Category Archives: (01) Non-dominant (“barbarian”) perspectives

Egyptian perspectives: Chairemon on Egyptian temple functionaries (first century CE)

Posted in (01) Non-dominant ("barbarian") perspectives, (b) Southern peoples, Chairemon (Egyptian), Egyptians on June 29, 2022 by Phil Harland.

Egyptian perspectives: Manetho on Egyptian Matters (early third century BCE)

Posted in (01) Non-dominant ("barbarian") perspectives, (b) Southern peoples, Egyptians, Hyksos (in Egypt), Manetho / pseudo-Manetho (Egyptian) on June 25, 2022 by Phil Harland.

Judean perspectives: Anonymous on Abraham’s contributions (before the mid-first century BCE)

Posted in (01) Non-dominant ("barbarian") perspectives, (d) Eastern peoples, Judeans / Israelites, Phoenicians / Canaanites on June 13, 2022 by Phil Harland.

Judean perspectives: Artapanos on contributions by Abraham, Joseph, and Moses (second century BCE)

Posted in (01) Non-dominant ("barbarian") perspectives, (d) Eastern peoples, Artapanos (Judean), Judeans / Israelites on June 10, 2022 by Phil Harland.

Judean perspectives: Eupolemos on contributions by Abraham and Moses (before the mid-first century BCE)

Posted in (01) Non-dominant ("barbarian") perspectives, (d) Eastern peoples, Eupolemos (Judean), Judeans / Israelites, Phoenicians / Canaanites on June 13, 2022 by Phil Harland.

Judean perspectives: Josephos’ Against Apion in full (late first century CE)

Posted in (01) Non-dominant ("barbarian") perspectives, (d) Eastern peoples, Babylonians / Chaldeans, Egyptians, Josephos (Judean), Judeans / Israelites, Phoenicians / Canaanites, Syrians / Assyrians / Aramaians on June 28, 2022 by Phil Harland.

Judean perspectives: Philo on the superiority of Moses and Judean ancestral customs (first century CE)

Posted in (01) Non-dominant ("barbarian") perspectives, (d) Eastern peoples, Judeans / Israelites, Philo of Alexandria (Judean) on July 10, 2022 by Phil Harland.

Phoenician perspectives: Philo of Byblos on Phoenician Matters (early second century CE)

Posted in (01) Non-dominant ("barbarian") perspectives, (d) Eastern peoples, Egyptians, Philo of Byblos (Phoenician), Phoenicians / Canaanites, Sanchuniathon (Phoenician), Syrians / Assyrians / Aramaians on June 15, 2022 by Phil Harland.

Syrian perspectives: Lucian of Samosata on The Syrian Goddess in full (mid-second century CE)

Posted in (01) Non-dominant ("barbarian") perspectives, (d) Eastern peoples, Greeks (broad category), Lucian of Samosata (Syrian / Assyrian), Phoenicians / Canaanites, Syrians / Assyrians / Aramaians on July 7, 2022 by Phil Harland.

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(01) Non-dominant ("barbarian") perspectives

Egyptian perspectives: Chairemon on Egyptian temple functionaries (first century CE)

Egyptian perspectives: Manetho on Egyptian Matters (early third century BCE)

Judean perspectives: Anonymous on Abraham's contributions (before the mid-first century BCE)

Judean perspectives: Artapanos on contributions by Abraham, Joseph, and Moses (second century BCE)

Judean perspectives: Eupolemos on contributions by Abraham and Moses (before the mid-first century BCE)

Judean perspectives: Josephos' Against Apion in full (late first century CE)

Judean perspectives: Philo on the superiority of Moses and Judean ancestral customs (first century CE)

Phoenician perspectives: Philo of Byblos on Phoenician Matters (early second century CE)

Syrian perspectives: Lucian of Samosata on The Syrian Goddess in full (mid-second century CE)

(02) Greek and Roman ethnographic perspectives and stereotypes on other peoples

Aitolians: Ephoros on their origins and invincibility (mid-fourth century BCE)

Amazons: Strabo on their customs and northern location (first century CE)

Arabians and Aramaians: Poseidonios on relations between eastern peoples (first century BCE)

Arabians: Diodoros on Nabateans and other Arabian peoples (mid-first century BCE)

Arabians: Herodotos (fifth century BCE)

Arkadians: Polybios on an environmental theory of peoplehood (second century BCE)

Babylonians: Diodoros on Chaldeans' astrology and divination (mid-first century BCE)

Boiotians: Ephoros on the superiority of Boiotia and on a Phoenician connection (mid-fourth century BCE)

Britons and Iernians (Irish): Julius Caesar, Pytheas, and Strabo on customs and cannibalism (early first century CE)

Britons: Julius Caesar (mid-first century BCE)

Britons: Tacitus (late first century CE)

Carthaginians: Appian of Alexandria (mid-second century CE)

Celts / Galatians: Polybios on the Celts' encounter with Rome and on his method in dealing with distant peoples (second century BCE)

Celts / Gauls: Julius Caesar (mid-first century BCE)

Celts / Gauls: Timagenes of Alexandria (first century BCE)

Celts and Germans: Plutarch’s ethnographic digressions in the Lives (early second century CE)

Celts and Ligurians: Strabo on peoples south of the Alps (early first century CE)

Celts: Ephoros (mid-fourth century BCE)

Celts: Poseidonios and others on banqueting and violent customs (first century BCE)

Celts: Strabo on peoples northwest of the Alps (early first century CE)

Egyptians: Diodoros on the origins of civilization and on Egyptian views (mid-first century BCE)

Egyptians: Herodotos (fifth century BCE)

Ethiopians: Diodoros on their claims, appearance, and customs (mid-first century BCE)

Europeans and Asians: "Hippokrates" on humoural and environmental theories (fifth century BCE)

Europeans, Asians, and Greeks: Aristotle on environment, ethnic hierarchies, and slaves (fourth century BCE)

Germans and Scythians: Seneca on enduring hardships and on anger (first century CE)

Germans: Julius Caesar (mid-first century BCE)

Germans: Philo of Alexandria on fighting the tides (first century CE)

Germans: Tacitus' Germania in full (late first century CE)

Getians, Dacians, and Scythians: Strabo (early first century CE)

Iapygians and Tarentinians: Klearchos of Soloi (fourth century BCE)

Iberians: Appian of Alexandria (mid-second century CE)

Iberians: Artemidoros, Poseidonios, and others (second century BCE to first century CE)

Iberians: Pompeius Trogus (first century BCE)

Illyrians, Pannonians, and other peoples: Strabo (early first century CE)

Illyrians: Appian of Alexandria (mid-second century CE)

Illyrians: Theopompos on banquets (fourth century BCE)

Indians, Ethiopians, Celts, and Scythians: Ephoros on a four-fold division of the known world (mid-fourth century BCE)

Indians: Diodoros on environment, customs and social organization (mid-first century BCE)

Indians: Iamboulos and Diodoros on a utopian island beyond India (mid-first century BCE)

Indians: Nearchos, Megasthenes, and Arrian (fourth century BCE-second century CE)

Judean and Indian wisdom: Philo on the freedom of Essenes and Kalanos (early first century CE)

Judeans, Syrians, Indians, and others: Porphyry of Tyre on abstinence from meat (third century CE)

Judeans: Agatharchides of Knidos on the Sabbath (second century BCE)

Judeans: Manetho, Chairemon, and Lysimachos on an alternative Exodus (third century BCE on)

Judeans: Mnaseas, Poseidonios, Apollonios Molon, Diodoros, and Apion on the statue of a donkey and on human sacrifice (second century BCE and on)

Judeans: Pliny the Elder and Julius Solinus on the Essenes beside the Dead Sea (first / third centuries CE)

Judeans: Poseidonios (?) and Strabo on decline after Moses (first century CE)

Judeans: Pseudo-Hekataios' On Judeans (before first century CE)

Judeans: Tacitus on Judean origins and customs (second century CE)

Kimbrians / Germans: Poseidonios and Strabo refute stories about the tides (first century BCE)

Kretans, Spartans, Carthaginians, and Romans: Polybios on superior and inferior societal organization (second century BCE)

Kretans: Ephoros on Kretan civic organization and customs (mid-fourth century BCE)

Libyans / Africans: Sallust (mid-first century BCE)

Libyans: Hanno the Carthaginian (fourth century BCE or earlier)

Libyans: Herodotos (fifth century BCE)

Lydians: Xanthos of Lydia and Klearchos of Soloi (fifth-fourth centuries BCE)

Mediterranean peoples: Claudius Ptolemy on astrological effects on peoples (second century CE)

Mediterranean peoples: Pseudo-Skylax (fourth century BCE)

Mediterranean peoples: Pseudo-Skymnos' Voyage Around the Earth for Nikomedes in full (mid-second century BCE)

Mediterranean peoples: Sextus Empiricus draws on ethnographic material for philosophical aims (second-third centuries CE)

Mediterranean peoples: Vitruvius on the effects of climate (first century BCE)

Mossynoikians in Pontos: Xenophon and others on the "most barbarous" people (early fourth century BCE)

Mysians / Moesians: Poseidonios on their identification and customs based on Homer (first century BCE)

Northern peoples: Antonios Diogenes' Wonders Beyond Thule and ethnographic fiction (second century CE / ninth century CE)

Parthians: Poseidonios on royal banquets (first century BCE)

Persians and Medes: Herakleides of Kyme, Klearchos of Soloi, and others on royal banquets (fourth century BCE)

Persians and Medes: Herodotos (mid-fifth century BCE)

Persians: Xenophon and an anonymous author on royal customs and Cyrus (early fourth century BCE / second century BCE)

Phoenicians: Herodotos (fifth century BCE)

Sarmatians: Tacitus on ferocity and laziness in military situations (early second century CE)

Scythians and other northern peoples: Ephoros (mid-fourth century BCE)

Scythians and other Pontic peoples: Herodotos (fifth century BCE)

Scythians, Amazons, and Hyperboreans: Diodoros on some northerners (mid-first century BCE)

Scythians, Amazons, and Persians: Isokrates on the superiority of the Athenian people (early fourth century BCE)

Scythians: Klearchos of Soloi (fourth century BCE)

Scythians: Pompeius Trogus on Scythian superiority (first century BCE)

Thracians: Tacitus on their uncivilized and wild nature (early second century CE)

Various peoples: Herodotos on the mixed composition of the Persian army under Xerxes (fifth century BCE)

Western peoples beyond the pillars of Herakles (and up): Lucian's A True Story and ethnographic fiction (late second century CE)

(03) Visual ethnography (via archeology)

Amazons: Greek artistic depictions of a female warrior people (fourth century BCE to second century CE)

Britons, Armenians, Bessians, and others: Reliefs of subjugated peoples at Aphrodisias (first century CE)

Celts, Persians, and Amazons: Smaller statues of fighting and dying "barbarians" associated with Attalos of Pergamon (third-second century BCE / second century CE)

Celts: Statues of dying Gauls / Galatians associated with Attalos I of Pergamon (late third century BCE / second century CE)

Dacians and Sarmatians: Reliefs on "Trajan's Trophy" at Adamclisi, Romania (early second century CE)

Dacians: Reliefs on "Trajan's Column" at Rome celebrating subjugation (early second century CE)

Judeans, Armenians, Dacians, Egyptians, and other peoples: Defeat, capture, and subjugation on Roman imperial coinage (first-fourth centuries CE)

Parthians, Celts and Iberians or Germans: Scenes on the breastplate of the "Augustus of Prima Porta" (early first century CE)

Parthians: Scenes from the Arch of Septimius Severus (early third century CE)

Persians: God Mithras as a Roman representation of a Persian (second century CE)

Scythians: Greek depictions of Scythian archers on Attic pottery (sixth century BCE)

(04) Greek philosophers on wise "barbarians" and noble "savages"

Barbarian wisdom: Cornutus on early humanity's Stoic understanding of the cosmos (mid-first century CE)

Barbarian wisdom: Dio of Prusa on barbarians' innate knowledge of god (late first century CE)

Barbarian wisdom: Ephoros on inventors (mid-fourth century BCE)

Barbarian wisdom: Porphyry of Tyre's Neoplatonic perspective (third century CE)

Barbarian wisdom: Poseidonios on inventors of the golden age (first century BCE)

Barbarian wisdom: Various authors and Clement of Alexandria (second century CE)

Egyptian wisdom: Lucian's story about Eukrates and Pankrates (late second century CE)

Egyptian wisdom: Plato on Solon, the Egyptian priest, and Atlantis (mid-fourth century BCE)

Egyptian wisdom: Thessalos (first or second century CE)

Indian and Judean wisdom: Klearchos citing Aristotle (fourth century BCE)

Indian wisdom: Nearchos, Megasthenes, and Arrian on the sages Dandamis and Kalanos (fourth century BCE-second century CE)

Indian wisdom: Philostratos on Apollonios of Tyana's journeys to barbarian lands (early third century CE)

Judean wisdom: Philo on the Therapeutists' lifestyle (first century CE)

Judean wisdom: Theophrastos on Judean philosophers (fourth century BCE)

