Ethnic Relations and Migration in the Ancient World: The Websites of Philip A. Harland

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Ethnic Relations and Migration in the Ancient World:  The Websites of Philip A. Harland

Category Archives: (12) Scholarly articles on ethnic relations

Scholarly articles on ethnic relations and migration

Posted in (12) Scholarly articles on ethnic relations, ancient ethnography / ethnographic culture, ethnicity in the ancient world on July 2, 2022 by Philip A. Harland.

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(01) Non-dominant ("barbarian") perspectives on peoples (except Judeans)
Arabians and Judeans: Jubilees, Molon, and Josephos on identifying the Ishmaelites (second century BCE on)
Axumite perspectives: Inscription by the king of Axum on the Ethiopian and Arabian peoples he conquered (late-second or early-third century CE)
Babylonian perspectives: Bel-re’ushu / Berossos on the origins of civilization (late fourth century BCE)
Egyptian perspectives: Chairemon on Egyptian temple functionaries (first century CE)
Egyptian perspectives: Manetho on Egyptian Matters (early third century BCE)
Egyptian perspectives: Oracles of the Lamb and the Potter on Greco-Macedonians and other foreigners (third-second centuries BCE)
Getians, Scythians, and Goths: Jordanes on their supposed origins and achievements (mid-sixth century CE)
Libyan perspectives: Apuleius self-identifies as a barbarian and Numidian / Gaetulian (mid-second century CE)
Libyan perspectives: Cornelius Fronto self-identifies as a "barbarian" and Libyan nomad (mid-second century CE)
Phoenician perspectives: Philo of Byblos on "Phoenician Matters" (early second century CE)
Syrian perspectives: Lucian of Samosata on The Syrian Goddess in full (mid-second century CE)
Syrian perspectives: Lucian self-identifies as "barbarian" and "Assyrian" (mid-second century CE)
(02) Greek and Roman perspectives and stereotypes on other peoples
Aitolians: Ephoros on their origins and invincibility (mid-fourth century BCE)
Aitolians: Thucydides on barbarous Greeks (late fifth century BCE)
Amazons, Tibarenians, and Mossynoikians: Apollonios of Rhodes on a voyage to the Kolchians (third century BCE)
Amazons: Curtius Rufus on Alexander's relationship with Thalestris (first century CE)
Amazons: Strabo on their customs and northern location (late first century CE)
Arabians / Nabateans: Diodoros on Nabatean customs and freedom (mid-first century BCE)
Arabians and Aramaians: Poseidonios on relations between eastern peoples (first century BCE)
Arabians: Agatharchides and Diodoros on peoples of Arabia Felix on the eastern coast of the Red Sea (second-first centuries BCE)
Arabians: Ammianus Marcellinus on the customs of Saracens (late fourth century CE)
Arabians: Herodotos on deities and lifestyle (late fifth century BCE)
Arkadians: Polybios theorizes environment and peoplehood (second century BCE)
Asian Albanians, Iberians, Mardians and others: Demodamas and Pliny the Elder on peoples in the Caucasus region and further east (third century BCE / first century CE)
Assyrians, Chaldeans, Egyptians, Celts, and others: The Cicero brothers on the nature and effectiveness of divination (mid-first century BCE)
Assyrians, Medes and Persians: Ktesias on Persian Matters via Diodoros and Photios (early fourth century BCE)
Assyrians: Trogus on the achievements of Ninos and Semiramis and on the extreme effeminacy of Sardanapalus (first century BCE)
Atlantians: Dionysios of Mytilene and Diodoros on supposed Atlantian stories about the earliest kings / gods (third / mid-first century BCE)
Babylonians and Assyrians: Herodotos on legendary queens and outstanding customs (mid-fifth century BCE)
Babylonians: Diodoros on Chaldeans' astrology and divination (mid-first century BCE)
Baktrians, Sogdians, and some "completely barbarous" eastern peoples: Strabo (early first century CE)
Baliaridians and other barbarian peoples off Iberia: Diodoros on their paradoxical customs (mid-first century BCE)
Barbaria's inhabitants, Arabians, and Indians: Anonymous author on trade and peoples on the Erythraian sea all the way to eastern India (mid-first century CE)
Barbarian peoples: Nymphodoros, Nikolaos, and others with collections of paradoxical customs (third century BCE on)
Barbarians and Greeks: Dionysios theorizes the blurry lines (late first century BCE)
Barbarians and Greeks: Eratosthenes challenges the dichotomy (third century BCE)
Barbarians and Greeks: Thucydides theorizes the shift from barbarian banditry to settled civilization (late fifth century BCE)
