Diversity in Early Christianity (I-II C.E.): Christianity in Asia Minor
(Graduate course; Fall 2001)
Contact:
Philip A. Harland
Course description:
This course will explore the diversity of early Christian thought and practice by investigating various forms of Christianity traditionally called "heresies" in one particular region of the Roman empire, Asia Minor. In the process we will address theoretical and historiographical issues in the study of early Christianity, including problems with the concepts of "orthodoxy"/ "heresy". The course will identify various strands of Christianity in the first two centuries, paying special attention to the perspectives of Christian and Jewish-Christian opponents addressed in the literature. We will ask: What forms of Christianity do we encounter in literature from Asia Minor? How are these forms or groups related to one another? What are the key issues of debate among them? How might we plot these out on a "map" of early Christianity? Moreover, we can come to a better understanding of the varied nature and development of early Christian thought through consideration of concrete social-religious situations within Christian circles and particular authors' responses to these specific situations.
Books
Required (also on reserve at Webster library):
- Bible (modern translation: NRSV, NIV, NEB, Jerusalem)
- Walter Bauer, Orthodoxy and Heresy in Earliest Christianity. Mifflintown, PA: Sigler Press, 1996 [1971, 1934]
- James D.G. Dunn, Unity and Diversity in the New Testament: An Inquiry into the Character of Earliest Christianity. 2nd edition. Philadelphia: Trinity Press International, 1990 [1977].
- Dennis Ronald MacDonald, The Legend and the Apostle: The Battle for Paul in Story and Canon. Philadelphia: Westminster Press, 1983.
- Course pack (including both primary and secondary sources).
Recommended:
- Wayne A. Meeks, ed., HarperCollins Study Bible
- J.B. Lightfoot and J.R. Harmer, The Apostolic Fathers, 2nd edition. Revised and edited by Michael W. Holmes. Grand Rapids: Baker Book House, 1989.
Readings
Everyone is responsible for reading works listed for a particular week (under the "readings" heading), especially (1) the primary sources and (2) scholarly works marked with an asterisk (*). Come prepared for discussion. Our principal focus for discussion will be the primary sources (early Christian literature) and the opponents addressed in the literature specifically. Ongoing readings in Bauer and Dunn will help us to place our more specific discussions within broader contexts and scholarly debates. Works listed under the "additional materials" heading are required for the ones leading/presenting in that week (these may also be of help to others who wish to pursue a particular subject further); it is expected that other appropriate materials not listed will also be used by the discussion leader.
Full bibliographical information for readings (often including library locations) can be found in the attached select bibliography. Books available from Concordia libraries will be placed on reserve at Webster library, so that everyone will have ready access to them. Virtually all relevant journals can be found at McGill's McLennan library.
Evaluation:
- Seminar presentations, discussion leadership and participation (= 40%)
- Critical book review, due October 15 (6 pp. double-spaced = 20%); (Possible books for review are marked with a double asterisk ** in the bibliography.)
- Essay proposal and critical bibliography, due November 5 (5%)
- Major research paper, due December 10 (25-30 pp. = 35%)
___________________________________
Discussion schedule:
Unit 1: Orientation
Sept 10
Course overview: Methodological and conceptual preliminaries ("orthodoxy" and "heresy")
Readings: *Bauer 1996:xiix-xxv; *Dunn 1990:1-10; Simon 1979
Sept 17
Unity (Eusebius), duality (F.C. Baur) and plurality/diversity (Walter Bauer) in the historiography of early Christianity
Readings: *Eusebius in Hultgren and Haggmark 1996:40-42 (reserve at Webster); *F.C. Baur 1876:1-14, 250-307 (course pack); *Walter Bauer 1996 [1934]:1-60, 286-316 (+ scan through chapters to detect key points and flow of the overall argument)
Additional materials: Turner 1954:1-35 (reserve); Kümmel 1972:127-43 (reserve); Wisse 1986
Sept 24
Asia Minor: Geographical bearings and cultural contexts
Methods and problems in reconstructing the perspectives of opponents/"heresies"
Readings: *Thompson 1990:116-67 (reserve); *Barclay 1987 (+ Galatians); *Sumney 1990:77-120 (course pack)
Additional materials: Gunther 1973; Ellis 1975; Sumney 1999
Unit 2: Jewish trajectories
Oct 1
Paul, the opponents at Galatia and Jewish Christianity I:
Paul's relations with Jewish Christianity and the Jerusalem leadership (Paul vs. Peter?)