Judean, Indian, Babylonian, and Egyptian wisdom: Numenius the Platonic philosopher (mid-second century CE)

Persian wisdom: Aristoxenos of Tarentum on Pythagoras and Zoroaster (fourth century BCE)

Persian wisdom: Eudemos of Rhodes on Magians (fourth century BCE)

Persian wisdom: Plutarch's story about Kleombrotos' journeys (early second century CE)

Persian wisdom: Theopompos of Chios and Plutarch on Magians (fourth century BCE and later)

Phoenician wisdom: Ampelius on Mochos of Sidon (early-third century CE)

Phoenician wisdom: Damascius on Eudemos of Rhodes and Mochos of Sidon (fourth century BCE)

Phoenician wisdom: Strabo and Poseidonios on Mochos of Sidon (first century BCE)

Phoenician, Egyptian and Babylonian wisdom: Porphyry of Tyre on Pythagoras (third century CE)

Phoenician, Egyptian and Persian wisdom: Iamblichos of Chalkis on Pythagoras (fourth century CE)

Scythian and barbarian wisdom: Diogenes of Laertes (early third century CE)

Scythian wisdom: Letters of Anacharsis (mid-third century BCE)

(05) Judeans (Jews) and Christians as participants in ethnographic culture

Barbarian wisdom: Celsus and Origen of Alexandria (second-third centuries CE)

Barbarian wisdom: Various authors and Clement of Alexandria (second century CE)

Chaldeans, Greeks, Egyptians, and Judeans: Aristides of Athens (second century CE)

Eastern and northern peoples: Bardaisan of Edessa and Philippos' Book of the Laws of Countries (second-third centuries CE)

Egyptians and Canaanites: Wisdom of Solomon on worship of animals and images (first century BCE)

Egyptians: Josephos on animal worship (late first century CE)

Germans: Philo of Alexandria on fighting the tides (first century CE)

Judean and Indian wisdom: Philo on the freedom of Essenes and Kalanos (early first century CE)

Judean wisdom: Philo on the Therapeutists' lifestyle (first century CE)

Kretans: Stereotypes in the letter to Titus (early second century CE)

Parthians, Libyans, Egyptians and others: Acts of the Apostles on legends of Judean migration (early second century CE)

Phoenicians: Gospel of Mark on Jesus and a Syro-Phoenician woman (late first century CE)

Pontic peoples: Tertullian on the Pontic "barbarian" Marcion (late second century CE)

Scythians and barbarians: Colossians and others on ritual recitations (late first or early second century CE)

(06) Migration, ethnic diversity, and diasporas

Egyptian diasporas: Inscriptional evidence

Egyptian diasporas: Legends of migration concerning Hyksos and Judeans (late fourth century BCE and on)

Ethnic diversity in Egypt: Inscriptional and papyrological evidence

Ethnic diversity in Libya / Africa: Sallust on legends of migration (mid-first century BCE)

Ethnic diversity on Rhodes island: Inscriptional evidence

Italian and Roman diasporas: Inscriptional evidence

Judean and Israelite diasporas: Inscriptional evidence (second century BCE-third century CE)

Pelasgian diasporas: Ephoros on legends of migration (mid-fourth century BCE)

Phoenician diasporas: Ephoros on Kadmos and legends of migration to Boiotia (mid-fourth century BCE)

Scythian and Thracian diasporas: Inscriptional evidence

Syrian and Phoenician diasporas: Inscriptional evidence

(07) Further ethnic stereotyping and racialization

Physiognomy and ethnicity: Polemon as summarized by Adamantius (second / fifth centuries CE)

Physiognomy and ethnicity: Pseudo-Aristotle (third century BCE)

(08) Gender, sexuality, and ethnographic discourses

Amazons: Greek artistic depictions of a female warrior people (fourth century BCE to second century CE)

Celts: Poseidonios and others on banqueting and violent customs (first century BCE)

Eastern and northern peoples: Bardaisan of Edessa and Philippos' Book of the Laws of Countries (second-third centuries CE)

Europeans and Asians: "Hippokrates" on humoural and environmental theories (fifth century BCE)

Iapygians and Tarentinians: Klearchos of Soloi (fourth century BCE)

Illyrians: Theopompos on banquets (fourth century BCE)

Libyans: Herodotos (fifth century BCE)

Lydians: Xanthos of Lydia and Klearchos of Soloi (fifth-fourth centuries BCE)

Mediterranean peoples: Sextus Empiricus draws on ethnographic material for philosophical aims (second-third centuries CE)

Mossynoikians in Pontos: Xenophon and others on the "most barbarous" people (early fourth century BCE)

Scythians, Amazons, and Hyperboreans: Diodoros on some northerners (mid-first century BCE)

Scythians: Pompeius Trogus on Scythian superiority (first century BCE)

(09) Ethnic groups or peoples

(a) Northern peoples

Amazons: Greek artistic depictions of a female warrior people (fourth century BCE to second century CE)

Amazons: Strabo on their customs and northern location (first century CE)

Barbarian wisdom: Celsus and Origen of Alexandria (second-third centuries CE)

Barbarian wisdom: Ephoros on inventors (mid-fourth century BCE)

Barbarian wisdom: Poseidonios on inventors of the golden age (first century BCE)

Barbarian wisdom: Various authors and Clement of Alexandria (second century CE)

Britons, Armenians, Bessians, and others: Reliefs of subjugated peoples at Aphrodisias (first century CE)

Britons: Julius Caesar (mid-first century BCE)

Britons: Tacitus (late first century CE)

Celts / Galatians: Polybios on the Celts' encounter with Rome and on his method in dealing with distant peoples (second century BCE)

Celts / Gauls: Julius Caesar (mid-first century BCE)

Celts / Gauls: Timagenes of Alexandria (first century BCE)

Celts and Germans: Plutarch’s ethnographic digressions in the Lives (early second century CE)

Celts, Persians, and Amazons: Smaller statues of fighting and dying "barbarians" associated with Attalos of Pergamon (third-second century BCE / second century CE)

Celts: Ephoros (mid-fourth century BCE)

Celts: Poseidonios and others on banqueting and violent customs (first century BCE)

Celts: Statues of dying Gauls / Galatians associated with Attalos I of Pergamon (late third century BCE / second century CE)

Dacians and Sarmatians: Reliefs on "Trajan's Trophy" at Adamclisi, Romania (early second century CE)

Dacians: Reliefs on "Trajan's Column" at Rome celebrating subjugation (early second century CE)

Eastern and northern peoples: Bardaisan of Edessa and Philippos' Book of the Laws of Countries (second-third centuries CE)

Europeans and Asians: "Hippokrates" on humoural and environmental theories (fifth century BCE)

Germans and Scythians: Seneca on enduring hardships and on anger (first century CE)

Germans: Julius Caesar (mid-first century BCE)

Germans: Philo of Alexandria on fighting the tides (first century CE)

Germans: Tacitus' Germania in full (late first century CE)

Getians, Dacians, and Scythians: Strabo (early first century CE)

Illyrians, Pannonians, and other peoples: Strabo (early first century CE)

Illyrians: Appian of Alexandria (mid-second century CE)

Illyrians: Theopompos on banquets (fourth century BCE)

Indians, Ethiopians, Celts, and Scythians: Ephoros on a four-fold division of the known world (mid-fourth century BCE)

Judeans, Syrians, Indians, and others: Porphyry of Tyre on abstinence from meat (third century CE)

Kimbrians / Germans: Poseidonios and Strabo refute stories about the tides (first century BCE)

Mediterranean peoples: Claudius Ptolemy on astrological effects on peoples (second century CE)

Mediterranean peoples: Pseudo-Skylax (fourth century BCE)

Mediterranean peoples: Pseudo-Skymnos' Voyage Around the Earth for Nikomedes in full (mid-second century BCE)

Mediterranean peoples: Sextus Empiricus draws on ethnographic material for philosophical aims (second-third centuries CE)

Mediterranean peoples: Vitruvius on the effects of climate (first century BCE)

Mysians / Moesians: Poseidonios on their identification and customs based on Homer (first century BCE)

Northern peoples: Antonios Diogenes' Wonders Beyond Thule and ethnographic fiction (second century CE / ninth century CE)

Parthians, Celts and Iberians or Germans: Scenes on the breastplate of the "Augustus of Prima Porta" (early first century CE)

Physiognomy and ethnicity: Polemon as summarized by Adamantius (second / fifth centuries CE)

Physiognomy and ethnicity: Pseudo-Aristotle (third century BCE)

Pontic peoples: Tertullian on the Pontic "barbarian" Marcion (late second century CE)

Sarmatians: Tacitus on ferocity and laziness in military situations (early second century CE)

Scythian and barbarian wisdom: Diogenes of Laertes (early third century CE)

Scythian and Thracian diasporas: Inscriptional evidence

Scythian wisdom: Letters of Anacharsis (mid-third century BCE)

Scythians and barbarians: Colossians and others on ritual recitations (late first or early second century CE)

Scythians and other northern peoples: Ephoros (mid-fourth century BCE)

Scythians and other Pontic peoples: Herodotos (fifth century BCE)

Scythians, Amazons, and Hyperboreans: Diodoros on some northerners (mid-first century BCE)

Scythians, Amazons, and Persians: Isokrates on the superiority of the Athenian people (early fourth century BCE)

Scythians: Greek depictions of Scythian archers on Attic pottery (sixth century BCE)

Scythians: Klearchos of Soloi (fourth century BCE)

Scythians: Pompeius Trogus on Scythian superiority (first century BCE)

Thracians: Tacitus on their uncivilized and wild nature (early second century CE)

Various peoples: Herodotos on the mixed composition of the Persian army under Xerxes (fifth century BCE)

(b) Southern peoples

Carthaginians: Appian of Alexandria (mid-second century CE)

Chaldeans, Greeks, Egyptians, and Judeans: Aristides of Athens (second century CE)

Egyptian diasporas: Inscriptional evidence

Egyptian perspectives: Chairemon on Egyptian temple functionaries (first century CE)

Egyptian perspectives: Manetho on Egyptian Matters (early third century BCE)

Egyptian wisdom: Lucian's story about Eukrates and Pankrates (late second century CE)

Egyptian wisdom: Plato on Solon, the Egyptian priest, and Atlantis (mid-fourth century BCE)

Egyptian wisdom: Thessalos (first or second century CE)

Egyptians: Herodotos (fifth century BCE)

Egyptians: Josephos on animal worship (late first century CE)

Ethnic diversity in Libya / Africa: Sallust on legends of migration (mid-first century BCE)

Kretans, Spartans, Carthaginians, and Romans: Polybios on superior and inferior societal organization (second century BCE)

Libyans / Africans: Sallust (mid-first century BCE)

Libyans: Hanno the Carthaginian (fourth century BCE or earlier)

Mediterranean peoples: Claudius Ptolemy on astrological effects on peoples (second century CE)

Mediterranean peoples: Pseudo-Skylax (fourth century BCE)

Mediterranean peoples: Pseudo-Skymnos' Voyage Around the Earth for Nikomedes in full (mid-second century BCE)

Mediterranean peoples: Sextus Empiricus draws on ethnographic material for philosophical aims (second-third centuries CE)

Mediterranean peoples: Vitruvius on the effects of climate (first century BCE)

Physiognomy and ethnicity: Polemon as summarized by Adamantius (second / fifth centuries CE)

Physiognomy and ethnicity: Pseudo-Aristotle (third century BCE)

Various peoples: Herodotos on the mixed composition of the Persian army under Xerxes (fifth century BCE)

Arkadians: Polybios on an environmental theory of peoplehood (second century BCE)

Europeans and Asians: "Hippokrates" on humoural and environmental theories (fifth century BCE)

Europeans, Asians, and Greeks: Aristotle on environment, ethnic hierarchies, and slaves (fourth century BCE)

Iapygians and Tarentinians: Klearchos of Soloi (fourth century BCE)

Iberians: Appian of Alexandria (mid-second century CE)

Iberians: Artemidoros, Poseidonios, and others (second century BCE to first century CE)

Iberians: Pompeius Trogus (first century BCE)

Italian and Roman diasporas: Inscriptional evidence

Kretans, Spartans, Carthaginians, and Romans: Polybios on superior and inferior societal organization (second century BCE)

Mediterranean peoples: Claudius Ptolemy on astrological effects on peoples (second century CE)

Mediterranean peoples: Pseudo-Skylax (fourth century BCE)

Mediterranean peoples: Pseudo-Skymnos' Voyage Around the Earth for Nikomedes in full (mid-second century BCE)

Mediterranean peoples: Sextus Empiricus draws on ethnographic material for philosophical aims (second-third centuries CE)

Parthians, Celts and Iberians or Germans: Scenes on the breastplate of the "Augustus of Prima Porta" (early first century CE)

Physiognomy and ethnicity: Polemon as summarized by Adamantius (second / fifth centuries CE)

Western peoples beyond the pillars of Herakles (and up): Lucian's A True Story and ethnographic fiction (late second century CE)

(d) Eastern peoples

Arabians and Aramaians: Poseidonios on relations between eastern peoples (first century BCE)