Bithynians, Mariandynians, Paphlagonians, and others: Strabo on temple-states and peoples near his Pontic homeland (early first century CE)
Boiotians: Ephoros on the superiority of Boiotia and on a Phoenician connection (mid-fourth century BCE)
Britons and Iernians (Irish): Julius Caesar, Pytheas, and Strabo on customs including eating human flesh (early first century CE)
Britons: Diodoros on a simple way of life (mid-first century BCE)
Britons: Julius Caesar (mid-first century BCE)
Britons: Tacitus (late first century CE)
Cappadocians: Strabo on their temple-states and supposed desire for subservience (early first century CE)
Carthaginians: Appian of Alexandria (mid-second century CE)
Celtiberians, Iberians, and Lusitanians: Diodoros on their customs and military skill (mid-first century BCE)
Celts and Germans: Diodoros, Dionysios, Strabo, and Dio on distinguishing them (first centuries BCE and CE)
Celts and Germans: Plutarch’s ethnographic digressions in the Lives (early second century CE)
Celts and Ligurians: Strabo on peoples south of the Alps (early first century CE)
Celts, Iberians, and Libyans: Polybios on the mixed composition of Hannibal of Carthage's army and on military equipment (second century BCE)
Celts: Cicero on Gauls and the link between imperial conquest and negative stereotypes (mid-first century BCE)
Celts: Cicero's ethnic invective against Gauls in defending Fonteius (mid-first century BCE)
Celts: Dio Cassius on spirited and untrustworthy Galatians (early third century CE)
Celts: Diodoros on Galatian origins and "savage" customs (mid-first century BCE)
Celts: Ephoros (mid-fourth century BCE)
Celts: Julius Caesar on Druids and supposed human sacrifice among Gauls (mid-first century BCE)
Celts: Livy on legends of Gallic migrations south of the Alps into Italy (late first century BCE)
Celts: Parthenios on wife abductions in the Galatian invasion (first century BCE)
Celts: Phylarchos and Poseidonios on banqueting and violent customs (first century BCE)
Celts: Pliny the Elder on medicine, rites and Magian skill among Druids (first century CE)
Celts: Pliny the Elder on three Roman subdivisions of Gaul (first century CE)
Celts: Polybios on the Celtic encounter with Rome and on his method in dealing with distant peoples (second century BCE)
Celts: Priene inscription on Galatian "impiety" and "savagery" during the invasion (ca. 278-270 BCE)
Celts: Strabo on peoples northwest of the Alps (early first century CE)
Celts: Thyatira inscription for a son rescued by the god Apollo out from under "the mob of Galatians" (276 BCE)
Celts: Timagenes of Alexandria and Ammianus Marcellinus on Celtic origins and customs (first century BCE / fourth century CE)
Celts: Trogus on Gallic invasions and character (first century BCE)
Cilicians: Plutarch on the foreign "pirates" threatening Roman ways (early-second century CE)
Cretans and Cilicians: Athenians, Rhodians, and Romans pair "banditry" with imperial control (fifth-second centuries BCE)
Cretans, Spartans, Carthaginians, and Romans: Polybios on superior and inferior societal organization (second century BCE)
Cretans: Ephoros on civic organization and customs (mid-fourth century BCE)
Daans, Kadousians, Hyrkanians, and Sakians: Strabo on peoples east of the Caspian Sea (first century CE)
Dacians and Istrians: Trogus on peoples west of the Black Sea (first century BCE)
Dyrbaians: Ktesias on an extremely just people between Baktria and India (early fourth century BCE)
Egyptians, Taurians, and Celts: Cicero's Philus engages in ethnographic discourses for philosophical aims (mid-first century BCE)
Egyptians: Achilles Tatius and Dio Cassius on man-eating cowherds / bandits (second-third century CE)
Egyptians: Aelian on Egyptian views and customs about animals and animal-worship (late second century CE)
Egyptians: Ammianus on their "dark" complexion and insubordinate behaviour (late fourth century CE)
Egyptians: Attic vase paintings, Isocrates and others on king Bousiris and human sacrifice (fifth century BCE on)
Egyptians: Cicero on superstition and animal-worship (mid-first century BCE)
Egyptians: Dio Cassius' speech by Octavian on the "effeminate" Antony (early third century CE)
Egyptians: Diodoros on the origins of civilization and on Egyptian views (mid-first century BCE)
Egyptians: Hekataios of Miletos on encountering Theban priests (late sixth century BCE)
Egyptians: Herodotos on customs and legendary kings (fifth century BCE)