Gentiles in Judaism: Proselytes and god-fearers
Readings: Galatians 1-2 (+ collection passages); Acts 15; *Hill 1992:103-47 (reserve); *Cohen 1989 (also in Cohen 1999); Dunn 1990:235-266
Additional materials: Luedemann 1989 [1983]:1-62
Oct 8 Thanksgiving - no classes
Oct 15
Paul, the opponents at Galatia and Jewish Christianity II:
Paul and the situation in Galatia
Later Jewish forms of Christianity: "Ebionites"
Readings: Galatians; *Munck 1959:87-134 (course pack); *Howard 1990:xiii-xviv, 1-19 (reserve); Strecker in Bauer 1996:241-85; *Hultgren and Haggmark 1996:116-122 (reserve)
Additional materials: Crownfield 1945; Borgen 1980; Borgen 1982; Sumney 1999:134-59
Unit 3: Proto-gnostic ("docetic"), ascetic and other trajectories
Oct 22John and his opponents
Cerinthus and gnosticism
Readings: 1-3 John; *Hultgren and Haggmark 1996:34-36 (Cerinthus); *Brown 1982:47-115, 766-771 (reserve); *Painter 1993:437-64 (course pack); Wilson 1968:31-59 (reserve); Dunn 1990:267-308
Additional materials: Brown 1979 (reserve); Rudolph ("Gnosticism" in Anchor Bible Dictionary)
Oct 29
Ignatius and his "docetic"/ "judaizing" opponents
Readings: Ignatius' epistles (in Lightfoot and Harmer 1989; reserve); *Barrett 1976 (reserve); *Sumney 1993; Dunn 1990:103-123, 341-366; Bauer 1996:61-94
Additional materials: Donahue 1978; Schoedel 1980 (reserve); Maier 1991:147-97
Nov 5
Colossians and the "philosophy"
Readings: Colossians (+ Ephesians); *Bornkamm 1975 [1948] (course pack); *Schweizer 1988; Bauer 1996:95-129
Additional materials: Rowland 1983; DeMaris 1994 (esp. pp. 41-133)
Nov 12
Nov 19The Pastor and his opponents
Readings: 1-2 Timothy, Titus; *Towner 1987; *D.R. MacDonald 1983:13-77
Additional materials: Karris 1973; Sumney 1999:253-302
The Acts of Paul and Thecla and debates on the role of women
Readings: Acts of Paul (esp. Thecla episodes) (course pack); *D.R. MacDonald 1983:78-103; *M.Y. MacDonald 1996:127-182 (reserve)
Additional materials: Davies 1980:50-69; Burrus 1987:81-111 (reserve); P.W. Dunn 1993
Unit 4: Apocalyptic/prophetic trajectories
Nov 26
John's Apocalypse, the Nicolaitans/Jezebel and group-society relations
Readings: John's Apocalypse (Revelation) (esp. chs. 1-3, 13-18 + passages in 1-2 Kings); *Barrett 1983 (course pack); *Harland 2000; Collins 1985; Dunn 1990:309-340; Bauer 1996:130-194
Additional materials: Schüssler Fiorenza 1985:181-203 (reserve); Räisänen 1995
Dec 3
Montanism and the prophetic strand: Priscilla, Maximilla and Montanus
Diversity: Retrospect and discussion
Readings: *Hultgren and Haggmark 1996:127-135 (reserve); *Frend 1988; *Stewart-Sykes 1999; Bauer 1996:195-240; Dunn 1990:174-202
Additional materials: Ford 1996; Trevett 1989; Williams 1989
Select Bibliography
Abbreviations for Journals:
(Journals located at McGill Humanities and Social Sciences, McLennan, unless otherwise noted.)