Barbarian wisdom: Celsus and Origen of Alexandria (second-third centuries CE)

Barbarian wisdom: Ephoros on inventors (mid-fourth century BCE)

Barbarian wisdom: Poseidonios on inventors of the golden age (first century BCE)

Barbarian wisdom: Various authors and Clement of Alexandria (second century CE)

Britons, Armenians, Bessians, and others: Reliefs of subjugated peoples at Aphrodisias (first century CE)

Celts, Persians, and Amazons: Smaller statues of fighting and dying "barbarians" associated with Attalos of Pergamon (third-second century BCE / second century CE)

Chaldeans, Greeks, Egyptians, and Judeans: Aristides of Athens (second century CE)

Eastern and northern peoples: Bardaisan of Edessa and Philippos' Book of the Laws of Countries (second-third centuries CE)

Europeans and Asians: "Hippokrates" on humoural and environmental theories (fifth century BCE)

Europeans, Asians, and Greeks: Aristotle on environment, ethnic hierarchies, and slaves (fourth century BCE)

Indian and Judean wisdom: Klearchos citing Aristotle (fourth century BCE)

Indians, Ethiopians, Celts, and Scythians: Ephoros on a four-fold division of the known world (mid-fourth century BCE)

Indians: Diodoros on environment, customs and social organization (mid-first century BCE)

Indians: Nearchos, Megasthenes, and Arrian (fourth century BCE-second century CE)

Judean and Indian wisdom: Philo on the freedom of Essenes and Kalanos (early first century CE)

Judean and Israelite diasporas: Inscriptional evidence (second century BCE-third century CE)

Judean perspectives: Anonymous on Abraham's contributions (before the mid-first century BCE)

Judean perspectives: Artapanos on contributions by Abraham, Joseph, and Moses (second century BCE)

Judean perspectives: Eupolemos on contributions by Abraham and Moses (before the mid-first century BCE)

Judean perspectives: Josephos' Against Apion in full (late first century CE)

Judean perspectives: Philo on the superiority of Moses and Judean ancestral customs (first century CE)

Judean wisdom: Philo on the Therapeutists' lifestyle (first century CE)

Judean wisdom: Theophrastos on Judean philosophers (fourth century BCE)

Judeans, Syrians, Indians, and others: Porphyry of Tyre on abstinence from meat (third century CE)

Judeans: Agatharchides of Knidos on the Sabbath (second century BCE)

Judeans: Manetho, Chairemon, and Lysimachos on an alternative Exodus (third century BCE on)

Judeans: Mnaseas, Poseidonios, Apollonios Molon, Diodoros, and Apion on the statue of a donkey and on human sacrifice (second century BCE and on)

Judeans: Pliny the Elder and Julius Solinus on the Essenes beside the Dead Sea (first / third centuries CE)

Judeans: Poseidonios (?) and Strabo on decline after Moses (first century CE)

Judeans: Pseudo-Hekataios' On Judeans (before first century CE)

Judeans: Tacitus on Judean origins and customs (second century CE)

Lydians: Xanthos of Lydia and Klearchos of Soloi (fifth-fourth centuries BCE)

Mediterranean peoples: Claudius Ptolemy on astrological effects on peoples (second century CE)

Mediterranean peoples: Pseudo-Skylax (fourth century BCE)

Mediterranean peoples: Pseudo-Skymnos' Voyage Around the Earth for Nikomedes in full (mid-second century BCE)

Mediterranean peoples: Sextus Empiricus draws on ethnographic material for philosophical aims (second-third centuries CE)

Mediterranean peoples: Vitruvius on the effects of climate (first century BCE)

Parthians, Celts and Iberians or Germans: Scenes on the breastplate of the "Augustus of Prima Porta" (early first century CE)

Parthians, Libyans, Egyptians and others: Acts of the Apostles on legends of Judean migration (early second century CE)

Parthians: Poseidonios on royal banquets (first century BCE)

Parthians: Scenes from the Arch of Septimius Severus (early third century CE)

Persian wisdom: Aristoxenos of Tarentum on Pythagoras and Zoroaster (fourth century BCE)

Persian wisdom: Eudemos of Rhodes on Magians (fourth century BCE)

Persian wisdom: Plutarch's story about Kleombrotos' journeys (early second century CE)

Persian wisdom: Theopompos of Chios and Plutarch on Magians (fourth century BCE and later)

Persians and Medes: Herakleides of Kyme, Klearchos of Soloi, and others on royal banquets (fourth century BCE)

Phoenician perspectives: Philo of Byblos on Phoenician Matters (early second century CE)

Phoenician wisdom: Ampelius on Mochos of Sidon (early-third century CE)

Phoenician wisdom: Damascius on Eudemos of Rhodes and Mochos of Sidon (fourth century BCE)

Phoenician wisdom: Strabo and Poseidonios on Mochos of Sidon (first century BCE)

Phoenician, Egyptian and Babylonian wisdom: Porphyry of Tyre on Pythagoras (third century CE)

Phoenician, Egyptian and Persian wisdom: Iamblichos of Chalkis on Pythagoras (fourth century CE)

Phoenicians: Gospel of Mark on Jesus and a Syro-Phoenician woman (late first century CE)

Phoenicians: Herodotos (fifth century BCE)

Physiognomy and ethnicity: Polemon as summarized by Adamantius (second / fifth centuries CE)

Scythian and barbarian wisdom: Diogenes of Laertes (early third century CE)

Scythians, Amazons, and Persians: Isokrates on the superiority of the Athenian people (early fourth century BCE)

Syrian and Phoenician diasporas: Inscriptional evidence

Syrian perspectives: Lucian of Samosata on The Syrian Goddess in full (mid-second century CE)

Various peoples: Herodotos on the mixed composition of the Persian army under Xerxes (fifth century BCE)

Aitolians / Aetolians (in Greece)

Aitolians: Ephoros on their origins and invincibility (mid-fourth century BCE)

Alexandrians (in Egypt)

Egyptian diasporas: Inscriptional evidence

Amazons (often considered Scythians)

Amazons: Greek artistic depictions of a female warrior people (fourth century BCE to second century CE)

Amazons: Strabo on their customs and northern location (first century CE)

Britons, Armenians, Bessians, and others: Reliefs of subjugated peoples at Aphrodisias (first century CE)

Celts, Persians, and Amazons: Smaller statues of fighting and dying "barbarians" associated with Attalos of Pergamon (third-second century BCE / second century CE)

Eastern and northern peoples: Bardaisan of Edessa and Philippos' Book of the Laws of Countries (second-third centuries CE)

Scythians and other northern peoples: Ephoros (mid-fourth century BCE)

Scythians and other Pontic peoples: Herodotos (fifth century BCE)

Scythians, Amazons, and Hyperboreans: Diodoros on some northerners (mid-first century BCE)

Scythians, Amazons, and Persians: Isokrates on the superiority of the Athenian people (early fourth century BCE)

Scythians: Pompeius Trogus on Scythian superiority (first century BCE)

Arabians

Arabians and Aramaians: Poseidonios on relations between eastern peoples (first century BCE)

Arabians: Diodoros on Nabateans and other Arabian peoples (mid-first century BCE)

Arabians: Herodotos (fifth century BCE)

Eastern and northern peoples: Bardaisan of Edessa and Philippos' Book of the Laws of Countries (second-third centuries CE)

Egyptians: Herodotos (fifth century BCE)

Ethnic diversity in Egypt: Inscriptional and papyrological evidence

Parthians, Libyans, Egyptians and others: Acts of the Apostles on legends of Judean migration (early second century CE)

Various peoples: Herodotos on the mixed composition of the Persian army under Xerxes (fifth century BCE)

Arkadians (in Greece)

Arkadians: Polybios on an environmental theory of peoplehood (second century BCE)

Pelasgian diasporas: Ephoros on legends of migration (mid-fourth century BCE)

Armenians

Arabians and Aramaians: Poseidonios on relations between eastern peoples (first century BCE)

Britons, Armenians, Bessians, and others: Reliefs of subjugated peoples at Aphrodisias (first century CE)

Ethnic diversity in Libya / Africa: Sallust on legends of migration (mid-first century BCE)

Judeans, Armenians, Dacians, Egyptians, and other peoples: Defeat, capture, and subjugation on Roman imperial coinage (first-fourth centuries CE)

Various peoples: Herodotos on the mixed composition of the Persian army under Xerxes (fifth century BCE)

Asians (general)

Europeans and Asians: "Hippokrates" on humoural and environmental theories (fifth century BCE)

Europeans, Asians, and Greeks: Aristotle on environment, ethnic hierarchies, and slaves (fourth century BCE)

Parthians, Libyans, Egyptians and others: Acts of the Apostles on legends of Judean migration (early second century CE)

Athenians

Egyptian wisdom: Plato on Solon, the Egyptian priest, and Atlantis (mid-fourth century BCE)

Kretans, Spartans, Carthaginians, and Romans: Polybios on superior and inferior societal organization (second century BCE)

Babylonians / Chaldeans

Arabians: Herodotos (fifth century BCE)

Babylonians: Diodoros on Chaldeans' astrology and divination (mid-first century BCE)

Barbarian wisdom: Celsus and Origen of Alexandria (second-third centuries CE)

Barbarian wisdom: Cornutus on early humanity's Stoic understanding of the cosmos (mid-first century CE)

Barbarian wisdom: Various authors and Clement of Alexandria (second century CE)

Chaldeans, Greeks, Egyptians, and Judeans: Aristides of Athens (second century CE)

Eastern and northern peoples: Bardaisan of Edessa and Philippos' Book of the Laws of Countries (second-third centuries CE)

Egyptians: Diodoros on the origins of civilization and on Egyptian views (mid-first century BCE)

Egyptians: Herodotos (fifth century BCE)

Judean perspectives: Josephos' Against Apion in full (late first century CE)

Judean, Indian, Babylonian, and Egyptian wisdom: Numenius the Platonic philosopher (mid-second century CE)

Judeans: Poseidonios (?) and Strabo on decline after Moses (first century CE)

Persian wisdom: Aristoxenos of Tarentum on Pythagoras and Zoroaster (fourth century BCE)

Phoenician, Egyptian and Babylonian wisdom: Porphyry of Tyre on Pythagoras (third century CE)

Phoenician, Egyptian and Persian wisdom: Iamblichos of Chalkis on Pythagoras (fourth century CE)

Scythian and barbarian wisdom: Diogenes of Laertes (early third century CE)

Various peoples: Herodotos on the mixed composition of the Persian army under Xerxes (fifth century BCE)

Baktrians / Bactrians

Eastern and northern peoples: Bardaisan of Edessa and Philippos' Book of the Laws of Countries (second-third centuries CE)

Judeans, Syrians, Indians, and others: Porphyry of Tyre on abstinence from meat (third century CE)

Various peoples: Herodotos on the mixed composition of the Persian army under Xerxes (fifth century BCE)

Bessians (subset of Thracians)

Britons, Armenians, Bessians, and others: Reliefs of subjugated peoples at Aphrodisias (first century CE)

Bithynians (in Asia Minor)

Various peoples: Herodotos on the mixed composition of the Persian army under Xerxes (fifth century BCE)

Boiotians / Boeotians (in Greece)

Boiotians: Ephoros on the superiority of Boiotia and on a Phoenician connection (mid-fourth century BCE)

Ethnic diversity in Egypt: Inscriptional and papyrological evidence

Phoenician diasporas: Ephoros on Kadmos and legends of migration to Boiotia (mid-fourth century BCE)

Britons / Britannians

Britons and Iernians (Irish): Julius Caesar, Pytheas, and Strabo on customs and cannibalism (early first century CE)

Britons, Armenians, Bessians, and others: Reliefs of subjugated peoples at Aphrodisias (first century CE)

Britons: Julius Caesar (mid-first century BCE)

Britons: Tacitus (late first century CE)

Eastern and northern peoples: Bardaisan of Edessa and Philippos' Book of the Laws of Countries (second-third centuries CE)

Carians (in Asia Minor)

Ethnic diversity in Egypt: Inscriptional and papyrological evidence

Carthaginians

Carthaginians: Appian of Alexandria (mid-second century CE)

Iberians: Pompeius Trogus (first century BCE)

Kretans, Spartans, Carthaginians, and Romans: Polybios on superior and inferior societal organization (second century BCE)

Libyans: Herodotos (fifth century BCE)

Mediterranean peoples: Sextus Empiricus draws on ethnographic material for philosophical aims (second-third centuries CE)

Celts / Gauls / Galatians

Barbarian wisdom: Cornutus on early humanity's Stoic understanding of the cosmos (mid-first century CE)

Barbarian wisdom: Various authors and Clement of Alexandria (second century CE)

Britons and Iernians (Irish): Julius Caesar, Pytheas, and Strabo on customs and cannibalism (early first century CE)

Britons: Julius Caesar (mid-first century BCE)

Britons: Tacitus (late first century CE)

Celts / Galatians: Polybios on the Celts' encounter with Rome and on his method in dealing with distant peoples (second century BCE)

