Author Archives: Philip A. Harland

Guide to Dio of Prusa

Guide to Strabo

Romans: Strabo concludes on their dominance and superiority (early first century CE)

Libyans: Eratosthenes, Artemidoros, and Strabo on peoples and customs (early first century CE)

Ethiopians: Strabo on a hard lifestyle in a harsh environment (early first century CE)

Egyptians: Strabo on animal gods and accompanying rites (early first century CE)

Arabians and Erembians: Poseidonios, Strabo and others on obscure peoples mentioned by Homer (early first century CE)

Arabians and Nabateans: Strabo on their supposedly uncivilized sexual and burial customs (early first century CE)

Judeans: Strabo on decline after Moses and banditry (early first century CE)

Phoenicians: Strabo on the achievements of Tyrians and Sidonians (early first century CE)

Assyrians, Babylonians, and surrounding peoples: Strabo on their customs (early first century CE)

Arabians, Trogodytes, and peoples around the Red Sea: Eratosthenes, Artemidoros, and Strabo on their locations and customs (early first century CE)

Guide to Tacitus

Celts: Tacitus on the revolt of Boians under Marricus (early second century CE)

Britons: Tacitus and Dio Cassius on the revolt of the Icenians and Trinobantians led by Boudicca (early second century)

Germans: Tacitus on the revolt of the Batavians and on Batavian character (early second century CE)

Guide to Philo of Alexandria

Guide to Celsus and Origen of Alexandria

Thracians, Scythians, and others: Anonymous author on opposing views and the relativity of what is shameful or good (mid-fourth century BCE [?])

Ethiopians: Philo of Alexandria on the supposed lowness of Ethiopians and self-control of Assyrians (early first century CE)

Ethiopians: Origen on the blackness of Solomon’s and Moses’ Ethiopian wife and on the spiritual Ethiopian (early third century CE)

Eastern and northern peoples: Bardaisan of Edessa’s Book of the Laws of Countries, Pseudo-Clementines, and Origen on astrology and peoples (second-third centuries CE)

Indians, Ethiopians, and Iberians: Poseidonios and Strabo on Eudoxos of Kyzikos’ expeditions (first centuries BCE and CE)

Guide to Dio Cassius

Libyans: Dio Cassius and others on Domitian’s annihilation of Nasamonians (early third century CE)

Britons: Dio Cassius on the wild lifestyle and banditry of Maiatians and Kaledonians (early third century CE)

Persians and peoples in their territory: Strabo on their customs and on bandit peoples (early first century CE)

Arianians, Gedrosians, and Karmanians: Eratosthenes and Strabo on their locations and some customs (early first century CE)

Ichthyophagians: Nearchos and Agatharchides on Fish-eaters around the Arabian Sea (fourth-first centuries BCE)

Germans, Britons, and Indians: Strabo on travelers, soldiers and merchants as sources of information (early first century CE)

Indians: Megasthenes, Aristoboulos, Onesikritos, and Strabo on Indian customs and on Brahmans (fourth century BCE-early first century CE)

Indians: Eratosthenes and Strabo on legendary Nysaians and Sibians (third century BCE / early first century CE)

Indians: Iamboulos and Diodoros on a utopian island beyond India (mid-first century BCE)

Celts: Cicero on Gauls and the link between imperial conquest and negative stereotypes (mid-first century BCE)

Egyptians: Ammonios’ papyrus letter on “inhuman Egyptians” (third century CE)

Guide to Cicero

Guide to Hekataios of Miletos

Syrians, Persians, Indians, Libyans, and others: Hekataios of Miletos on peoples of Asia (sixth century BCE)

Scythians and Thracians: Hekataios of Miletos on European peoples (sixth century BCE)

Pelasgians, Lelegians, and others: Hekataios of Miletos and Strabo on barbarians of Greece (sixth century BCE on)

Phoenicians: Dion and Menander on competition between Tyrian and Israelite kings (before the late first century CE)