ANRW = Aufstieg und Niedergang der römischen Welt (DG 209 T36; UdeM L.S.H. [more complete set])
GRBS = Greek, Roman and Byzantine Studies
HTR = Harvard Theological Review (BR 1 H4)
JSJ = Journal for the Study of Judaism in the Persian, Hellenistic and Roman period (BM 176 J6)
JBL = Journal of Biblical Literature (BS 410 J7)
JECS = Journal of Early Christian Studies (BR 143 J68)
JEH = Journal of Ecclesiastical History (BR 140 J6)
JJS = Journal of Jewish Studies (BM 1 J63)
JR = Journal of Religion (BR 1 J65)
JRS = Journal of Roman Studies (DG 11 J7)
JSNT = Journal for the Study of the New Testament (BS 410 J678)
NTS = New Testament Studies (BS 410 N4)
NovT = Novum Testamentum (BS 410 N6)
Semeia (BS 410 S45)
SR = Studies in Religion/Sciences religieuses (BS 1 S8)
VC = Vigiliae Christianae (BR 66 V5; volumes 16-present)
Arnold, Clinton E.
** 1996 The Colossian Syncretism: The Interface Between Christianity and Folk Belief at Colossae. Grand Rapids: Baker.
(BS 2715.2 A76; UdeM L.S.H.)
Barclay, John M.G.
1987 "Mirror-Reading a Polemical Letter: Galatians as a Test Case." JSNT 31:73-93.
1995 "Paul Among Diaspora Jews: Anomaly or Apostate?" JSNT 60:89-120.
1996 Jews in the Mediterranean Diaspora from Alexander to Trajan (323 BCE-117 CE). Edinburgh: T & T Clark.
(DS 135 M43 B37; McGill, McLennan)
Barnard, L.W.
1963 "The Background of St. Ignatius of Antioch." VC 17:193-206.
Barrett, C.K.
1976 "Jews and Judaizers in the Epistles of Ignatius." In Robert Hamerton-Kelly, ed.: Jews, Greeks and Christians: Religious Cultures in Late Antiquity. Essays in Honor of William David Davies. Robin Scroggs. Leiden: E.J. Brill, pp. 220-244.
(BM 176 J43; Webster)
1983 "Gnosis and the Apocalypse of John." In A.H.B. Logan, ed.: The New Testament and Gnosis: Essays in Honour of Robert McL. Wilson. A.J.M. Wedderburn. Edinburgh: T. & T. Clark, pp. 125-137.
(BT 1390 N46; McGill, Birks Reading Room)
Bauer, Walter
1996 [1934] Orthodoxy and Heresy in Earliest Christianity. Robert A. Kraft, John E. Steely, David Hay and Stephen Benko, trans. Mifflinton, PA <London>: Sigler Press, SCM Press.
(BT 1315 B313; Webster)
Baur, Ferdinand Christian
1876 [1845] Paul the Apostle of Jesus Christ, His Life and Work, His Epistles and His Doctrine: A Contribution to a Critical History of Primitive Christianity, 2nd edition. Eduard Zeller, trans. London: Williams and Norgate.
(BS 2505 B3; McGill, McLennan)
Betz, Hans Dieter
1979 Galatians: A Commentary on Paul's Letter to the Churches in Galatia. Hermeneia. Philadelphia: Fortress Press.
(BS 2685.3 B47; Vanier)
Borgen, Peder
1980 "Observations on the Theme 'Paul and Philo': Paul's Preaching of Circumcision in Galatia (Gal. 5:11) and Debates on Circumcision in Philo." In Sigfred Pedersen, ed.: Die Paulinische Literatur und Theologie: Anlässlich der 50. Jährigen Gründungs-Feier der Universität von Aarhus. Skandinavische Beiträge, Teologiske Studier, 7. Arhus: Forlaget Aros, pp. 85-102.
(BS 2650.2 P38; McGill, McLennan)
1982 "Paul Preaches Circumcision and Pleases Men." In M. D. Hooker, ed.: Paul and Paulinism: Essays in Honour of C.K. Barrett. S.G. Wilson. London: SPCK, pp. 37-46.
(BS 2650.2 P37; McGill, Birks Reading Room)
Bornkamm, Günther
1975 [1948] "The Heresy of Colossians." In Fred O. Francis, ed.: Conflict at Colossae: A Problem in the Interpretation of Early Christianity Illustrated by Selected Modern Studies. Wayne A. Meeks. SBLSBS, 4. Chico: Society of Biblical Literature, pp. 123-145.
(BS 2715.2; McGill, Birks Reading Room)
Bremmer, Jan N., ed.