Celts / Gauls: Julius Caesar (mid-first century BCE)

Celts / Gauls: Timagenes of Alexandria (first century BCE)

Celts and Germans: Plutarch’s ethnographic digressions in the Lives (early second century CE)

Celts and Ligurians: Strabo on peoples south of the Alps (early first century CE)

Celts, Persians, and Amazons: Smaller statues of fighting and dying "barbarians" associated with Attalos of Pergamon (third-second century BCE / second century CE)

Celts: Ephoros (mid-fourth century BCE)

Celts: Poseidonios and others on banqueting and violent customs (first century BCE)

Celts: Statues of dying Gauls / Galatians associated with Attalos I of Pergamon (late third century BCE / second century CE)

Celts: Strabo on peoples northwest of the Alps (early first century CE)

Eastern and northern peoples: Bardaisan of Edessa and Philippos' Book of the Laws of Countries (second-third centuries CE)

Ethnic diversity in Egypt: Inscriptional and papyrological evidence

Germans: Tacitus' Germania in full (late first century CE)

Iberians: Appian of Alexandria (mid-second century CE)

Iberians: Artemidoros, Poseidonios, and others (second century BCE to first century CE)

Indians, Ethiopians, Celts, and Scythians: Ephoros on a four-fold division of the known world (mid-fourth century BCE)

Mediterranean peoples: Sextus Empiricus draws on ethnographic material for philosophical aims (second-third centuries CE)

Parthians, Celts and Iberians or Germans: Scenes on the breastplate of the "Augustus of Prima Porta" (early first century CE)

Physiognomy and ethnicity: Polemon as summarized by Adamantius (second / fifth centuries CE)

Scythian and barbarian wisdom: Diogenes of Laertes (early third century CE)

Christians / Jesus adherents

Chaldeans, Greeks, Egyptians, and Judeans: Aristides of Athens (second century CE)

Eastern and northern peoples: Bardaisan of Edessa and Philippos' Book of the Laws of Countries (second-third centuries CE)

Dorians (Greeks)

Various peoples: Herodotos on the mixed composition of the Persian army under Xerxes (fifth century BCE)

Egyptians

Barbarian wisdom: Celsus and Origen of Alexandria (second-third centuries CE)

Barbarian wisdom: Ephoros on inventors (mid-fourth century BCE)

Barbarian wisdom: Various authors and Clement of Alexandria (second century CE)

Chaldeans, Greeks, Egyptians, and Judeans: Aristides of Athens (second century CE)

Egyptian diasporas: Inscriptional evidence

Egyptian diasporas: Legends of migration concerning Hyksos and Judeans (late fourth century BCE and on)

Egyptian perspectives: Chairemon on Egyptian temple functionaries (first century CE)

Egyptian perspectives: Manetho on Egyptian Matters (early third century BCE)

Egyptian wisdom: Lucian's story about Eukrates and Pankrates (late second century CE)

Egyptian wisdom: Plato on Solon, the Egyptian priest, and Atlantis (mid-fourth century BCE)

Egyptian wisdom: Thessalos (first or second century CE)

Egyptians and Canaanites: Wisdom of Solomon on worship of animals and images (first century BCE)

Egyptians: Diodoros on the origins of civilization and on Egyptian views (mid-first century BCE)

Egyptians: Herodotos (fifth century BCE)

Egyptians: Josephos on animal worship (late first century CE)

Ethiopians: Diodoros on their claims, appearance, and customs (mid-first century BCE)

Indian wisdom: Philostratos on Apollonios of Tyana's journeys to barbarian lands (early third century CE)

Judean perspectives: Josephos' Against Apion in full (late first century CE)

Judean, Indian, Babylonian, and Egyptian wisdom: Numenius the Platonic philosopher (mid-second century CE)

Judeans, Armenians, Dacians, Egyptians, and other peoples: Defeat, capture, and subjugation on Roman imperial coinage (first-fourth centuries CE)

Judeans, Syrians, Indians, and others: Porphyry of Tyre on abstinence from meat (third century CE)

Judeans: Tacitus on Judean origins and customs (second century CE)

Libyans: Herodotos (fifth century BCE)

Mediterranean peoples: Sextus Empiricus draws on ethnographic material for philosophical aims (second-third centuries CE)

Persians and Medes: Herodotos (mid-fifth century BCE)

Phoenician perspectives: Philo of Byblos on Phoenician Matters (early second century CE)

Phoenician, Egyptian and Babylonian wisdom: Porphyry of Tyre on Pythagoras (third century CE)

Phoenician, Egyptian and Persian wisdom: Iamblichos of Chalkis on Pythagoras (fourth century CE)

Phoenicians: Herodotos (fifth century BCE)

Physiognomy and ethnicity: Polemon as summarized by Adamantius (second / fifth centuries CE)

Physiognomy and ethnicity: Pseudo-Aristotle (third century BCE)

Eleians (in Greece)

Aitolians: Ephoros on their origins and invincibility (mid-fourth century BCE)

Ethiopians

Egyptians: Herodotos (fifth century BCE)

Ethiopians: Diodoros on their claims, appearance, and customs (mid-first century BCE)

Indian wisdom: Philostratos on Apollonios of Tyana's journeys to barbarian lands (early third century CE)

Indians, Ethiopians, Celts, and Scythians: Ephoros on a four-fold division of the known world (mid-fourth century BCE)

Libyans: Hanno the Carthaginian (fourth century BCE or earlier)

Libyans: Herodotos (fifth century BCE)

Mediterranean peoples: Claudius Ptolemy on astrological effects on peoples (second century CE)

Phoenicians: Herodotos (fifth century BCE)

Physiognomy and ethnicity: Pseudo-Aristotle (third century BCE)

Various peoples: Herodotos on the mixed composition of the Persian army under Xerxes (fifth century BCE)

Europeans (general)

Europeans, Asians, and Greeks: Aristotle on environment, ethnic hierarchies, and slaves (fourth century BCE)

Gelians (on the Caspian Sea)

Eastern and northern peoples: Bardaisan of Edessa and Philippos' Book of the Laws of Countries (second-third centuries CE)

Georgians

Getians, Dacians, and Scythians: Strabo (early first century CE)

Germanic peoples (broad category)

Barbarian wisdom: Various authors and Clement of Alexandria (second century CE)

Celts and Germans: Plutarch’s ethnographic digressions in the Lives (early second century CE)

Celts: Ephoros (mid-fourth century BCE)

Celts: Strabo on peoples northwest of the Alps (early first century CE)

Eastern and northern peoples: Bardaisan of Edessa and Philippos' Book of the Laws of Countries (second-third centuries CE)

Germans and Scythians: Seneca on enduring hardships and on anger (first century CE)

Germans: Julius Caesar (mid-first century BCE)

Germans: Philo of Alexandria on fighting the tides (first century CE)

Germans: Tacitus' Germania in full (late first century CE)

Judeans, Armenians, Dacians, Egyptians, and other peoples: Defeat, capture, and subjugation on Roman imperial coinage (first-fourth centuries CE)

Kimbrians / Germans: Poseidonios and Strabo refute stories about the tides (first century BCE)

Mediterranean peoples: Sextus Empiricus draws on ethnographic material for philosophical aims (second-third centuries CE)

Parthians, Celts and Iberians or Germans: Scenes on the breastplate of the "Augustus of Prima Porta" (early first century CE)

Getians / Dacians (northern Thracians)

Britons, Armenians, Bessians, and others: Reliefs of subjugated peoples at Aphrodisias (first century CE)

Dacians and Sarmatians: Reliefs on "Trajan's Trophy" at Adamclisi, Romania (early second century CE)

Dacians: Reliefs on "Trajan's Column" at Rome celebrating subjugation (early second century CE)

Getians, Dacians, and Scythians: Strabo (early first century CE)

Judeans, Armenians, Dacians, Egyptians, and other peoples: Defeat, capture, and subjugation on Roman imperial coinage (first-fourth centuries CE)

Northern peoples: Antonios Diogenes' Wonders Beyond Thule and ethnographic fiction (second century CE / ninth century CE)

Scythians and other Pontic peoples: Herodotos (fifth century BCE)

Greeks (broad category)

Aitolians: Ephoros on their origins and invincibility (mid-fourth century BCE)

Barbarian wisdom: Cornutus on early humanity's Stoic understanding of the cosmos (mid-first century CE)

Boiotians: Ephoros on the superiority of Boiotia and on a Phoenician connection (mid-fourth century BCE)

Chaldeans, Greeks, Egyptians, and Judeans: Aristides of Athens (second century CE)

Eastern and northern peoples: Bardaisan of Edessa and Philippos' Book of the Laws of Countries (second-third centuries CE)

Egyptian wisdom: Plato on Solon, the Egyptian priest, and Atlantis (mid-fourth century BCE)

Egyptians: Diodoros on the origins of civilization and on Egyptian views (mid-first century BCE)

Egyptians: Herodotos (fifth century BCE)

Europeans, Asians, and Greeks: Aristotle on environment, ethnic hierarchies, and slaves (fourth century BCE)

Indian wisdom: Philostratos on Apollonios of Tyana's journeys to barbarian lands (early third century CE)

Judean wisdom: Philo on the Therapeutists' lifestyle (first century CE)

Judeans, Syrians, Indians, and others: Porphyry of Tyre on abstinence from meat (third century CE)

Kretans: Ephoros on Kretan civic organization and customs (mid-fourth century BCE)

Kretans: Stereotypes in the letter to Titus (early second century CE)

Libyans: Herodotos (fifth century BCE)

Mediterranean peoples: Claudius Ptolemy on astrological effects on peoples (second century CE)

Mediterranean peoples: Sextus Empiricus draws on ethnographic material for philosophical aims (second-third centuries CE)

Parthians, Libyans, Egyptians and others: Acts of the Apostles on legends of Judean migration (early second century CE)

Pelasgian diasporas: Ephoros on legends of migration (mid-fourth century BCE)

Persians and Medes: Herodotos (mid-fifth century BCE)

Physiognomy and ethnicity: Polemon as summarized by Adamantius (second / fifth centuries CE)

Scythian wisdom: Letters of Anacharsis (mid-third century BCE)

Scythians, Amazons, and Persians: Isokrates on the superiority of the Athenian people (early fourth century BCE)

Syrian perspectives: Lucian of Samosata on The Syrian Goddess in full (mid-second century CE)

Hyksos (in Egypt)

Egyptian perspectives: Manetho on Egyptian Matters (early third century BCE)

Hyperboreans

Scythians, Amazons, and Hyperboreans: Diodoros on some northerners (mid-first century BCE)

Iapygians (in southern Italy)

Iapygians and Tarentinians: Klearchos of Soloi (fourth century BCE)

Iberians (in Spain)

Barbarian wisdom: Cornutus on early humanity's Stoic understanding of the cosmos (mid-first century CE)

Britons and Iernians (Irish): Julius Caesar, Pytheas, and Strabo on customs and cannibalism (early first century CE)

Ethnic diversity in Libya / Africa: Sallust on legends of migration (mid-first century BCE)

Iapygians and Tarentinians: Klearchos of Soloi (fourth century BCE)

Iberians: Appian of Alexandria (mid-second century CE)

Iberians: Artemidoros, Poseidonios, and others (second century BCE to first century CE)

Iberians: Pompeius Trogus (first century BCE)

Parthians, Celts and Iberians or Germans: Scenes on the breastplate of the "Augustus of Prima Porta" (early first century CE)

Idumeans

Ethnic diversity in Egypt: Inscriptional and papyrological evidence

Iernians (inhabitants of Ireland)

Britons and Iernians (Irish): Julius Caesar, Pytheas, and Strabo on customs and cannibalism (early first century CE)

Illyrians (north of Greece)

Getians, Dacians, and Scythians: Strabo (early first century CE)

Illyrians, Pannonians, and other peoples: Strabo (early first century CE)

Illyrians: Appian of Alexandria (mid-second century CE)

Illyrians: Theopompos on banquets (fourth century BCE)

Indians

Barbarian wisdom: Various authors and Clement of Alexandria (second century CE)

Eastern and northern peoples: Bardaisan of Edessa and Philippos' Book of the Laws of Countries (second-third centuries CE)

Indian and Judean wisdom: Klearchos citing Aristotle (fourth century BCE)

Indian wisdom: Nearchos, Megasthenes, and Arrian on the sages Dandamis and Kalanos (fourth century BCE-second century CE)

Indian wisdom: Philostratos on Apollonios of Tyana's journeys to barbarian lands (early third century CE)

Indians, Ethiopians, Celts, and Scythians: Ephoros on a four-fold division of the known world (mid-fourth century BCE)

Indians: Diodoros on environment, customs and social organization (mid-first century BCE)

Indians: Iamboulos and Diodoros on a utopian island beyond India (mid-first century BCE)

Indians: Nearchos, Megasthenes, and Arrian (fourth century BCE-second century CE)

Judean and Indian wisdom: Philo on the freedom of Essenes and Kalanos (early first century CE)

Judean, Indian, Babylonian, and Egyptian wisdom: Numenius the Platonic philosopher (mid-second century CE)