Parthians: Dio Cassius on their empire and military customs (early third century CE)

Parthians and Arabians: Isidoros of Charax and the imperial purposes of geographic and ethnographic information (late first century BCE)

Phoenician perspectives: Philo of Byblos on “Phoenician Matters” (early second century CE)

Lycians: Menekrates of Xanthos and Polycharmos on Lycian origins and the practice of fish-divination (late fifth century BCE on)

Carthaginians: Plato, Aristotle, Polybios and others on their character and communal organization (fourth century BCE on)

Scythians, Thracians, Celts, and Persians: Plato on heavy-drinking and war-like peoples (early fourth century BCE)

Lelegians: Plutarch on Greek Trallians’ treatment of indigenous peoples (early second century CE)

Lelegians and Carians: Philip of Theangela on civilized Carians and savage Lelegians (third century BCE)

Pelasgians: Strabo on a legendary migrating people (early first century CE)

Judeans: Dio Cassius on customs and Roman elite attitudes (early third century CE)

Indians: Skylax of Karyanda, a Persian imperial ethnographic expedition, and paradoxical peoples (late sixth century BCE)

Lydian diasporas: Herodotos, Timaios of Tauromenion, and others on legends of migration to Tyrrhenia (late fourth century BCE on)

Babylonian wisdom: Iamblichos on Mesopotamian legends and his training in Magian skills (mid-second century CE)

Armenians: Kyrsilos and Strabo on a Thessalian origin story, on worship of Anahita and on supposed sacred prostitution (early first century CE)

Medes: Nearchos and Strabo on neighbouring bandit-peoples and on Median customs (early first century CE)

Arabians: Strabo and others on Aelius Gallus’ expeditions and the imperial purposes of ethnographic knowledge (early first century CE)

Ethiopians: Diodoros on their claims, appearance, and customs (mid-first century BCE)

Ethiopians: Aristokreon on a people ruled by a dog (mid-third century BCE)

Ethiopians: Dalion on paradoxical peoples (mid-third century BCE)

Carians, Galatians, Halizonians, and others: Ephoros and Apollodoros of Athens on Anatolian peoples (mid-fourth century BCE on)

Trojans, Lelegians, and Kilikians: Homer and Strabo on legendary peoples and migrations of historical peoples in Anatolia (early first century CE)

Romans: Livy, Pliny, Plutarch, and Dio on Roman human sacrifice of Gauls and Greeks (late first century BCE on)

Egyptian perspectives: Chairemon on Egyptian temple functionaries and the astral significance of gods (first century CE)

Romans: Dionysios on Roman origins, Italic peoples, and legends of Greek and Pelasgian migrations to Italy (late first century BCE)

Italic peoples: Cato, Livy, and Florus on Sabines, Samnites, and others (early second century BCE on)

Italic peoples: Strabo on Latins, Sabines, Samnites, Umbrians, Lucanians, and others (early first century CE)

Romans: Strabo on Roman superiority and conquest of peoples (early first century CE)

Italic peoples: Antiochos of Syracuse on migrations of peoples to and within Italy (late fifth century BCE)

Tyrrhenians: Strabo on Etruscans as a powerful “bandit” people (early first century CE)

Kimmerian diasporas: Ephoros on legends about Avernus in Italy (mid-fourth century BCE)

Assyrians, Medes, Persians, Macedonians, and Parthians: Polyhistor, Bion and Agathias on a succession of empires (mid-first century BCE on)

Guide to Plutarch of Chaironeia

Scythian wisdom: Plutarch on Anacharsis at the dinner of the seven sages (early second century CE)

Persians, Celts, Thracians, and others: Polyainos on “tricky” barbarians (mid-second century CE)

Persians, Tyrrhenians and Lycians: Plutarch on brave women and effeminate men (early second century CE)

Babylonian / Persian wisdom: Philodemos, Seneca, and others on Chaldeans / Magians at Plato’s death (first century BCE on)