Ethiopians and Arabians: Nonnosos on Saracens and on a hairy people (sixth century CE)
Ethiopians: Agatharchides and Diodoros on lifestyles and diets in the extreme south (second-first centuries BCE)
Ethiopians: Diodoros on their claims, appearance, and customs (mid-first century BCE)
Ethiopians: Herodotos on southern peoples at the ends of the earth (mid-fifth century BCE)
Europeans and Asians: Pseudo-Hippokrates on humoural and environmental theories (fifth century BCE)
Europeans, Africans, and Asians: Pliny the Elder on the framework for his ethnographic survey and on the superiority of Europeans (first century CE)
Europeans, Asians, and Greeks: Aristotle on environment, ethnic hierarchies, and slaves (fourth century BCE)
Germanic peoples: Tacitus' Germania in full (late first century CE)
Germans and Sarmatians: Josephos on impulsive and violent northerners (late first century CE)
Germans and Scythians: Seneca on enduring hardships and on anger (first century CE)
Germans, Suebians, Marcomannians, and Kimbrians: Poseidonios and Strabo on customs and rumours about the tides (first century BCE)
Germans: Julius Caesar (mid-first century BCE)
Germans: Philo of Alexandria on fighting the tides (first century CE)
Getians, Dacians, and Scythians: Strabo (early first century CE)
Getians, Scythians, and Goths: Jordanes on their supposed origins and achievements (mid-sixth century CE)
Hyperboreans: Herodotos, Hekataios, Diodoros, and others on a legendary northern people (four century BCE to third century CE)
Iapygians and Tarentinians: Klearchos of Soloi (fourth century BCE)
Iberians and others: Avienus on a journey along the southern coast of Spain (mid-fourth century CE)
Iberians, Albanians and others of the Caucasus area: Strabo (early first century CE)
Iberians: Appian of Alexandria (mid-second century CE)
Iberians: Appian on Viriathus and resistance by Lusitanians (early second century CE)
Iberians: Artemidoros, Poseidonios, Strabo, and others (second century BCE to first century CE)
Iberians: Trogus on their extreme courage (first century BCE)
Ichthyophagians: Nearchos and Agatharchides on Fish-eaters around the Arabian Sea (fourth-first centuries BCE)
Idumeans and Judeans: Ptolemy the historian on the difference (late first century BCE)
Idumeans: Josephos on the Edomites' origins and relations with Judeans (late first century CE)
Illyrians, Pannonians, and other peoples: Strabo (early first century CE)
Illyrians: Appian of Alexandria (mid-second century CE)
Illyrians: Theopompos on banquets (fourth century BCE)
Indians, Ethiopians and others: Pliny the Elder on "unbelievable" peoples (first century CE)
Indians, Ethiopians, and Celts: Dio of Prusa critiques foreign imports and luxury (late first century CE)
Indians, Ethiopians, Celts, and Scythians: Ephoros on a four-fold division of the known world (mid-fourth century BCE)
Indians, Taprobanians, and Serians: Pliny the Elder on numerous peoples and customs in India and beyond (first century CE)
Indians: Aelian on Indian views and customs about animals (late second century CE)
Indians: Bardaisan of Edessa on Indian ambassadors' tales and the Brahmans (early third century CE)
Indians: Curtius Rufus on the environment and the peoples (first century CE)
Indians: Dio of Prusa on the Indians' superior mode of life (late first century CE)
Indians: Diodoros on environment, customs and social organization (mid-first century BCE)
Indians: Herodotos on eastern peoples at the ends of the earth (mid-fifth century BCE)
Indians: Hierokles on visiting the Brahmans (fifth century CE or earlier)
Indians: Iamboulos and Diodoros on a utopian island beyond India (mid-first century BCE)
Indians: Ktesias on Indian Matters via Photios, Pliny the Elder, and Aelian (early fourth century BCE)
Indians: Nearchos, Megasthenes, and Arrian (fourth century BCE-second century CE)
Itureans among Arabians: Strabo and Josephos on a supposed bandit-people (first century CE)
Judean wisdom: Josephos' Against Apion in full (late first century CE)
Judean, Persian, and Indian wisdom: Philo on the freedom of Essenes and Kalanos (early first century CE)
Judeans and Celts: Various authors on Claudius' actions against foreigners in the 40s CE (second / third centuries CE
Judeans, "Asiatics", and Greeks: Cicero's ethnic invective aimed at eastern witnesses against Flaccus (mid-first century BCE)
Judeans, Africans, and Germans: Columella on the limits of environmental theory (first century CE)
Judeans, Egyptians, and Magians: Various authors on Tiberius' actions against foreign practices 17-19 CE (first-third centuries CE)