Judeans, Syrians, Indians, and others: Porphyry of Tyre on abstinence from meat (third century CE)

Judeans: Poseidonios (?) and Strabo on decline after Moses (first century CE)

Libyans: Herodotos (fifth century BCE)

Mediterranean peoples: Sextus Empiricus draws on ethnographic material for philosophical aims (second-third centuries CE)

Scythian and barbarian wisdom: Diogenes of Laertes (early third century CE)

Various peoples: Herodotos on the mixed composition of the Persian army under Xerxes (fifth century BCE)

Ionians (in Asia Minor)

Egyptians: Herodotos (fifth century BCE)

Physiognomy and ethnicity: Polemon as summarized by Adamantius (second / fifth centuries CE)

Various peoples: Herodotos on the mixed composition of the Persian army under Xerxes (fifth century BCE)

Judeans / Israelites

Barbarian wisdom: Celsus and Origen of Alexandria (second-third centuries CE)

Barbarian wisdom: Various authors and Clement of Alexandria (second century CE)

Chaldeans, Greeks, Egyptians, and Judeans: Aristides of Athens (second century CE)

Eastern and northern peoples: Bardaisan of Edessa and Philippos' Book of the Laws of Countries (second-third centuries CE)

Egyptian diasporas: Legends of migration concerning Hyksos and Judeans (late fourth century BCE and on)

Egyptians: Diodoros on the origins of civilization and on Egyptian views (mid-first century BCE)

Egyptians: Josephos on animal worship (late first century CE)

Ethnic diversity in Egypt: Inscriptional and papyrological evidence

Indian and Judean wisdom: Klearchos citing Aristotle (fourth century BCE)

Judean and Indian wisdom: Philo on the freedom of Essenes and Kalanos (early first century CE)

Judean and Israelite diasporas: Inscriptional evidence (second century BCE-third century CE)

Judean perspectives: Anonymous on Abraham's contributions (before the mid-first century BCE)

Judean perspectives: Artapanos on contributions by Abraham, Joseph, and Moses (second century BCE)

Judean perspectives: Eupolemos on contributions by Abraham and Moses (before the mid-first century BCE)

Judean perspectives: Josephos' Against Apion in full (late first century CE)

Judean perspectives: Philo on the superiority of Moses and Judean ancestral customs (first century CE)

Judean wisdom: Philo on the Therapeutists' lifestyle (first century CE)

Judean wisdom: Theophrastos on Judean philosophers (fourth century BCE)

Judean, Indian, Babylonian, and Egyptian wisdom: Numenius the Platonic philosopher (mid-second century CE)

Judeans, Armenians, Dacians, Egyptians, and other peoples: Defeat, capture, and subjugation on Roman imperial coinage (first-fourth centuries CE)

Judeans, Syrians, Indians, and others: Porphyry of Tyre on abstinence from meat (third century CE)

Judeans: Agatharchides of Knidos on the Sabbath (second century BCE)

Judeans: Mnaseas, Poseidonios, Apollonios Molon, Diodoros, and Apion on the statue of a donkey and on human sacrifice (second century BCE and on)

Judeans: Pliny the Elder and Julius Solinus on the Essenes beside the Dead Sea (first / third centuries CE)

Judeans: Pseudo-Hekataios' On Judeans (before first century CE)

Judeans: Tacitus on Judean origins and customs (second century CE)

Mediterranean peoples: Sextus Empiricus draws on ethnographic material for philosophical aims (second-third centuries CE)

Kilikians / Cilicians (in Asia Minor)

Ethnic diversity in Egypt: Inscriptional and papyrological evidence

Mediterranean peoples: Sextus Empiricus draws on ethnographic material for philosophical aims (second-third centuries CE)

Various peoples: Herodotos on the mixed composition of the Persian army under Xerxes (fifth century BCE)

Kimbrians (Germanic)

Celts and Germans: Plutarch’s ethnographic digressions in the Lives (early second century CE)

Kimbrians / Germans: Poseidonios and Strabo refute stories about the tides (first century BCE)

Kimmerians / Cimmerians (subset of Scythians)

Northern peoples: Antonios Diogenes' Wonders Beyond Thule and ethnographic fiction (second century CE / ninth century CE)

Kolchians (in the Caucasus mountains)

Egyptians: Diodoros on the origins of civilization and on Egyptian views (mid-first century BCE)

Egyptians: Herodotos (fifth century BCE)

Persians and Medes: Herodotos (mid-fifth century BCE)

Scythian and Thracian diasporas: Inscriptional evidence

Various peoples: Herodotos on the mixed composition of the Persian army under Xerxes (fifth century BCE)

Kretans / Cretans

Egyptian diasporas: Legends of migration concerning Hyksos and Judeans (late fourth century BCE and on)

Judeans, Syrians, Indians, and others: Porphyry of Tyre on abstinence from meat (third century CE)

Kretans, Spartans, Carthaginians, and Romans: Polybios on superior and inferior societal organization (second century BCE)

Kretans: Ephoros on Kretan civic organization and customs (mid-fourth century BCE)

Kretans: Stereotypes in the letter to Titus (early second century CE)

Parthians, Libyans, Egyptians and others: Acts of the Apostles on legends of Judean migration (early second century CE)

Kynaitheans (in Arkadia Greece)

Arkadians: Polybios on an environmental theory of peoplehood (second century BCE)

Kyprians / Cyprians

Various peoples: Herodotos on the mixed composition of the Persian army under Xerxes (fifth century BCE)

Kyrenaians / Cyrenaeans (in Libya)

Libyans: Herodotos (fifth century BCE)

Scythians and other Pontic peoples: Herodotos (fifth century BCE)

Various peoples: Herodotos on the mixed composition of the Persian army under Xerxes (fifth century BCE)

Libyans / Africans

Barbarian wisdom: Cornutus on early humanity's Stoic understanding of the cosmos (mid-first century CE)

Egyptians: Herodotos (fifth century BCE)

Ethnic diversity in Libya / Africa: Sallust on legends of migration (mid-first century BCE)

Libyans / Africans: Sallust (mid-first century BCE)

Libyans: Hanno the Carthaginian (fourth century BCE or earlier)

Libyans: Herodotos (fifth century BCE)

Mediterranean peoples: Sextus Empiricus draws on ethnographic material for philosophical aims (second-third centuries CE)

Parthians, Libyans, Egyptians and others: Acts of the Apostles on legends of Judean migration (early second century CE)

Physiognomy and ethnicity: Polemon as summarized by Adamantius (second / fifth centuries CE)

Various peoples: Herodotos on the mixed composition of the Persian army under Xerxes (fifth century BCE)

Ligurians

Celts and Ligurians: Strabo on peoples south of the Alps (early first century CE)

Lydians (in Asia Minor)

Lydians: Xanthos of Lydia and Klearchos of Soloi (fifth-fourth centuries BCE)

Scythian wisdom: Letters of Anacharsis (mid-third century BCE)

Various peoples: Herodotos on the mixed composition of the Persian army under Xerxes (fifth century BCE)

Lykians / Lycians (in Asia Minor)

Ethnic diversity in Egypt: Inscriptional and papyrological evidence

Various peoples: Herodotos on the mixed composition of the Persian army under Xerxes (fifth century BCE)

Macedonians or Greco-Macedonians

Ethnic diversity in Egypt: Inscriptional and papyrological evidence

Massagetians (subset of Scythians)

Judeans, Syrians, Indians, and others: Porphyry of Tyre on abstinence from meat (third century CE)

Mediterranean peoples: Sextus Empiricus draws on ethnographic material for philosophical aims (second-third centuries CE)

Northern peoples: Antonios Diogenes' Wonders Beyond Thule and ethnographic fiction (second century CE / ninth century CE)

Mauritanians (in Africa)

Eastern and northern peoples: Bardaisan of Edessa and Philippos' Book of the Laws of Countries (second-third centuries CE)

Medes

Eastern and northern peoples: Bardaisan of Edessa and Philippos' Book of the Laws of Countries (second-third centuries CE)

Ethnic diversity in Libya / Africa: Sallust on legends of migration (mid-first century BCE)

Parthians, Libyans, Egyptians and others: Acts of the Apostles on legends of Judean migration (early second century CE)

Persians and Medes: Herakleides of Kyme, Klearchos of Soloi, and others on royal banquets (fourth century BCE)

Persians and Medes: Herodotos (mid-fifth century BCE)

Persians: Xenophon and an anonymous author on royal customs and Cyrus (early fourth century BCE / second century BCE)

Scythians and other Pontic peoples: Herodotos (fifth century BCE)

Scythians, Amazons, and Hyperboreans: Diodoros on some northerners (mid-first century BCE)

Mediterranean peoples

Eastern and northern peoples: Bardaisan of Edessa and Philippos' Book of the Laws of Countries (second-third centuries CE)

Mediterranean peoples: Claudius Ptolemy on astrological effects on peoples (second century CE)

Mediterranean peoples: Pseudo-Skylax (fourth century BCE)

Mediterranean peoples: Pseudo-Skymnos' Voyage Around the Earth for Nikomedes in full (mid-second century BCE)

Mediterranean peoples: Sextus Empiricus draws on ethnographic material for philosophical aims (second-third centuries CE)

Mediterranean peoples: Vitruvius on the effects of climate (first century BCE)

Various peoples: Herodotos on the mixed composition of the Persian army under Xerxes (fifth century BCE)

Mossynoikians (in Pontos)

Mossynoikians in Pontos: Xenophon and others on the "most barbarous" people (early fourth century BCE)

Mysians / Moesians

Getians, Dacians, and Scythians: Strabo (early first century CE)

Mysians / Moesians: Poseidonios on their identification and customs based on Homer (first century BCE)

Various peoples: Herodotos on the mixed composition of the Persian army under Xerxes (fifth century BCE)

Nabateans (subset of Arabians)

Arabians: Diodoros on Nabateans and other Arabian peoples (mid-first century BCE)

Arabians: Herodotos (fifth century BCE)

Nasamonians (Libyans)

Libyans: Herodotos (fifth century BCE)

Odrysians (in Thrace)

Barbarian wisdom: Various authors and Clement of Alexandria (second century CE)

Pannonians (northwest of Greece)

Illyrians, Pannonians, and other peoples: Strabo (early first century CE)

Paphlagonians (in northern Asia Minor)

Ethnic diversity in Egypt: Inscriptional and papyrological evidence

Various peoples: Herodotos on the mixed composition of the Persian army under Xerxes (fifth century BCE)

Parthians

Eastern and northern peoples: Bardaisan of Edessa and Philippos' Book of the Laws of Countries (second-third centuries CE)

Judeans, Armenians, Dacians, Egyptians, and other peoples: Defeat, capture, and subjugation on Roman imperial coinage (first-fourth centuries CE)

Parthians, Celts and Iberians or Germans: Scenes on the breastplate of the "Augustus of Prima Porta" (early first century CE)

Parthians, Libyans, Egyptians and others: Acts of the Apostles on legends of Judean migration (early second century CE)

Parthians: Poseidonios on royal banquets (first century BCE)

Parthians: Scenes from the Arch of Septimius Severus (early third century CE)

Pelasgians

Egyptians: Herodotos (fifth century BCE)

Libyans: Herodotos (fifth century BCE)

Pelasgian diasporas: Ephoros on legends of migration (mid-fourth century BCE)

Persians / Iranians

Arabians: Herodotos (fifth century BCE)

Barbarian wisdom: Various authors and Clement of Alexandria (second century CE)

Celts, Persians, and Amazons: Smaller statues of fighting and dying "barbarians" associated with Attalos of Pergamon (third-second century BCE / second century CE)

Eastern and northern peoples: Bardaisan of Edessa and Philippos' Book of the Laws of Countries (second-third centuries CE)

Ethnic diversity in Libya / Africa: Sallust on legends of migration (mid-first century BCE)

Judean and Indian wisdom: Philo on the freedom of Essenes and Kalanos (early first century CE)

Judeans, Syrians, Indians, and others: Porphyry of Tyre on abstinence from meat (third century CE)

Judeans: Poseidonios (?) and Strabo on decline after Moses (first century CE)

Libyans: Herodotos (fifth century BCE)

Mediterranean peoples: Sextus Empiricus draws on ethnographic material for philosophical aims (second-third centuries CE)

Persian wisdom: Aristoxenos of Tarentum on Pythagoras and Zoroaster (fourth century BCE)

Persian wisdom: Eudemos of Rhodes on Magians (fourth century BCE)

Persian wisdom: Plutarch's story about Kleombrotos' journeys (early second century CE)

Persian wisdom: Theopompos of Chios and Plutarch on Magians (fourth century BCE and later)

Persians and Medes: Herakleides of Kyme, Klearchos of Soloi, and others on royal banquets (fourth century BCE)

Persians and Medes: Herodotos (mid-fifth century BCE)

Persians: God Mithras as a Roman representation of a Persian (second century CE)

Persians: Xenophon and an anonymous author on royal customs and Cyrus (early fourth century BCE / second century BCE)