Libyans, Iberians, and Celts: Cicero on controlling “savage” peoples (mid-first century BCE)

Lycians, Lydians, and Egyptians: Pseudo-Plutarch on the effeminacy of grief (third-fourth centuries CE)

Barbarians: Plutarch on the bad influence of barbarian slaves on Greek children (early second century CE)

Egyptian and Persian wisdom: Plutarch on the “barbarian-lover” Herodotos (early second century CE)

Egyptian wisdom: Plutarch on wise Egyptian priests and on Isis and Osiris (early second century CE)

Egyptians: Lykeas of Naukratis on Egyptian kings and meals (first century CE or earlier)

Libyan perspectives: Juba of Numidia on ethnographic matters (late first century BCE)

Karmanians, Ichthyophagians, and others: Nearchos, Onesikritos, Juba, and Pliny on the area around the Persian Gulf and Red Sea (fourth century BCE-first century CE)

Thracians: Charon of Lampsakos on relations between Bisaltians and Greek Kardians (mid-fifth century BCE)

Phoenician diasporas: Timaios of Tauromenion, Trogus, and Appian on Tyrians, on the founding of Carthage and on child sacrifice (first century BCE)

Egyptians, Lydians, Cilicians, and other peoples: Kratinos, Aristophanes, Suetonius and others on “Egyptianizing” and other ethnicizing stereotypes (sixth century BCE on)

Persians and Thessalians: Lucan compares Thessalian women’s techniques to Magian ones (mid-first century CE)

Persians: Varro on Pythagoras’ and Numa’s adoption of Persian forms of divination (first century BCE / early fifth century CE)

Persians: Apion of Alexandria on Pases the Magian (first century CE)

Persian wisdom: Celsus and Origen on Magians and on Moses and Jesus as howlers of chants (second-third centuries CE)

Persians: Agathias on the divergent customs of Zoroaster’s Magians (sixth century CE and earlier)

Babylonian diasporas: Josephos and other Judeans on legends of migration from Babel (first-second centuries CE)

Babylonian diasporas: Hippolytos and Epiphanios on legends of migration from Babel (third-fourth centuries CE)

Persian diasporas: Pseudo-Clement, Eusebios, Epiphanios, and Basil on the Magusaeans and their customs (third century CE on)

Persians, Babylonians, and Egyptians: Pseudo-Clementines on Zoroaster and the origins of Magian skill (second-fourth centuries CE)

Persian wisdom: Celsus on mysteries of Mithras as a source of ancient wisdom (mid-second century CE)

Persian wisdom: Euboulos and Porphyry of Tyre on Zoroaster and the cave (third century CE)

Judeans, Syrians, Indians, and others: Porphyry of Tyre on abstinence from meat (third century CE)

Persian, Babylonian, and Indian wisdom: Pseudo-Lucian on long-living sages and peoples (third century CE and earlier)

Persian wisdom: Aelian on the Magians’ predictions about the savage Artaxerxes III (late second century)

Greek diasporas: Aristoxenos of Tarentum on barbarizing to Tyrrhenian ways (fourth century BCE)

Pontic peoples: Phlyarchos on traits and customs of Thibians and Scythians (early second century BCE)

Indians: Phylarchos on roots for sexual restraint (early second century BCE)

Egyptian wisdom: Apuleius on Zatchlas the Egyptian prophet who calls up the dead (late second century CE)

Sarmatians, Huns, and Goths: Olympiodoros of Thebes on statues as protection against invasions (early fifth century CE)

Israelites, Egyptians, Idumeans, Scythians, and others: Origen on ethnic hierarchies and their spiritual equivalents (mid-third century CE)

Egyptian perspectives: Memphites on the goddess Isis and the origins of civilization among Egyptians (first century BCE on)

Mediterranean peoples: Pausanias, ethnographic interests, and local traditions (mid-second century CE)