1996 The Apocryphal Acts of Paul and Thecla. Studies on the Apocryphal Acts of the Apostles. Kampen, Netherlands: Kok Pharos.
(BS 2880 P4 A66; McGill, McLennan)
Broughton, Lynne C.
1991 "From Pious Legend to Feminist Fantasy: Distinguishing Hagiographical License from Apostolic Practice in the Acts of Paul/Acts of Thecla." Journal of Religion 71:362-383.
Brown, Raymond E.
** 1979 The Community of the Beloved Disciple. New York: Paulist Press.
1982 The Epistles of John: Translated with Introduction, Notes, and Commentary. AB, 30. New York: Doubleday.
(BS 192.2 A1 G3 v.30; Vanier)
Burghardt, Walter J.
1979 "Primitive Montanism: Why Condemned?" In Dikran Y. Hadidian, ed.: From Faith to Faith: Essays in Honor of Donald G. Miller on His Seventieth Birthday. Pittsburgh: Pickwick Press, pp. 339-356.
Burrus, Virginia
1987 Chastity as Autonomy: Women in the Stories of Apocryphal Acts. Lewiston: Edwin Mellen Press.
(BS 2871 B87; Webster)
Calder, W.M.
1922-1923 "Philadelphia and Montanism." BJRL 7:309-354.
Campenhausen, Hans von
1969 [1953] Ecclesiastical Authority and Spiritual Power in the Church of the First Three Centuries. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.
(BT 91 C313; Webster)
Cohen, Shaye J.D.
1989 "Crossing the Boundary and Becoming a Jew." HTR 82:13-33.
1999 The Beginnings of Jewishness: Boundaries, Varieties, Uncertainties. Hellenistic Culture and Society, 31. Berkeley: University of California Press.
(BM 176 C614; McGill, McLennan)
Collins, Adela Yarbro
1985 "Insiders and Outsiders in the Book of Revelation and Its Social Context." In Jacob Neusner, Ernest S. Frerichs and Caroline McCracken-Flesher, eds.: 'To See Ourselves as Others See Us': Christians, Jews, and 'Others' in Late Antiquity. Chico: Scholars Press, pp. 187-218.
Crownfield, Frederic R.
1945 "The Singular Problem of the Dual Galatians." JBL 64:491-500.
Davies, Stevan L.
1980 The Revolt of the Widows: The Social World of the Apocryphal Acts. Carbondale, IL: Southern Illinois University Press.
(BS 2871 D38; McGill, Birks Reading Room)
1986 "Women, Tertullian and the Acts of Paul." Semeia 38:139-143.
DeMaris, Richard E.
1994 The Colossian Controversy: Wisdom in Dispute at Colossae. JSNTSup, 96. Sheffield: JSOT Press.
(BS 2715.2 A76; UdeM L.S.H.)
Dibelius, Martin, and Hans Conzelmann
1972 [1966] The Pastoral Epistles. Helmut Koester, ed. Philip Buttolph and Adela Yarbro, trans. Hermeneia. Philadelphia: Fortress Press.
Donahue, Paul J.
1978 "Jewish Christianity in the Letters of Ignatius of Antioch." VC 32:81-93.
Dunn, James D.G.
1990 [1977] Unity and Diversity in the New Testament: An Inquiry Into the Character of Earliest Christianity, 2nd edition. London/Philadelphia: SCM Press/Trinity Press.
1983 "The Incident at Antioch (Gal. 2:11-18)." JSNT 18:3-57.
Dunn, Peter W.
1993 "Women's Liberation, the Acts of Paul, and Other Apocryphal Acts of the Apostles: A Review of Some Recent Interpreters." Apocrypha 4:245-261.
Elliott, J.K.
1993 The Apocryphal New Testament: A Collection of Apocryphal Christian Literature in an English Translation. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
(BS 2832 E45; Vanier)
Ellis, E. Earle
1975 "Paul and His Opponents." In Jacob Neusner, ed.: Christianity, Judaism and Other Greco-Roman Cults: Studies for Morton Smith at Sixty. SJLA. Leiden: E.J. Brill, pp. 264-298.
(BR 50 C5517; Webster)
Ford, J. Massingberd
1966 "Was Montanism a Jewish-Christian Heresy?" JEH 17:145-158.