Phoenician, Egyptian and Persian wisdom: Iamblichos of Chalkis on Pythagoras (fourth century CE)

Scythian and barbarian wisdom: Diogenes of Laertes (early third century CE)

Scythians and other Pontic peoples: Herodotos (fifth century BCE)

Scythians, Amazons, and Hyperboreans: Diodoros on some northerners (mid-first century BCE)

Scythians, Amazons, and Persians: Isokrates on the superiority of the Athenian people (early fourth century BCE)

Various peoples: Herodotos on the mixed composition of the Persian army under Xerxes (fifth century BCE)

Phoenicians / Canaanites

Barbarian wisdom: Celsus and Origen of Alexandria (second-third centuries CE)

Barbarian wisdom: Ephoros on inventors (mid-fourth century BCE)

Barbarian wisdom: Porphyry of Tyre's Neoplatonic perspective (third century CE)

Boiotians: Ephoros on the superiority of Boiotia and on a Phoenician connection (mid-fourth century BCE)

Carthaginians: Appian of Alexandria (mid-second century CE)

Egyptians and Canaanites: Wisdom of Solomon on worship of animals and images (first century BCE)

Egyptians: Herodotos (fifth century BCE)

Iberians: Appian of Alexandria (mid-second century CE)

Iberians: Artemidoros, Poseidonios, and others (second century BCE to first century CE)

Indians: Nearchos, Megasthenes, and Arrian (fourth century BCE-second century CE)

Judean perspectives: Anonymous on Abraham's contributions (before the mid-first century BCE)

Judean perspectives: Eupolemos on contributions by Abraham and Moses (before the mid-first century BCE)

Judean perspectives: Josephos' Against Apion in full (late first century CE)

Judeans, Syrians, Indians, and others: Porphyry of Tyre on abstinence from meat (third century CE)

Kretans, Spartans, Carthaginians, and Romans: Polybios on superior and inferior societal organization (second century BCE)

Libyans / Africans: Sallust (mid-first century BCE)

Libyans: Hanno the Carthaginian (fourth century BCE or earlier)

Mediterranean peoples: Claudius Ptolemy on astrological effects on peoples (second century CE)

Mediterranean peoples: Pseudo-Skylax (fourth century BCE)

Mediterranean peoples: Pseudo-Skymnos' Voyage Around the Earth for Nikomedes in full (mid-second century BCE)

Phoenician diasporas: Ephoros on Kadmos and legends of migration to Boiotia (mid-fourth century BCE)

Phoenician perspectives: Philo of Byblos on Phoenician Matters (early second century CE)

Phoenician wisdom: Damascius on Eudemos of Rhodes and Mochos of Sidon (fourth century BCE)

Phoenician, Egyptian and Babylonian wisdom: Porphyry of Tyre on Pythagoras (third century CE)

Phoenicians: Gospel of Mark on Jesus and a Syro-Phoenician woman (late first century CE)

Phoenicians: Herodotos (fifth century BCE)

Scythians and other Pontic peoples: Herodotos (fifth century BCE)

Syrian and Phoenician diasporas: Inscriptional evidence

Syrian perspectives: Lucian of Samosata on The Syrian Goddess in full (mid-second century CE)

Various peoples: Herodotos on the mixed composition of the Persian army under Xerxes (fifth century BCE)

Phrygians (in Asia Minor)

Barbarian wisdom: Cornutus on early humanity's Stoic understanding of the cosmos (mid-first century CE)

Barbarian wisdom: Ephoros on inventors (mid-fourth century BCE)

Eastern and northern peoples: Bardaisan of Edessa and Philippos' Book of the Laws of Countries (second-third centuries CE)

Egyptians: Herodotos (fifth century BCE)

Parthians, Libyans, Egyptians and others: Acts of the Apostles on legends of Judean migration (early second century CE)

Various peoples: Herodotos on the mixed composition of the Persian army under Xerxes (fifth century BCE)

Piroustians (subset of Dacians)

Pisidians (in Asia Minor)

Ethnic diversity in Egypt: Inscriptional and papyrological evidence

Various peoples: Herodotos on the mixed composition of the Persian army under Xerxes (fifth century BCE)

Rhoxolanians (subset of Sarmatians)

Getians, Dacians, and Scythians: Strabo (early first century CE)

Sarmatians: Tacitus on ferocity and laziness in military situations (early second century CE)

Romans / Italians

Boiotians: Ephoros on the superiority of Boiotia and on a Phoenician connection (mid-fourth century BCE)

Celts / Galatians: Polybios on the Celts' encounter with Rome and on his method in dealing with distant peoples (second century BCE)

Eastern and northern peoples: Bardaisan of Edessa and Philippos' Book of the Laws of Countries (second-third centuries CE)

Iberians: Pompeius Trogus (first century BCE)

Italian and Roman diasporas: Inscriptional evidence

Kretans, Spartans, Carthaginians, and Romans: Polybios on superior and inferior societal organization (second century BCE)

Saracens

Eastern and northern peoples: Bardaisan of Edessa and Philippos' Book of the Laws of Countries (second-third centuries CE)

Sarmatians (sometimes a subset of Scythians)

Amazons: Greek artistic depictions of a female warrior people (fourth century BCE to second century CE)

Dacians and Sarmatians: Reliefs on "Trajan's Trophy" at Adamclisi, Romania (early second century CE)

Getians, Dacians, and Scythians: Strabo (early first century CE)

Judeans, Armenians, Dacians, Egyptians, and other peoples: Defeat, capture, and subjugation on Roman imperial coinage (first-fourth centuries CE)

Mediterranean peoples: Sextus Empiricus draws on ethnographic material for philosophical aims (second-third centuries CE)

Sarmatians: Tacitus on ferocity and laziness in military situations (early second century CE)

Sauromatians

Europeans and Asians: "Hippokrates" on humoural and environmental theories (fifth century BCE)

Mediterranean peoples: Pseudo-Skylax (fourth century BCE)

Scythians and other northern peoples: Ephoros (mid-fourth century BCE)

Scythians and other Pontic peoples: Herodotos (fifth century BCE)

Scythians / Pontic peoples (broad category)

Amazons: Greek artistic depictions of a female warrior people (fourth century BCE to second century CE)

Amazons: Strabo on their customs and northern location (first century CE)

Barbarian wisdom: Celsus and Origen of Alexandria (second-third centuries CE)

Barbarian wisdom: Ephoros on inventors (mid-fourth century BCE)

Barbarian wisdom: Poseidonios on inventors of the golden age (first century BCE)

Britons and Iernians (Irish): Julius Caesar, Pytheas, and Strabo on customs and cannibalism (early first century CE)

Celts and Germans: Plutarch’s ethnographic digressions in the Lives (early second century CE)

Celts, Persians, and Amazons: Smaller statues of fighting and dying "barbarians" associated with Attalos of Pergamon (third-second century BCE / second century CE)

Europeans and Asians: "Hippokrates" on humoural and environmental theories (fifth century BCE)

Europeans, Asians, and Greeks: Aristotle on environment, ethnic hierarchies, and slaves (fourth century BCE)

Germans and Scythians: Seneca on enduring hardships and on anger (first century CE)

Germans: Tacitus' Germania in full (late first century CE)

Getians, Dacians, and Scythians: Strabo (early first century CE)

Iberians: Artemidoros, Poseidonios, and others (second century BCE to first century CE)

Indians, Ethiopians, Celts, and Scythians: Ephoros on a four-fold division of the known world (mid-fourth century BCE)

Judeans, Syrians, Indians, and others: Porphyry of Tyre on abstinence from meat (third century CE)

Judeans: Poseidonios (?) and Strabo on decline after Moses (first century CE)

Mediterranean peoples: Claudius Ptolemy on astrological effects on peoples (second century CE)

Mediterranean peoples: Sextus Empiricus draws on ethnographic material for philosophical aims (second-third centuries CE)

Mossynoikians in Pontos: Xenophon and others on the "most barbarous" people (early fourth century BCE)

Mysians / Moesians: Poseidonios on their identification and customs based on Homer (first century BCE)

Northern peoples: Antonios Diogenes' Wonders Beyond Thule and ethnographic fiction (second century CE / ninth century CE)

Persians and Medes: Herodotos (mid-fifth century BCE)

Phoenicians: Herodotos (fifth century BCE)

Physiognomy and ethnicity: Polemon as summarized by Adamantius (second / fifth centuries CE)

Pontic peoples: Tertullian on the Pontic "barbarian" Marcion (late second century CE)

Sarmatians: Tacitus on ferocity and laziness in military situations (early second century CE)

Scythian and barbarian wisdom: Diogenes of Laertes (early third century CE)

Scythian and Thracian diasporas: Inscriptional evidence

Scythian wisdom: Letters of Anacharsis (mid-third century BCE)

Scythians and barbarians: Colossians and others on ritual recitations (late first or early second century CE)

Scythians and other northern peoples: Ephoros (mid-fourth century BCE)

Scythians and other Pontic peoples: Herodotos (fifth century BCE)

Scythians, Amazons, and Hyperboreans: Diodoros on some northerners (mid-first century BCE)

Scythians, Amazons, and Persians: Isokrates on the superiority of the Athenian people (early fourth century BCE)

Scythians: Greek depictions of Scythian archers on Attic pottery (sixth century BCE)

Scythians: Pompeius Trogus on Scythian superiority (first century BCE)

Various peoples: Herodotos on the mixed composition of the Persian army under Xerxes (fifth century BCE)

Serians (Chinese)

Eastern and northern peoples: Bardaisan of Edessa and Philippos' Book of the Laws of Countries (second-third centuries CE)

Sidonians (in Phoenicia)

Ethnic diversity in Egypt: Inscriptional and papyrological evidence

Spartans (in Greece)

Egyptians: Herodotos (fifth century BCE)

Europeans, Asians, and Greeks: Aristotle on environment, ethnic hierarchies, and slaves (fourth century BCE)

Germans and Scythians: Seneca on enduring hardships and on anger (first century CE)

Kretans, Spartans, Carthaginians, and Romans: Polybios on superior and inferior societal organization (second century BCE)

Kretans: Ephoros on Kretan civic organization and customs (mid-fourth century BCE)

Spartans / Lakedaimonians

Judeans, Syrians, Indians, and others: Porphyry of Tyre on abstinence from meat (third century CE)

Syrians / Assyrians / Aramaians

Arabians and Aramaians: Poseidonios on relations between eastern peoples (first century BCE)

Barbarian wisdom: Ephoros on inventors (mid-fourth century BCE)

Barbarian wisdom: Various authors and Clement of Alexandria (second century CE)

Boiotians: Ephoros on the superiority of Boiotia and on a Phoenician connection (mid-fourth century BCE)

Carthaginians: Appian of Alexandria (mid-second century CE)

Egyptians: Herodotos (fifth century BCE)

Ethnic diversity in Egypt: Inscriptional and papyrological evidence

Ethnic diversity in Libya / Africa: Sallust on legends of migration (mid-first century BCE)

Indian and Judean wisdom: Klearchos citing Aristotle (fourth century BCE)

Judean perspectives: Josephos' Against Apion in full (late first century CE)

Judean wisdom: Theophrastos on Judean philosophers (fourth century BCE)

Judeans, Syrians, Indians, and others: Porphyry of Tyre on abstinence from meat (third century CE)

Judeans: Poseidonios (?) and Strabo on decline after Moses (first century CE)

Mediterranean peoples: Sextus Empiricus draws on ethnographic material for philosophical aims (second-third centuries CE)

Parthians: Scenes from the Arch of Septimius Severus (early third century CE)

Phoenician diasporas: Ephoros on Kadmos and legends of migration to Boiotia (mid-fourth century BCE)

Phoenician perspectives: Philo of Byblos on Phoenician Matters (early second century CE)

Phoenician wisdom: Damascius on Eudemos of Rhodes and Mochos of Sidon (fourth century BCE)

Phoenician wisdom: Strabo and Poseidonios on Mochos of Sidon (first century BCE)

Phoenician, Egyptian and Babylonian wisdom: Porphyry of Tyre on Pythagoras (third century CE)

Phoenician, Egyptian and Persian wisdom: Iamblichos of Chalkis on Pythagoras (fourth century CE)

Phoenicians: Gospel of Mark on Jesus and a Syro-Phoenician woman (late first century CE)

Phoenicians: Herodotos (fifth century BCE)

Scythians and other Pontic peoples: Herodotos (fifth century BCE)

Scythians, Amazons, and Hyperboreans: Diodoros on some northerners (mid-first century BCE)

Syrian and Phoenician diasporas: Inscriptional evidence

Syrian perspectives: Lucian of Samosata on The Syrian Goddess in full (mid-second century CE)

Various peoples: Herodotos on the mixed composition of the Persian army under Xerxes (fifth century BCE)

Tarentinians (southern Italy)

Iapygians and Tarentinians: Klearchos of Soloi (fourth century BCE)

Taurians (north of the Black Sea)

Mediterranean peoples: Pseudo-Skylax (fourth century BCE)

Mediterranean peoples: Sextus Empiricus draws on ethnographic material for philosophical aims (second-third centuries CE)