Babylonian wisdom: Philo on Abraham’s migration away from Chaldean astrology (early first century CE)

Judean wisdom: Philo on the superiority of Moses and Judean ancestral customs (first century CE)

Gauls, Kimbrians, Numidians, Indians, and others: Valerius Maximus’ collection of “barbarian customs” (early first century CE)

Babylonian wisdom: Gellius on Favorinus’ speech against Chaldean astrology (mid-second century CE)

Persians: Philo on true Magian skill and its criminal counterfeit (early first century CE)

Persians: Deinon, Chrysippos, and Cicero on their character and customs (third century BCE / mid-first century BCE)

Persians: Cattulus’ poem smearing Magians as incestuous (early first century BCE)

Persians and Medes: Douris, Herakleides, Klearchos, and others on royal banquets (fifth-fourth centuries BCE)

Persian / Hyperborean wisdom: Anonymous author on Gobryas the Magian and the bronze tablets about death and judgment (first century BCE)

Persian wisdom: Herakleides of Pontos on the Magian who circumnavigated Libya (mid-fourth century BCE)

Assyrian and Egyptian wisdom: Platonic author on Greek perfection of barbarian astral observation (late-fourth century BCE)

Guide to Theopompos of Chios

Lydians: Xanthos of Lydia on kings and luxurious customs (mid-fifth century BCE)

Eusebeians and Machimians in an alternative world: Theopompos on pious and war-like peoples (mid-fourth century BCE)

Persian wisdom: Theopompos of Chios and Plutarch on Magians and Zoroaster (fourth century BCE and later)

Scythians: Theopompos on a dish made from horses’ milk (mid-fourth century BCE)

Thracians: Theopompos on king Kotys I’s obsession with banquets (mid-fourth century BCE)

Tyrrhenians: Theopompos on the Etruscans’ supposed sexual deviance and freedom (mid-fourth century BCE)

Persians: Derveni papyrus on the activities of Magians (ca. 400 BCE)

Persians: Hippokratic author on the “sacred” disease and Magian attempts at healing (ca. 400 BCE)

Phrygians: Euripides’ cowardly and inferior easterner via the slave character in Orestes (408 BCE)

Persians: Aeschylus on “barbarian” hierarchy, luxury, and emotionalism (472 BCE)

Syrians: Apuleius on “effeminate” priests of Atargatis (late second century CE)

Phrygians: Diodoros on Battakes the priest of the great Mother visiting Rome (mid-first century BCE)

Cilicians: Roman authorities, Cicero, and Florus on a population of “pirates” (100-67 BCE)

Syrian diasporas: Diodoros and Florus on Eunous of Apameia’s leadership of the slave rebellion on Sicily (mid-first century BCE / second century CE)

Thracians: Diodoros on the cruelty and lawlessness of the kings Diegylis and Zibelmios (mid-first century BCE)

Iberians: Diodoros on Viriathus and the Lusitanians’ resistance to Roman rule (mid-first century BCE)

Thracians: Diodoros on Dromichaites and Kotys as wise Thracian kings (mid-first century BCE)

Sikelians, Sikanians, Sardinians and Iolaeians: Diodoros on ancient migrations and local customs on Sicily (mid-first century BCE)

Isaurians: Diodoros on their bravery and noble death (mid-first century BCE)

Indians and peoples on the way: Diodoros on Alexander’s conquests (mid-first century BCE)

Babylonian and Persian wisdom: Various authors on reception and expulsion of Chaldeans, Magians, and other foreign experts at Rome (first century CE on)

Celtic, Indian, and Assyrian wisdom: Polyhistor on Pythagoras’ education by wise barbarians (first century BCE)

Getians: Hellanikos and others on Zamolxis (fifth century BCE on)

Egyptian / Persian / Judean wisdom: Judean legends of Jannes and Jambres as Magians in the Exodus account (third century CE and earlier)