Francis, Fred O., Wayne A. Meeks, eds.
1975 Conflict at Colossae: A Problem in the Interpretation of Early Christianity Illustrated by Selected Modern Studies. SBLSBS, 4. Chico: Society of Biblical Literature.
(BS 2715.2; McGill, Birks Reading Room)
Freeman-Grenville, G.S.P.
1954 "The Date of the Outbreak of Montanism." JEH 5:7-15.
Frend, W.H.C.
1984 "Montanism: Research and Problems." RSLR 20:521-537.
1988 "Montanism: A Movement of Prophecy and Regional Identity in the Early Church." BJRL 70.3:25-34.
Gibson, Elsa
1975 "Montanist Epitaphs at Usak." GRBS 16:433-442.
1978 The 'Christians for Christians' Inscriptions of Phrygia: Greek Texts, Translation and Commentary. HTS, 32. Missoula: Scholars Press.
Gunther, John J.
1973 St. Paul's Opponents and Their Background. NovTSup, 35. Leiden: E.J.Brill.
Harland, Philip A.
2000 "Honouring the Emperor or Assailing the Beast: Participation in Civic Life Among Associations (Jewish, Christian and Other) in Asia Minor and the Apocalypse of John." JSNT 77:99-121.
Harnack, Adolf
1905 The Expansion of Christianity in the First Three Centuries. London: Williams and Norgate.
1908 The Mission and Expansion of Christianity in the First Three Centuries. London: Williams and Norgate.
Harrington, Daniel J.
1980 "The Reception of Walter Bauer's Orthodoxy and Heresy in Earliest Christianity During the Last Decade." HTR 73:289-298.
Heine, Ronald E.
1989 The Montanist Oracles and Testamonia. North American Patristic Society Patristic Monograph Series, 14. Macon, GA: Mercer University Press.
(BT 1435 M66; McGill, Birks Reading Room)
Henderson, John B.
** 1998 The Construction of Orthodoxy and Heresy: Neo-Confucian, Islamic, Jewish, and Early Christian. Albany, NY: State University of New York Press.
Hill, Craig C.
** 1992 Hellenists and Hebrews: Reappraising Division Within the Earliest Church. Minneapolis: Fortress Press.
(BR 195 J8H52; Vanier)
Horsley, G.H.R.
1992 "The Inscriptions of Ephesos and the New Testament." NovT 34:105-168.
Howard, George
** 1990 [1979] Paul: Crisis in Galatia. SNTS, 35. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
(BS 2685.2 H68; Vanier)
Hultgren, Arland J., and Steven A. Haggmark, eds.
1996 The Earliest Christian Heretics: Readings from Their Opponents. Minneapolis: Fortress Press.
(BT 1313 E37; Vanier)
Jewett, Robert
1970-1971 "The Agitators and the Galatian Congregation." NTS 17:198-212.
Johnson, Sherman E.
1975 "Asia Minor and Early Christianity." In Jacob Neusner, ed.: Christianity, Judaism and Other Greco-Roman Cults: Studies for Morton Smith at Sixty. SJLA, 12. Leiden: E.J. Brill, pp. 77-145.
Karris, Robert J.
1973 "The Background and Significance of the Polemic of the Pastoral Epistles." JBL 92:549-564.
Kirkland, A.
1995 "The Beginnings of Christianity in the Lycus Valley. An Exercise in Historical Reconstruction." Neotestamentica 29:109-124.
Koester, Helmut
1995 Introduction to the New Testament, 2nd edition. New York; Berlin: Walter de Gruyter.
Kraybill, J. Nelson
** 1996 Imperial Cult and Commerce in John's Apocalypse. JSNTSup, 132. Sheffield: Sheffield Academic Press.
(BS 2825.2 K736; U de M L.S.H.)
Kümmel, Werner Georg
1972 [1970] The New Testament: The History of the Investigation of Its Problems. S. McLean Gilmour and Howard C. Kee, trans. New York: Abingdon Press.
(BS 2350 K813; Webster and Vanier)
Luedemann, Gerd
1989 Opposition to Paul in Jewish Christianity. Minneapolis: Fortress Press.
(BS 2506 L8313; McGill Birks Reading Room)
MacDonald, Dennis Ronald
1983 The Legend and the Apostle: The Battle for Paul in Story and Canon. Philadelphia: Westminster Press.
(BS 2880 P4M33; Vanier)
MacDonald, Margaret Y.