Scythians and other Pontic peoples: Herodotos (fifth century BCE)

Thebans (in Greece)

Kretans, Spartans, Carthaginians, and Romans: Polybios on superior and inferior societal organization (second century BCE)

Thracians (broad category)

Barbarian wisdom: Celsus and Origen of Alexandria (second-third centuries CE)

Barbarian wisdom: Various authors and Clement of Alexandria (second century CE)

Dacians and Sarmatians: Reliefs on "Trajan's Trophy" at Adamclisi, Romania (early second century CE)

Dacians: Reliefs on "Trajan's Column" at Rome celebrating subjugation (early second century CE)

Ethnic diversity in Egypt: Inscriptional and papyrological evidence

Getians, Dacians, and Scythians: Strabo (early first century CE)

Mediterranean peoples: Sextus Empiricus draws on ethnographic material for philosophical aims (second-third centuries CE)

Mysians / Moesians: Poseidonios on their identification and customs based on Homer (first century BCE)

Northern peoples: Antonios Diogenes' Wonders Beyond Thule and ethnographic fiction (second century CE / ninth century CE)

Scythian and Thracian diasporas: Inscriptional evidence

Scythian wisdom: Letters of Anacharsis (mid-third century BCE)

Scythians: Klearchos of Soloi (fourth century BCE)

Thracians: Tacitus on their uncivilized and wild nature (early second century CE)

Various peoples: Herodotos on the mixed composition of the Persian army under Xerxes (fifth century BCE)

Thulians (legendary)

Northern peoples: Antonios Diogenes' Wonders Beyond Thule and ethnographic fiction (second century CE / ninth century CE)

Tyrrhenians (Etruscans)

Celts / Galatians: Polybios on the Celts' encounter with Rome and on his method in dealing with distant peoples (second century BCE)

Judeans: Poseidonios (?) and Strabo on decline after Moses (first century CE)

Northern peoples: Antonios Diogenes' Wonders Beyond Thule and ethnographic fiction (second century CE / ninth century CE)

(10) Ancient authors

Agatharchides (Greek)

Judeans: Agatharchides of Knidos on the Sabbath (second century BCE)

Aklepiades (Greek)

Judeans, Syrians, Indians, and others: Porphyry of Tyre on abstinence from meat (third century CE)

Alexander Polyhistor (Greek)

Barbarian wisdom: Various authors and Clement of Alexandria (second century CE)

Ampelius (Latin-speaking)

Phoenician wisdom: Ampelius on Mochos of Sidon (early-third century CE)

Anacharsis (i.e. Pseudo-Anacharsis)

Scythian wisdom: Letters of Anacharsis (mid-third century BCE)

Scythians and other northern peoples: Ephoros (mid-fourth century BCE)

Antonios Diogenes (Greek)

Northern peoples: Antonios Diogenes' Wonders Beyond Thule and ethnographic fiction (second century CE / ninth century CE)

Apion of Alexandria (Greek)

Judeans: Mnaseas, Poseidonios, Apollonios Molon, Diodoros, and Apion on the statue of a donkey and on human sacrifice (second century BCE and on)

Apollonios Molon of Rhodes (Greek)

Judeans: Mnaseas, Poseidonios, Apollonios Molon, Diodoros, and Apion on the statue of a donkey and on human sacrifice (second century BCE and on)

Appian of Alexandria (Greek)

Carthaginians: Appian of Alexandria (mid-second century CE)

Iberians: Appian of Alexandria (mid-second century CE)

Illyrians: Appian of Alexandria (mid-second century CE)

Aristoboulos (Greek)

Barbarian wisdom: Various authors and Clement of Alexandria (second century CE)

Aristotle (Greek)

Europeans, Asians, and Greeks: Aristotle on environment, ethnic hierarchies, and slaves (fourth century BCE)

Getians, Dacians, and Scythians: Strabo (early first century CE)

Indian and Judean wisdom: Klearchos citing Aristotle (fourth century BCE)

Physiognomy and ethnicity: Pseudo-Aristotle (third century BCE)

Aristoxenos (Greek)

Persian wisdom: Aristoxenos of Tarentum on Pythagoras and Zoroaster (fourth century BCE)

Arrian of Nikomedia (Greek)

Indian wisdom: Nearchos, Megasthenes, and Arrian on the sages Dandamis and Kalanos (fourth century BCE-second century CE)

Indians: Nearchos, Megasthenes, and Arrian (fourth century BCE-second century CE)

Artapanos (Judean)

Judean perspectives: Artapanos on contributions by Abraham, Joseph, and Moses (second century BCE)

Athenaios (Greek)

Barbarian wisdom: Ephoros on inventors (mid-fourth century BCE)

Celts: Poseidonios and others on banqueting and violent customs (first century BCE)

Iapygians and Tarentinians: Klearchos of Soloi (fourth century BCE)

Persians and Medes: Herakleides of Kyme, Klearchos of Soloi, and others on royal banquets (fourth century BCE)

Scythians: Klearchos of Soloi (fourth century BCE)

Bardaisan (Edessan / Christian)

Eastern and northern peoples: Bardaisan of Edessa and Philippos' Book of the Laws of Countries (second-third centuries CE)

Judeans, Syrians, Indians, and others: Porphyry of Tyre on abstinence from meat (third century CE)

Celsus (Greek)

Barbarian wisdom: Celsus and Origen of Alexandria (second-third centuries CE)

Chairemon (Egyptian)

Egyptian perspectives: Chairemon on Egyptian temple functionaries (first century CE)

Judeans, Syrians, Indians, and others: Porphyry of Tyre on abstinence from meat (third century CE)

Judeans: Manetho, Chairemon, and Lysimachos on an alternative Exodus (third century BCE on)

Chares of Mitylene (Greek)

Persians and Medes: Herakleides of Kyme, Klearchos of Soloi, and others on royal banquets (fourth century BCE)

Clement of Alexandria (Greek / Christian)

Barbarian wisdom: Various authors and Clement of Alexandria (second century CE)

Cornutus (Phoenician / Roman)

Barbarian wisdom: Cornutus on early humanity's Stoic understanding of the cosmos (mid-first century CE)

Damascius (Greek)

Phoenician wisdom: Damascius on Eudemos of Rhodes and Mochos of Sidon (fourth century BCE)

Demokritos (Greek)

Barbarian wisdom: Various authors and Clement of Alexandria (second century CE)

Dikaiarchos / Dicaearchus (Greek)

Judeans, Syrians, Indians, and others: Porphyry of Tyre on abstinence from meat (third century CE)

Dio Chrysostom of Prusa (Greek)

Barbarian wisdom: Dio of Prusa on barbarians' innate knowledge of god (late first century CE)

Diodoros of Sicily (Greek)

Arabians: Diodoros on Nabateans and other Arabian peoples (mid-first century BCE)

Babylonians: Diodoros on Chaldeans' astrology and divination (mid-first century BCE)

Barbarian wisdom: Ephoros on inventors (mid-fourth century BCE)

Ethiopians: Diodoros on their claims, appearance, and customs (mid-first century BCE)

Indians: Diodoros on environment, customs and social organization (mid-first century BCE)

Indians: Iamboulos and Diodoros on a utopian island beyond India (mid-first century BCE)

Judeans: Mnaseas, Poseidonios, Apollonios Molon, Diodoros, and Apion on the statue of a donkey and on human sacrifice (second century BCE and on)

Scythians, Amazons, and Hyperboreans: Diodoros on some northerners (mid-first century BCE)

Diogenes of Laertes (Greek)

Scythian and barbarian wisdom: Diogenes of Laertes (early third century CE)

Ephoros (Greek)

Aitolians: Ephoros on their origins and invincibility (mid-fourth century BCE)

Barbarian wisdom: Ephoros on inventors (mid-fourth century BCE)

Barbarian wisdom: Various authors and Clement of Alexandria (second century CE)

Boiotians: Ephoros on the superiority of Boiotia and on a Phoenician connection (mid-fourth century BCE)

Celts: Ephoros (mid-fourth century BCE)

Indians, Ethiopians, Celts, and Scythians: Ephoros on a four-fold division of the known world (mid-fourth century BCE)

Kimbrians / Germans: Poseidonios and Strabo refute stories about the tides (first century BCE)

Kretans, Spartans, Carthaginians, and Romans: Polybios on superior and inferior societal organization (second century BCE)

Mediterranean peoples: Pseudo-Skymnos' Voyage Around the Earth for Nikomedes in full (mid-second century BCE)

Pelasgian diasporas: Ephoros on legends of migration (mid-fourth century BCE)

Scythians and other northern peoples: Ephoros (mid-fourth century BCE)

Eudemos (Greek)

Persian wisdom: Eudemos of Rhodes on Magians (fourth century BCE)

Phoenician wisdom: Damascius on Eudemos of Rhodes and Mochos of Sidon (fourth century BCE)

Eudoxos (Greek)

Mediterranean peoples: Sextus Empiricus draws on ethnographic material for philosophical aims (second-third centuries CE)

Euphantos (Greek)

Judeans, Syrians, Indians, and others: Porphyry of Tyre on abstinence from meat (third century CE)

Eupolemos (Judean)

Judean perspectives: Eupolemos on contributions by Abraham and Moses (before the mid-first century BCE)

Eusebius (Greek)

Barbarian wisdom: Porphyry of Tyre's Neoplatonic perspective (third century CE)

Judean, Indian, Babylonian, and Egyptian wisdom: Numenius the Platonic philosopher (mid-second century CE)

Gaius Julius Solinus (Roman)

Judeans: Pliny the Elder and Julius Solinus on the Essenes beside the Dead Sea (first / third centuries CE)

Hekataios / pseudo-Hekataios (Greek)

Egyptians: Diodoros on the origins of civilization and on Egyptian views (mid-first century BCE)

Judeans: Pseudo-Hekataios' On Judeans (before first century CE)

Scythians, Amazons, and Hyperboreans: Diodoros on some northerners (mid-first century BCE)

Herakleides of Kyme (Greek)

Persians and Medes: Herakleides of Kyme, Klearchos of Soloi, and others on royal banquets (fourth century BCE)

Herodotos (Greek)

Barbarian wisdom: Various authors and Clement of Alexandria (second century CE)

Egyptians: Diodoros on the origins of civilization and on Egyptian views (mid-first century BCE)

Egyptians: Herodotos (fifth century BCE)

Ethiopians: Diodoros on their claims, appearance, and customs (mid-first century BCE)

Libyans: Herodotos (fifth century BCE)

Mediterranean peoples: Sextus Empiricus draws on ethnographic material for philosophical aims (second-third centuries CE)

Phoenicians: Herodotos (fifth century BCE)

Scythians and other Pontic peoples: Herodotos (fifth century BCE)

Various peoples: Herodotos on the mixed composition of the Persian army under Xerxes (fifth century BCE)

Herordoros (Greek)

Barbarian wisdom: Various authors and Clement of Alexandria (second century CE)

Hippokratic author (Greek)

Europeans and Asians: "Hippokrates" on humoural and environmental theories (fifth century BCE)

Homer (Greek)

Arabians and Aramaians: Poseidonios on relations between eastern peoples (first century BCE)

Getians, Dacians, and Scythians: Strabo (early first century CE)

Mysians / Moesians: Poseidonios on their identification and customs based on Homer (first century BCE)

Hypsikrates (Greek)

Amazons: Strabo on their customs and northern location (first century CE)

Iamblichos (Syrian)

Phoenician, Egyptian and Persian wisdom: Iamblichos of Chalkis on Pythagoras (fourth century CE)

Iamboulos

Indians: Iamboulos and Diodoros on a utopian island beyond India (mid-first century BCE)

Isokrates (Greek)

Scythians, Amazons, and Persians: Isokrates on the superiority of the Athenian people (early fourth century BCE)

Josephos (Judean)

Egyptian diasporas: Legends of migration concerning Hyksos and Judeans (late fourth century BCE and on)

Egyptians: Josephos on animal worship (late first century CE)

Indian and Judean wisdom: Klearchos citing Aristotle (fourth century BCE)

Judean perspectives: Josephos' Against Apion in full (late first century CE)

Judeans, Syrians, Indians, and others: Porphyry of Tyre on abstinence from meat (third century CE)

Judeans: Agatharchides of Knidos on the Sabbath (second century BCE)

Judeans: Manetho, Chairemon, and Lysimachos on an alternative Exodus (third century BCE on)

Julius Caesar (Roman)

Britons: Julius Caesar (mid-first century BCE)

Celts / Gauls: Julius Caesar (mid-first century BCE)

Germans: Julius Caesar (mid-first century BCE)

Kallisthenes (Greek)

Kretans, Spartans, Carthaginians, and Romans: Polybios on superior and inferior societal organization (second century BCE)

Klearchos / Clearchus (Greek)

Iapygians and Tarentinians: Klearchos of Soloi (fourth century BCE)

Indian and Judean wisdom: Klearchos citing Aristotle (fourth century BCE)

Lydians: Xanthos of Lydia and Klearchos of Soloi (fifth-fourth centuries BCE)

