and Kimbrians: Poseidonios and Strabo on customs and rumours about the tides (first century BCE)

Northern peoples: Inscriptions on barbarians as bandits (second-third centuries CE)

Mariandynians (in northwestern Anatolia)

Massagetians (subset of Scythians)

Daans, Kadousians, Hyrkanians, and Sakians: Strabo on peoples east of the Caspian Sea (first century CE)

Ethnic Relations and Migration in the Ancient World: The Websites of Philip A. Harland

Portal to my podcast, websites, blog, and publications, providing an entryway into social and cultural life anong Greeks, Romans, Judeans, Christians, and others in ancient Mediterranean. Ethnicity, Diaspora, and relations among ethnic and minority groups is a focus.

Category Archives: (01) Non-dominant (“barbarian”) perspectives

Egyptian perspectives: Chairemon on Egyptian temple functionaries (first century CE)

Egyptian perspectives: Manetho on Egyptian Matters (early third century BCE)

Getians, Scythians, and Goths: Jordanes on their supposed origins and achievements (mid-sixth century CE)

Judean perspectives: Anonymous on Abraham’s contributions (before the mid-first century BCE)

Judean perspectives: Artapanos on contributions by Abraham, Joseph, and Moses (second century BCE)

Judean perspectives: Eupolemos on contributions by Abraham and Moses (before the mid-first century BCE)

Judean perspectives: Josephos’ Against Apion in full (late first century CE)

Judean perspectives: Philo on the superiority of Moses and Judean ancestral customs (first century CE)

Libyan perspectives: Apuleius self-identifies as a barbarian and Numidian / Gaetulian (mid-second century CE)

Libyan perspectives: Cornelius Fronto self-identifies as a “barbarian” and Libyan nomad (mid-second century CE)

Phoenician perspectives: Philo of Byblos on “Phoenician Matters” (early second century CE)

Syrian perspectives: Lucian of Samosata on The Syrian Goddess in full (mid-second century CE)

Syrian perspectives: Lucian self-identifies as “barbarian” and “Assyrian” (mid-second century CE)