** 1996 Early Christian Women and Pagan Opinion: The Power of the Hysterical Woman. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
(BR 195 W6M23; Webster)
Maier, Harry O.
1991 The Social Setting of the Ministry as Reflected in the Writings of Hermas, Clement and Ignatius. Dissertations SR, 1. Waterloo: Wilfrid Laurier University Press.
(BV 648 M34; McGill, Birks Reading Room)
Molland, Einar
1954 "The Heretics Combatted by Ignatius of Antioch." JEH 5:1-6.
Munck, Johannes
1959 [1954] Paul and the Salvation of Mankind. London: SCM Press.
(BS 2505 M933; McGill, Birks Reading Room)
Norris, Frederick W.
1976 "Ignatius, Polycarp, and 1 Clement: Walter Bauer Reconsidered." VC 30:23-44.
Painter, John
1993 [1991] "The 'Opponents' in 1 John." In The Quest for the Messiah: The History, Literature and Theology of the Johannine Community, 2nd edition. Nashville: Abingdon, pp. 437-464.
(BS 2615.2 P356; UdeM, L.S.H.)
Perkins, Pheme
** 1993 Gnosticism and the New Testament. Minneapolis: Fortress Press.
(BT 1390 P42; McGill, Birks Reading Room)
Price, S.R.F.
1984 Rituals and Power: The Roman Imperial Cult in Asia Minor. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
(DG 124 P74; Webster and Vanier)
Ramsay, W.M.
1895-1897 The Cities and Bishoprics of Phrygia. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
Räisänen, Heikki
1995 "The Nicolaitans: Apoc. 2; Acta 6." ANRW II.26.2:1602-1644.
Robinson, Thomas A.
** 1988 The Bauer Thesis Examined: The Geography of Heresy in the Early Christian Church. Lewiston/Queenston: Edwin Mellen Press.
(BX166 R63; McGill, Birks Reading Room)
Rowland, Christopher
1983 "Apocalyptic Visions and the Exaltation of Christ in the Letter to the Colossians." JSNT 19:73-83.
Rudolph, Kurt
** 1984 [1977] Gnosis: The Nature and History of Gnosticism. Edinburgh: T. & T. Clark.
(BT 1390 N46; McGill, Birks Reading Room)
1983 "'Gnosis' and 'Gnosticism' -- The Problems of Their Definition and Their Relation to the Writings of the New Testament." In A.H.B. Logan, ed.: The New Testament and Gnosis: Essays in Honour of Robert McL. Wilson. A.J.M. Wedderburn. Edinburgh: T. & T. Clark, pp. 21-37.
(BT 1390 N46; McGill, Birks Reading Room)
Sanders, E.P.
1990 "Jewish Association with Gentiles and Galatians 2:11-14." In Robert T. Fortna, ed.: The Conversation Continues: Studies in Paul & John in Honor of J. Louis Martyn. Beverly R. Ganenta. Nashville: Abingdon, pp. 170-188.
(BS 2650.2 C65; McGill, Birks Reading Room)
Sanders, Jack T.
1993 Schismatics, Sectarians, Dissidents, Deviants: The First One Hundred Years of Jewish-Christian Relations. London: SCM Press.
Schmithals, Walter
1983 "The Corpus Paulinum and Gnosis." In A.H.B. Logan, ed.: The New Testament and Gnosis: Essays in Honour of Robert McL. Wilson. A.J.M. Wedderburn. Edinburgh: T. & T. Clark, pp. 107-124.
(BT 1390 N46; McGill, Birks Reading Room)
Schoedel, William R.
1980 "Theological Norms and Social Perspectives in Ignatius of Antioch." In E.P. Sanders, ed.: Jewish and Christian Self-Definition. Volume One: The Shaping of Christianity in the Second and Third Centuries. Philadelphia: Fortress Press, pp. 30-56.
(BR 165 J53; Webster)
1985 Ignatius of Antioch: A Commentary on the Letters of Ignatius of Antioch. Hermeneia. Philadelphia: Fortress Press.
(BR 65 I34S36; Vanier)
1993 "Polycarp of Smyrna and Ignatius of Antioch." ANRW II.27.1:272-358.