Guide to the Pseudo-Clementine writings

Thracians: Greeks and Thracians honouring the Thracian goddess Bendis (fifth-third centuries BCE)

Persians, Thracians, and Amazons: Isocrates on Athenian superiority and barbarian weakness (fourth century BCE)

Romans: Rabbis on four successive imperial powers – Babylonians, Medes, Greeks, Romans (fifth century CE and earlier)

Celts, Ethiopians and peoples in the middle: Polybios, Poseidonios, and Strabo on climate zones (mid-second century on)

Guide to Polybios of Megalopolis

Lydians: Diodoros on materialistic Croesus, consultation of Anacharsis and other sages, and Persian conquest (mid-first century BCE)

Persians: Diodoros on expansionism and arrogance of Persian kings (mid-first century BCE)

Medes: Diodoros on Datis and legends of an Athenian-Median connection (mid-first century BCE)

Guide to Alexander Polyhistor

Ethiopians: Alexander Polyhistor on Memnonians as wild and war-like (mid-first century BCE)

Scythians: Alexander Polyhistor on Iamians and just Abians (mid-first century BCE)

Egyptian perspectives: Isidoros’ hymns in praise of the goddess Hermouthis and legendary pharaohs (early first century BCE)

Guide to Ephoros of Kyme

Guide to Poseidonios of Apameia

Celts: Inhabitants of Myrina with images of Galatian warriors (second century BCE)

Celts: Livy on the Galatian invasion of Asia Minor and the Roman army’s subsequent victory, ca. 189 BCE (late first century BCE)

Celts: Livy on legends of the Gauls’ fourth century BCE migrations and an invasion of Rome (late first century BCE)

Celts: Kyzikos monument with Herakles clubbing a Galatian (278/277 BCE)

Celts: Anyte and Parthenios on wife abductions during the Galatian invasion (third-first century BCE)

Barbarians and Greeks: Theophrastos theorizes hierarchical relations of humans and animals (fourth century BCE)

Europeans, Asians, and Greeks: Aristotle on hierarchies, slaves, and environmental determinism (fourth century BCE)

Judean wisdom: Tatian the Assyrian on the priority of Moses’ “barbarian wisdom” (second century CE)

Persian and Babylonian wisdom: Pseudo-Demokritos and others on Demokritos’ training by Magians and Chaldeans (first century BCE on)

Guide to Appian of Alexandria

Celts: Appian of Alexandria on their character and on ambassadorial relations with Romans (second century CE)

Germans: Appian of Alexandria on large, savage and spirited Germans (second century CE)

Colchians, Phrygians, and others: Vitruvius theorizes development from primitives to civilized peoples (first century BCE)

Carians: Strabo on long-term interactions with Greeks and on “Carianizing” (early first century CE)

Cretans: Diodoros on Cretan (Greek) contributions to civilization (mid-first century BCE)

Barbarian peoples: Hellanikos, Nymphodoros, Nikolaos, and others with collections of “barbarian customs” (fifth century BCE on)

Ethiopians and Thracians: Xenophon of Kolophon theorizes human representations of gods (sixth century BCE)

Babylonian wisdom: Lucian’s Menippos visits Mithrobarzanes the Chaldean / Magian wise man (late second century CE)

Mediterranean peoples: Maximus of Tyre on images for the gods as ubiquitous among peoples (late second century CE)

Persians: Maximus of Tyre on “barbarizing” and the excesses of royal pleasure (late second century CE)

Sikelians, Sikanians, Phoenicians and Greeks: Thucydides on settlement of Sicily (late fifth century BCE)

Romans: Ammianus Marcellinus on the danger of decline into uncivilized lifestyles (late fourth century CE)

Guide to Ammianus Marcellinus

Egyptians: Ammianus on their “dark” complexion and insubordinate behaviour (late fourth century CE)

Thracians and other Black Sea peoples: Ammianus Marcellinus on their “savage” character and on Roman control (late fourth century CE)