Persians and Medes: Herakleides of Kyme, Klearchos of Soloi, and others on royal banquets (fourth century BCE)

Scythians: Klearchos of Soloi (fourth century BCE)

Kleitarchos (Greek)

Amazons: Strabo on their customs and northern location (first century CE)

Kimbrians / Germans: Poseidonios and Strabo refute stories about the tides (first century BCE)

Ktesias (Greek)

Egyptians: Diodoros on the origins of civilization and on Egyptian views (mid-first century BCE)

Ethiopians: Diodoros on their claims, appearance, and customs (mid-first century BCE)

Lucian of Samosata (Syrian / Assyrian)

Syrian perspectives: Lucian of Samosata on The Syrian Goddess in full (mid-second century CE)

Western peoples beyond the pillars of Herakles (and up): Lucian's A True Story and ethnographic fiction (late second century CE)

Lucian of Samosata (Syrian)

Egyptian wisdom: Lucian's story about Eukrates and Pankrates (late second century CE)

Luke-Acts author

Parthians, Libyans, Egyptians and others: Acts of the Apostles on legends of Judean migration (early second century CE)

Lysimachos of Alexandria (Greek)

Egyptian diasporas: Legends of migration concerning Hyksos and Judeans (late fourth century BCE and on)

Judeans: Manetho, Chairemon, and Lysimachos on an alternative Exodus (third century BCE on)

Manetho / pseudo-Manetho (Egyptian)

Egyptian diasporas: Legends of migration concerning Hyksos and Judeans (late fourth century BCE and on)

Egyptian perspectives: Manetho on Egyptian Matters (early third century BCE)

Judeans: Manetho, Chairemon, and Lysimachos on an alternative Exodus (third century BCE on)

Megasthenes (Greek)

Barbarian wisdom: Various authors and Clement of Alexandria (second century CE)

Indian wisdom: Nearchos, Megasthenes, and Arrian on the sages Dandamis and Kalanos (fourth century BCE-second century CE)

Indians: Nearchos, Megasthenes, and Arrian (fourth century BCE-second century CE)

Metrodoros of Skepsis (Greek)

Amazons: Strabo on their customs and northern location (first century CE)

Mochos (Sidonian)

Phoenician wisdom: Ampelius on Mochos of Sidon (early-third century CE)

Neanthes (Greek)

Judeans, Syrians, Indians, and others: Porphyry of Tyre on abstinence from meat (third century CE)

Nearchos (Greek)

Indian wisdom: Nearchos, Megasthenes, and Arrian on the sages Dandamis and Kalanos (fourth century BCE-second century CE)

Indians: Nearchos, Megasthenes, and Arrian (fourth century BCE-second century CE)

Numenius of Apameia (Syrian / Roman)

Judean, Indian, Babylonian, and Egyptian wisdom: Numenius the Platonic philosopher (mid-second century CE)

Origen (Greek)

Barbarian wisdom: Celsus and Origen of Alexandria (second-third centuries CE)

Judean, Indian, Babylonian, and Egyptian wisdom: Numenius the Platonic philosopher (mid-second century CE)

Pallas (Greek)

Judeans, Syrians, Indians, and others: Porphyry of Tyre on abstinence from meat (third century CE)

Paul (Judean in the diaspora)

Philippos (Christian)

Eastern and northern peoples: Bardaisan of Edessa and Philippos' Book of the Laws of Countries (second-third centuries CE)

Philo of Alexandria (Judean)

Barbarian wisdom: Various authors and Clement of Alexandria (second century CE)

Germans: Philo of Alexandria on fighting the tides (first century CE)

Judean and Indian wisdom: Philo on the freedom of Essenes and Kalanos (early first century CE)

Judean perspectives: Philo on the superiority of Moses and Judean ancestral customs (first century CE)

Philo of Byblos (Phoenician)

Phoenician perspectives: Philo of Byblos on Phoenician Matters (early second century CE)

Philostratos (Greek)

Indian wisdom: Philostratos on Apollonios of Tyana's journeys to barbarian lands (early third century CE)

Phylarchos (Greek)

Celts: Poseidonios and others on banqueting and violent customs (first century BCE)

Plato (Greek)

Egyptian wisdom: Plato on Solon, the Egyptian priest, and Atlantis (mid-fourth century BCE)

Kretans, Spartans, Carthaginians, and Romans: Polybios on superior and inferior societal organization (second century BCE)

Pliny the Elder (Roman)

Judeans: Pliny the Elder and Julius Solinus on the Essenes beside the Dead Sea (first / third centuries CE)

Plutarch (Greek)

Celts and Germans: Plutarch’s ethnographic digressions in the Lives (early second century CE)

Persian wisdom: Theopompos of Chios and Plutarch on Magians (fourth century BCE and later)

Polybios (Greek)

Arkadians: Polybios on an environmental theory of peoplehood (second century BCE)

Celts / Galatians: Polybios on the Celts' encounter with Rome and on his method in dealing with distant peoples (second century BCE)

Celts and Ligurians: Strabo on peoples south of the Alps (early first century CE)

Kretans, Spartans, Carthaginians, and Romans: Polybios on superior and inferior societal organization (second century BCE)

Kretans: Ephoros on Kretan civic organization and customs (mid-fourth century BCE)

Pompeius Trogus (Gaul / Roman)

Scythians: Pompeius Trogus on Scythian superiority (first century BCE)

Porphyry (Syrian)

Barbarian wisdom: Porphyry of Tyre's Neoplatonic perspective (third century CE)

Judean wisdom: Theophrastos on Judean philosophers (fourth century BCE)

Judeans, Syrians, Indians, and others: Porphyry of Tyre on abstinence from meat (third century CE)

Phoenician, Egyptian and Babylonian wisdom: Porphyry of Tyre on Pythagoras (third century CE)

Poseidonios (Greek or Syrian)

Arabians and Aramaians: Poseidonios on relations between eastern peoples (first century BCE)

Barbarian wisdom: Poseidonios on inventors of the golden age (first century BCE)

Celts: Poseidonios and others on banqueting and violent customs (first century BCE)

Celts: Strabo on peoples northwest of the Alps (early first century CE)

Iberians: Artemidoros, Poseidonios, and others (second century BCE to first century CE)

Judeans: Mnaseas, Poseidonios, Apollonios Molon, Diodoros, and Apion on the statue of a donkey and on human sacrifice (second century BCE and on)

Judeans: Poseidonios (?) and Strabo on decline after Moses (first century CE)

Kimbrians / Germans: Poseidonios and Strabo refute stories about the tides (first century BCE)

Mysians / Moesians: Poseidonios on their identification and customs based on Homer (first century BCE)

Parthians: Poseidonios on royal banquets (first century BCE)

Phoenician wisdom: Strabo and Poseidonios on Mochos of Sidon (first century BCE)

Pseudo-Skylax (Greek)

Mediterranean peoples: Pseudo-Skylax (fourth century BCE)

Pseudo-Skymnos (Greek)

Indians, Ethiopians, Celts, and Scythians: Ephoros on a four-fold division of the known world (mid-fourth century BCE)

Mediterranean peoples: Pseudo-Skymnos' Voyage Around the Earth for Nikomedes in full (mid-second century BCE)

Scythians and other northern peoples: Ephoros (mid-fourth century BCE)

Sallust (Roman)

Ethnic diversity in Libya / Africa: Sallust on legends of migration (mid-first century BCE)

Libyans / Africans: Sallust (mid-first century BCE)

Sanchuniathon (Phoenician)

Phoenician perspectives: Philo of Byblos on Phoenician Matters (early second century CE)

Seneca the Younger (Roman)

Barbarian wisdom: Poseidonios on inventors of the golden age (first century BCE)

Germans and Scythians: Seneca on enduring hardships and on anger (first century CE)

Stephanos of Byzantion (Greek)

Scythians and other northern peoples: Ephoros (mid-fourth century BCE)

Strabo (Greek)

Arabians and Aramaians: Poseidonios on relations between eastern peoples (first century BCE)

Barbarian wisdom: Ephoros on inventors (mid-fourth century BCE)

Boiotians: Ephoros on the superiority of Boiotia and on a Phoenician connection (mid-fourth century BCE)

Britons and Iernians (Irish): Julius Caesar, Pytheas, and Strabo on customs and cannibalism (early first century CE)

Celts and Ligurians: Strabo on peoples south of the Alps (early first century CE)

Celts: Ephoros (mid-fourth century BCE)

Celts: Poseidonios and others on banqueting and violent customs (first century BCE)

Celts: Strabo on peoples northwest of the Alps (early first century CE)

Getians, Dacians, and Scythians: Strabo (early first century CE)

Iberians: Artemidoros, Poseidonios, and others (second century BCE to first century CE)

Illyrians, Pannonians, and other peoples: Strabo (early first century CE)

Indians, Ethiopians, Celts, and Scythians: Ephoros on a four-fold division of the known world (mid-fourth century BCE)

Judeans: Poseidonios (?) and Strabo on decline after Moses (first century CE)

Kimbrians / Germans: Poseidonios and Strabo refute stories about the tides (first century BCE)

Kretans: Ephoros on Kretan civic organization and customs (mid-fourth century BCE)

Mysians / Moesians: Poseidonios on their identification and customs based on Homer (first century BCE)

Pelasgian diasporas: Ephoros on legends of migration (mid-fourth century BCE)

Phoenician wisdom: Strabo and Poseidonios on Mochos of Sidon (first century BCE)

Tacitus (Roman)

Britons: Tacitus (late first century CE)

Egyptian diasporas: Legends of migration concerning Hyksos and Judeans (late fourth century BCE and on)

Germans: Tacitus' Germania in full (late first century CE)

Judeans: Tacitus on Judean origins and customs (second century CE)

Sarmatians: Tacitus on ferocity and laziness in military situations (early second century CE)

Thracians: Tacitus on their uncivilized and wild nature (early second century CE)

Tertullian of Carthage

Pontic peoples: Tertullian on the Pontic "barbarian" Marcion (late second century CE)

Theophanes of Mytilene

Amazons: Strabo on their customs and northern location (first century CE)

Theophrastos (Greek)

Judean wisdom: Theophrastos on Judean philosophers (fourth century BCE)

Judeans, Syrians, Indians, and others: Porphyry of Tyre on abstinence from meat (third century CE)

Theopompos (Greek)

Persian wisdom: Theopompos of Chios and Plutarch on Magians (fourth century BCE and later)

Theopompos of Chios (Greek)

Illyrians: Theopompos on banquets (fourth century BCE)

Thessalos (Greek)

Egyptian wisdom: Thessalos (first or second century CE)

Timagenes (Greek)

Celts / Gauls: Timagenes of Alexandria (first century BCE)

Vitruvius (Roman)

Mediterranean peoples: Vitruvius on the effects of climate (first century BCE)

Wisdom of Solomon author (Judean)

Egyptians and Canaanites: Wisdom of Solomon on worship of animals and images (first century BCE)

Xanthos of Lydia (Greek)

Lydians: Xanthos of Lydia and Klearchos of Soloi (fifth-fourth centuries BCE)

Xenophon of Athens (Greek)

Kretans, Spartans, Carthaginians, and Romans: Polybios on superior and inferior societal organization (second century BCE)

Mossynoikians in Pontos: Xenophon and others on the "most barbarous" people (early fourth century BCE)

Persians and Medes: Herakleides of Kyme, Klearchos of Soloi, and others on royal banquets (fourth century BCE)

Persians: Xenophon and an anonymous author on royal customs and Cyrus (early fourth century BCE / second century BCE)

(11) Scholarly articles on ethnic relations

Scholarly articles on ethnic relations and migration

Maps for locating places and peoples

(1) Digital Atlas of the Roman Empire
(2) Antiquity À-la-carte
(3) Near East under the Seleucids (showing some peoples)
(4) Roman Empire under Hadrian (showing some northern peoples)
(5) Pleiades (search ancient places)
(6) Google maps (search modern places)

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Ethnic Relations and Migration in the Ancient World: The Websites of Philip A. Harland

Portal to my podcast, websites, blog, and publications, providing an entryway into social and cultural life anong Greeks, Romans, Judeans, Christians, and others in ancient Mediterranean. Ethnicity, Diaspora, and relations among ethnic and minority groups is a focus.

Category Archives: (01) Non-dominant (“barbarian”) perspectives

Egyptian perspectives: Chairemon on Egyptian temple functionaries (first century CE)

Egyptian perspectives: Manetho on Egyptian Matters (early third century BCE)

Judean perspectives: Anonymous on Abraham’s contributions (before the mid-first century BCE)

Judean perspectives: Artapanos on contributions by Abraham, Joseph, and Moses (second century BCE)

Judean perspectives: Eupolemos on contributions by Abraham and Moses (before the mid-first century BCE)

Judean perspectives: Josephos’ Against Apion in full (late first century CE)

Judean perspectives: Philo on the superiority of Moses and Judean ancestral customs (first century CE)

Phoenician perspectives: Philo of Byblos on Phoenician Matters (early second century CE)

Syrian perspectives: Lucian of Samosata on The Syrian Goddess in full (mid-second century CE)