Schweizer, Eduard
1988 "Slaves of the Elements and Worshipers of Angels: Gal 4:3, 9 and Col 2:8, 18, 20." JBL 107:455-468.
Sheppard, A.R.R.
1979 "Jews, Christians and Heretics in Acmonia and Eumeneia." Anatolian Studies 29:169-180.
1980-1981 "Pagan Cults of Angels in Roman Asia Minor." Talanta 12-13:77-101.
Simon, Marcel
1986 [1964] Verus Israel: A Study of the Relations Between Christians and Jews in the Roman Empire (135-425). H. McKeating, trans. The Littman Library of Jewish Civilization. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
1979 "From Greek Hairesis to Christian Heresy." In Early Christian Literature and the Classical Intellectual Tradition in Honorem Robert M. Grant. Théologie historique, 54. Paris: Éditions Beauchesne, pp. 101-116.
(BR 100 E27; McGill, Birks Reading Room)
Smith, Terence V.
1985 Petrine Controversies in Early Christianity: Attitudes Towards Peter in Christian Writings of the First Two Centuries. WUNT, 15. Tübingen: J.C.B. Mohr (Paul Siebeck).
Snyder, Graydon F.
1985 Ante Pacem: Archaeological Evidence of Church Life Before Constantine. Macon: Mercer.
Stewart-Sykes, Alistair
1997 "The Asian Context of the New Prophecy and of Epistula Apostolorum." VC 51:416-438.
1999 "The Original Condemnation of Asian Montanism." JEH 50:1-22.
Sumney, Jerry L.
** 1990 Identifying Paul's Opponents: The Question of Method in 2 Corinthians. JSNTSup, 40. Sheffield: JSOT Press.
(BS 2675.2 S88; UdeM L.S.H.)
1993 "Those Who 'Ignorantly Deny Him': The Opponents of Ignatius of Antioch." JECS 1:345-365.
1999 'Servants of Satan', 'False Brothers' and Other Opponents of Paul. JSNTSup, 188. Sheffield: Sheffield University Press.
(BS 2506 S85; McGill, McLennan)
Thompson, Leonard L.
** 1990 The Book of Revelation: Apocalypse and Empire. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
(BS 2825.2 T46; Vanier)
Towner, P.H.
1987 "Gnosis and Realized Eschatology in Ephesus (of the Pastoral Epistles) and the Corinthian Enthusiasm." JSNT 31:95-124.
Trebilco, Paul R.
1991 Jewish Communities in Asia Minor. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
(DS 135 T8 T67; McGill, Birks Reading Room)
Trevett, Christine
1989 "Apocalypse, Ignatius, Montanism: Seeking the Seeds." VC 43:313-338.
1989 "The Other Letters to the Churches of Asia: Apocalypse and Ignatius of Antioch." JSNT 37:117-135.
1992 A Study of Ignatius of Antioch in Syria and Asia. Studies in the Bible and Early Christianity, 29. Lewiston/Queenston: Edwin Mellen Press.
** 1996 Montanism : Gender, Authority, and the New Prophecy. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
(BT 1435 T74; McGill, McLennan)
Turner, H.E.W.
1954 The Pattern of Christian Truth: A Study in the Relations Between Orthodoxy and Heresy in the Early Church. Bampton Lectures 1954. London: A.R.Mowbray & Co. Limited.
(BT 25 T87; Webster)
Tyson, Joseph B.
1968 "Paul's Opponents in Galatia." NovT 10:241-254.
Vorster, W.S.
1975 "Heterodoxy in 1 John." Neotestamentica 9:87-97.
Williams, D.H.
1989 "The Origins of the Montanist Movement: A Sociological Analysis." Religion 19:331-351.
Wilson, R. McLean
1968 Gnosis and the New Testament. Philadelphia: Fortress Press.
(BT 1390 W48; Webster)
Wisse, Frederick
1986 "The Use of Early Christian Literature as Evidence for Inner Diversity and Conflict." In Charles W. Hedrick, ed.: Nag Hammadi, Gnosticism & Early Christianity. Robert Hodgson. Peabody, MA: Hendrickson Publishers, pp. 177-190.
(BT 1390 N1472; McGill, McLennan)