Huns and Alans: Ammianus Marcellinus on “savage” nomadic threats (late fourth century CE)

Persians and neighbouring eastern peoples: Ammianus Marcellinus on Persian territories and lifestyles (late fourth century CE)

Tyrrhenians: Diodoros on Etruscan inventions, lifestyle, and decline (mid-first century BCE)

Ligurians: Diodoros on their harsh environment, hard work and noble spirit (mid-first century BCE)

Celtiberians, Iberians, and Lusitanians: Diodoros on their customs and military skill (mid-first century BCE)

Celts: Diodoros on Galatian origins, “savage” customs and invasions of Italy and Greece (mid-first century BCE)

Britons: Diodoros on a simple way of life (mid-first century BCE)

New scholarly article: Harland, “Subject Peoples and Civilizational Priority: Competition among Babylonians, Egyptians, and Judeans in the Hellenistic Era”

Parthians, Medes, and Babylonians: Pliny the Elder (first century CE)

Peoples of Arachosia and Ariana: Pliny the Elder on peoples between Baktria and India (first century CE)

Guide to Pliny the Elder

Asian Albanians, Iberians, Mardians and others: Demodamas and Pliny the Elder on peoples in the Caucasus region and further east (third century BCE / first century CE)

Sarmatians and others: Pliny the Elder on peoples of northwestern Asia (first century CE)

Celts: Pliny the Elder on three Roman subdivisions of Gaul (first century CE)

Hyperboreans: Herodotos, Hekataios, Diodoros, and others on a legendary northern people (four century BCE to third century CE)

Scythians, Germans, and others: Pliny the Elder on peoples on the western and northern coasts of the Black Sea (first century CE)

Europeans, Africans, and Asians: Pliny the Elder on the framework for his ethnographic survey and on the superiority of Europeans (first century CE)

Indians, Taprobanians, and Serians: Pliny the Elder on numerous peoples and customs in India and beyond (first century CE)

Judean wisdom: Testament of Solomon on Solomon’s superiority in controlling lower spirits and in healing (first-third century CE)

Judean wisdom: Pseudo-Clementines on Abraham the astrologer and legends of migration (second-fourth centuries CE)

Guide to Trogus

Panchaians: Euhemeros and Diodoros on a noble people worshipping Zeus on a utopian island (fourth / first century BCE)

Midianites and Moabites / Arabians: Josephos and Philo on intermixing and the dangers of acculturation (first century CE)

Egyptians: Josephos on the envy of an inferior people (last-first century CE)

Judean wisdom: Josephos’ self-presentation as the optimum wise Judean (late-first century CE)

Judean wisdom: Josephos on Solomon as the ultimate wise man, controller of lower spirits, and healer (late-first century CE)

People on an idyllic island in the Atlantic off Libya: Diodoros on their natural resources and on Carthaginian colonization plans (mid-first century BCE)

Baliaridians and other barbarian peoples off Iberia: Diodoros on their paradoxical customs (mid-first century BCE)

Trojans, Teukrians, and Dardanians: Diodoros on their origins (mid-first century BCE)

Taurians and Kolchians: Diodoros on the origins of human sacrifice in the Black Sea area (mid-first century BCE)

Amalekites: Josephos and Philo on a prototypical arch-enemy people (first century CE)

Guide to Josephos of Jerusalem

Judean wisdom: Josephos on Abraham’s dissemination of astrological knowledge (late-first century CE)

Dacians and Istrians: Trogus on peoples west of the Black Sea (first century BCE)

Celts: Trogus on Gallic invasions and character (first century BCE)

Persians: Trogus, Diodoros, and Curtius Rufus on Alexander of Macedon’s decline into eastern ways (first century BCE on)

Assyrians: Trogus on the achievements of Ninos and Semiramis and on the extreme effeminacy of Sardanapalus (first century BCE)

