Category Archives: (a) Archeological and visual materials

Amazons: Greek artistic depictions of a female warrior people (fourth century BCE to second century CE)

Armenians / Parthians: Statue of the client king Tiridates I in the Louvre (66 CE)

Barbarians: Modern colonial repurposing of images of captives

Britons, Armenians, Bessians, and others: Reliefs of subjugated peoples at Aphrodisias (first century CE)

Celtic diasporas: Galatian mercenaries settled at Alexandria in Egypt (ca. 250-200 BCE)

Celts, Persians, and Amazons: Smaller statues of fighting and dying “barbarians” associated with Attalos of Pergamon (third-second century BCE / second century CE)

Celts: Inhabitants of Myrina with images of Galatian warriors (second century BCE)

Celts: Kyzikos monument with Herakles clubbing a Galatian (278/277 BCE)

Celts: Statues of dying Gauls / Galatians associated with Attalos I of Pergamon (late third century BCE / second century CE)

Dacians and Sarmatians: Reliefs on Trajan’s Column celebrating subjugation (early second century CE)

Dacians and Sarmatians: Reliefs on Trajan’s Trophy at Adamclisi, Romania (early second century CE)

Dacians: Frieze of Trajan’s conquest reused on the so-called Arch of Constantine (likely 107 CE or after)

Egyptians, Ethiopians, Indians and others: Depictions of “pygmies” in Greek and Roman art (fifth century BCE-first century CE)

Gauls and Germans: Scenes from the Triumphal Arch of Orange (late first century BCE)

Judeans: Reliefs on the Arch for Titus depicting temple treasures and defeat (late first century CE)

Libyans / Africans: Ancient and modern composite statue of “The Moor”

Mediterranean peoples: Roman coins [part 1] on defeat, capture, and subjugation (first century BCE on)

Northern peoples: Inscriptions on barbarians as bandits (second-third centuries CE)

Parthians, Celts and Iberians or Germans: Scenes on the breastplate of the “Augustus of Prima Porta” (early first century CE)

Parthians: Scenes from the Arch of Septimius Severus (early third century CE)

Sarmatians, Marcomannians, Quadians, and Iazygians: Reliefs on Marcus Aurelius’ column including women and children (176-193 CE)

Scythians: Greek depictions of Scythian archers on Attic pottery (sixth century BCE)

Thracians: Attic vase paintings depicting Thracian women with tattoos, warriors, and Orpheus (sixth-fifth centuries BCE)