Judeans, Egyptians, and others: Seneca on the "superstitions" of foreigners (mid-first century CE)
Judeans, Syrians, and Egyptians: Epiktetos engages with ethnographic discourses for philosophical aims (mid-first century CE)
Judeans, Syrians, Celts, Scythians and others: Plutarch on the "barbarian" origins of fearing the gods, or "superstition" (early second century CE)
Judeans, Syrians, Indians, and others: Porphyry of Tyre on abstinence from meat (third century CE)
Judeans: Agatharchides of Knidos on the Sabbath (second century BCE)
Judeans: Dio Cassius and Roman elite attitudes (early third century CE)
Judeans: Hekataios, pseudo-Hekataios and Diodoros on Judean origins and migration with the exodus (first century BCE)
Judeans: Kleomedes denigrates Epicurus and Judeans (second century CE)
Judeans: Manetho, Chairemon, and Lysimachos on an alternative Exodus (third century BCE on)
Judeans: Mnaseas, Poseidonios, Apollonios Molon, Diodoros, Apion, and Damokritos on the statue of a donkey and on human sacrifice (second century BCE and on)
Judeans: Pliny the Elder and Julius Solinus on the Essenes beside the Dead Sea (first / third centuries CE)
Judeans: Poseidonios (?) and Strabo on decline after Moses (first century CE)
Judeans: Pseudo-Hekataios' <i>On Judeans</i> (pre-first century CE)
Judeans: Tacitus on Judean origins and customs (second century CE)
Judeans: Trogus on contributions of Joseph and Moses and on the exodus (first century BCE)
Judeans: Valerius Maximus on the 139 BCE expulsion with "Chaldeans" (early first century CE)
Karmanians, Ichthyophagians, and others: Nearchos, Onesikritos, Juba, and Pliny on the area around the Persian Gulf (fourth century BCE-first century CE)
Kimmerians and Kolchians: Herodotos on other Pontic peoples (mid-fifth century BCE)
Kolchians, Heniochians, Drillians, and others: Arrian on his journey along the Black Sea coast near the Caucasus mountains (ca. 131-132 CE)
Libyans / Africans: Pliny the Elder on various peoples and strange customs (first century CE)
Libyans / Africans: Sallust (mid-first century BCE)
Libyans / Africans: Tacitus on Tacfarinas and resistance by Numidians, Maurians, and Musulamians (early second century CE)
Libyans and Ausourianians: Synesios on years of incursions into Cyrenaica (early fifth century CE)
Libyans and Maurians: Corippus' poetic survey of northern African peoples in the tale of John Troglita (after 548 CE)
Libyans, Egyptians, Iberians, and Celts: Diodoros on Herakles' civilizing expeditions (mid-first century BCE)
Libyans: Aelian on Libyan views and customs about animals (late second century CE)
Libyans: Dionysios of Mytilene and Diodoros on competing claims about the god Dionysos (third / mid-first century BCE)
Libyans: Dionysios of Mytilene and Diodoros on Nasamonians, Marmaridians, and Libyan Amazons (third / mid-first century BCE)
Libyans: Hanno the Carthaginian (fourth century BCE or earlier)
Libyans: Herodotos on customs and colonization (fifth century BCE)
Ligurians: Diodoros on their harsh environment, hard work and noble spirit (mid-first century BCE)
Lydians: Herodotos on king Croesus and Lydian customs (mid-fifth century BCE)
Lydians: Xanthos of Lydia and Klearchos of Soloi (fifth-fourth centuries BCE)
Maiotians, Bosporians, Kaukasians, and other Pontic peoples: Strabo on northern Asia (early first century CE)
Mardians among Persians: Curtius Rufus on Alexander's conquest of an uncivilized cave people (first century CE)
Medes, Assyrians, Baktrians, and others: Herodotos on the mixed composition of the Persian army under Xerxes (fifth century BCE)
Mediterranean peoples: Artemidoros theorizes foreign elements in dreams (second century CE)
Mediterranean peoples: Augustus on his own achievements, conquests and alliances with peoples (14 CE)
Mediterranean peoples: Claudius Ptolemy on astrological effects on peoples (second century CE)
Mediterranean peoples: Diodoros, Pliny and Plutarch on Pompey's subjugation of peoples of the world (mid-first century BCE on)
Mediterranean peoples: Dionysios of Alexandria's poetic Guide to the Inhabited World (117-138 CE)
Mediterranean peoples: Maximus of Tyre on images for the gods as ubiquitous among peoples (late second century CE)
Mediterranean peoples: Ovid on identifying personified peoples in art to impress a girl (early first century CE)
Mediterranean peoples: Pausanias, ethnographic interests, and local traditions (mid-second century CE)
Mediterranean peoples: Pomponius Mela on peoples of the known world (mid-first century CE)