Judean wisdom: Aristoboulos on Moses and the Judean god as source for Plato and Pythagoras (mid-second century BCE)

Libyans, Assyrians and Arabians: Kleodemos and Josephos on Abraham and Keturah’s descendants and their many colonies (second or first century BCE on)

Arabians and Judeans: Jubilees, Molon, and Josephos on identifying the Ishmaelites (second century BCE on)

Greek diasporas and indigenous Iberians and Celts: Herodotos, Aristotle, Trogus and others on tales of Phokaian colonization (mid-fifth century BCE on)

Greek diasporas and indigenous Libyans: Herodotos on tales of colonization (mid-fifth century BCE)

Spartans and Judeans: First Maccabees’ and Josephos’ claims about kinship ties (ca. 100 BCE / ca. 90s CE)

Celts, Iberians, and Libyans: Polybios on the mixed composition of Hannibal of Carthage’s army and on military equipment (second century BCE)

Iberians and others: Avienus on a journey along the southern coast of Spain (mid-fourth century CE)

Guide to circumnavigation authors

Mediterranean peoples: Dionysios of Alexandria’s poetic Guide to the Inhabited World (117-138 CE)

Kolchians, Heniochians, Drillians, and others: Arrian on his journey along the Black Sea coast near the Caucasus mountains (ca. 131-132 CE)

Barbaria’s inhabitants, Arabians, and Indians: Anonymous author on trade and peoples on the Erythraian sea all the way to eastern India (mid-first century CE)

Indians: Hierokles on visiting the Brahmans (fifth century CE or earlier)

Guide to Clement of Alexandria

Indian wisdom: Alexander Polyhistor and Clement of Alexandria (VII) on the Brahmans and naked sages (first century BCE / late second century CE)

Serians (Chinese), Ottorokorians and others: Pliny the Elder on the savage silk people (first century CE)

Indians: Bardaisan of Edessa on Indian ambassadors’ tales and the Brahmans (early third century CE)

Guide to Agatharchides of Knidos

Guide to Diodoros of Sicily

Guide to Herodotos of Halikarnassos

Guide to Curtius Rufus

Indians: Curtius Rufus on the environment and the peoples (first century CE)

Sogdians: Curtius Rufus on Alexander’s assessment of their noble and courageous character (first century CE)

Parapamisadians: Curtius Rufus on peoples east of Baktria (first century CE)

Amazons: Curtius Rufus on Alexander’s relationship with Thalestris (first century CE)

Mardians among Persians: Curtius Rufus on Alexander’s conquest of an uncivilized cave people (first century CE)

Parthians: Curtius Rufus on their Scythian origins (first century CE)

Persians: Curtius Rufus on military processions and royal luxury (first century CE)

Persians, Hyrkanians, Armenians, Derbikians and others: Curtius Rufus on the mixed composition of the army of Darius III (first century CE)

Canaanites / non-Judean peoples: Jubilees on the Dinah story and intermarriage (mid-second century BCE)

Egyptians: The Judean tale of Joseph and Aseneth on rejecting Egyptian gods and on intermarriage (ca. first century CE)

Persians: Emperor Diocletian on strange and monstrous Manicheans (ca. 300 CE)

Libyans and Maurians: Corippus’ poetic survey of northern African peoples in the tale of John Troglita (after 548 CE)

Axumite perspectives: Inscription by the king of Axum on the Ethiopian and Arabian peoples he conquered (late-second or early-third century CE)

Ethiopians: Artapanos and Josephos on Moses, intermarriage, and the Kushites (second century BCE-first century CE)

Ethiopians or Nubians: Pottery from Athens and Greek cities of Italy depicting a darker-skinned youth devoured by a crocodile (fifth-fourth centuries BCE)

Ethiopians or Nubians: Athenian-style pottery depictions of darker-skinned subjects (sixth-fifth centuries BCE)

Libyans and Ausourianians: Synesios on years of incursions into Cyrenaica (early fifth century CE)

Romans: Diodoros on Herakles’ journey to Rome before Rome (mid-first century BCE)

Libyans, Egyptians, Iberians, and Celts: Diodoros on Herakles’ civilizing expeditions (mid-first century BCE)

Libyans, Maurians and Ausourianians: Ammianus Marcellinus on their savage behaviour and banditry (late fourth century CE)

Ethiopians, Nubians, and Egyptians: Christian authors picturing darker-skinned peoples as “demons” (second century CE on)

Ethiopians: Palladios and others on Abba Moses the former bandit with darker skin (fourth-fifth centuries CE)

New scholarly article: Maia Kotrosits, “The Ethnography of Gender” (2023)

Egyptians, Ethiopians, Indians and others: Depictions of “pygmies” in Greek and Roman art (fifth century BCE-first century CE)

Thracians, Galatians, Daans, and others: Polybios on the mixed composition of the armies of Ptolemy IV and Antiochos III (second century BCE)

Thracians: Attic vase paintings depicting Thracian women with tattoos, warriors, and Orpheus (sixth-fifth centuries BCE)

Romans, Egyptians, Persians, and others: Minucius Felix’s ethnographic defence of the Christian people (early third century CE)

Persians: Acts of Archelaos on Mani’s foreignness (early fourth century CE)

Thracians and Odrysians: Thucydides on Thracians, power, and violence (late fifth century BCE)

Dacians: Frieze of Trajan’s conquest reused on the so-called Arch of Constantine (likely 107 CE or after)

Celtic diasporas: Galatian mercenaries settled at Alexandria in Egypt (ca. 250-200 BCE)

Parthians: Kneeling colossal support statues in eastern garb (first century CE)

Sarmatians, Marcomannians, Quadians, and Iazygians: Reliefs on Marcus Aurelius’ column including women and children (176-193 CE)

Libyans: Dionysios of Mytilene and Diodoros on competing claims about the god Dionysos (third / mid-first century BCE)

Atlantians: Dionysios of Mytilene and Diodoros on supposed Atlantian stories about the earliest kings / gods (third / mid-first century BCE)

Libyans: Dionysios of Mytilene and Diodoros on Nasamonians, Marmaridians, and Libyan Amazons (third / mid-first century BCE)

Mediterranean peoples: Ovid on identifying personified peoples in art to impress a girl (early first century CE)

Persians: Irenaeus on Marcus the Valentinian Magian (late second century CE)

Persians: Vitruvius theorizes about Greek depictions of enemies in architectural contexts (first century BCE)

Mediterranean peoples: Roman coins [part 3] on kneeling in supplication or adoration (first century BCE on)

Mediterranean peoples: Roman coins [part 2] on humiliated captives kneeling or on the ground (first century BCE on)

Mediterranean peoples: Diodoros, Pliny and Plutarch on Pompey’s subjugation of peoples of the world (mid-first century BCE on)

Mediterranean peoples: Augustus on his own achievements, conquests and alliances with peoples (14 CE)

Judeans: Reliefs on the Arch for Titus depicting temple treasures and defeat (late first century CE)

Egyptian perspectives: Oracles of the Lamb and the Potter on Greco-Macedonians and other foreigners (third-second centuries BCE)

Judeans: Hekataios, pseudo-Hekataios and Diodoros on Judean origins and migration with the exodus (first century BCE)

Egyptians: Hekataios of Miletos on encountering Theban priests (late sixth century BCE)

Egyptians: Attic vase paintings, Isocrates and others on king Bousiris and human sacrifice (fifth century BCE on)

Egyptians: Cicero on superstition and animal-worship (mid-first century BCE)

Scythians: Lucian on a competition between Toxaris and Mnesippos about ethnic superiority (mid-second century CE)

Assyrians, Chaldeans, Egyptians, Celts, and others: The Cicero brothers on the nature and effectiveness of divination (mid-first century BCE)