Mediterranean peoples: Pseudo-Skylax (fourth century BCE)
Mediterranean peoples: Pseudo-Skymnos' Voyage Around the Earth for Nikomedes in full (mid-second century BCE)
Mediterranean peoples: Sextus Empiricus engages with ethnographic discourses for philosophical aims (second-third centuries CE)
Mediterranean peoples: Vitruvius on the effects of climate (first century BCE)
Mossynoikians in Pontos: Xenophon and others on the "most barbarous" people (early fourth century BCE)
Mysians / Moesians: Poseidonios on their identification and customs based on Homer (first century BCE)
Mysians, Galatians, Pisidians, and others: Strabo on relations among Anatolian peoples (early first century CE)
Northern peoples: Antonios Diogenes' <i>Wonders Beyond Thule</i> and ethnographic fiction (second century CE / ninth century CE)
Northern peoples: Inscriptions on barbarians as bandits (second-third centuries CE)
Panchaians: Euhemeros and Diodoros on a noble people worshipping Zeus on a utopian island (fourth / first century BCE)
Parapamisadians: Curtius Rufus on peoples east of Baktria (first century CE)
Parthians and Scythians: Julius Africanus on barbarian military techniques (early third century CE)
Parthians, Medes, and Babylonians: Pliny the Elder (first century CE)
Parthians: Arrian on their Scythian origins (second century CE)
Parthians: Curtius Rufus on their Scythian origins (first century CE)
Parthians: Panamara inscription on Zeus' miraculous actions against invading Parthians (ca. 39 BCE)
Parthians: Poseidonios on royal banquets (first century BCE)
Parthians: Strabo on Scythian origins and military success (early first century CE)
Parthians: Trogus on the origins and developments of an empire (first century BCE)
Pelasgians: Strabo on a legendary migrating people (early first century CE)
People on an idyllic island in the Atlantic off Libya: Diodoros on their natural resources and on Carthaginian colonization plans (mid-first century BCE)
Peoples of Arachosia and Ariana: Pliny the Elder on peoples between Baktria and India (first century CE)
Persians and Egyptians: Pseudo-Clementines on the origins and nature of Magian skill (second-fourth centuries CE)
Persians and Medes: Herakleides of Kyme, Klearchos of Soloi, and others on royal banquets (fourth century BCE)
Persians and Medes: Herodotos on customs (mid-fifth century BCE)
Persians and Medes: Thucydides on Medizing (late-fifth century BCE)
Persians and neighbouring eastern peoples: Ammianus Marcellinus on Persian territories and lifestyles (late fourth century CE)
Persians, Hyrkanians, Armenians, Derbikians and others: Curtius Rufus on the mixed composition of the army of Darius III (first century CE)
Persians, Spartans, and Athenians: Platonic author on the superiority of the Persians (fourth century BCE)
Persians: Apuleius of Madaura's defence against the charge of harmful Magian actions (ca. 158 CE)
Persians: Curtius Rufus on Alexander of Macedon's supposed decline into eastern ways (first century CE)
Persians: Curtius Rufus on military processions and royal luxury (first century CE)
Persians: Emperor Diocletian on strange and monstrous Manicheans (ca. 300 CE)
Persians: Matthew and Luke-Acts on two contrasting approaches to Magians (late first century CE)
Persians: Maximus of Tyre on "barbarizing" and the excesses of royal pleasure (late second century CE)
Persians: Plato on Persian decline into effeminacy and tyranny (early fourth century BCE)
Persians: Pliny on the dissemination of Magian skill to the peoples of the world (first century CE)
Persians: Suda on Zoroaster and on expertise in Magian practice, wailing incantations, and potions (tenth century CE)
Persians: Trogus on Alexander of Macedon's acculturation to eastern ways (first century BCE)
Persians: Vitruvius theorizes about Greek depictions of enemies in architectural contexts (first century BCE)
Persians: Xanthos on the Magians' supposed incest and on Zoroaster's date (fifth century BCE)
Persians: Xenophon and an anonymous author on royal customs and Cyrus (early fourth century BCE / second century BCE)
Phoenicians and Sardinians: Cicero's ethnic invective in defending Marcus Scaurus (mid-first century BCE)
Phoenicians: Herodotos on customs and colonizing efforts (fifth century BCE)
Phrygians: Alexander Polyhistor, Hermogenes, and others on Phrygian Matters (first century BCE on)
Romans: Ammianus Marcellinus on the danger of decline into uncivilized lifestyles (late fourth century CE)
Romans: Diodoros on Herakles' journey to Rome before Rome (mid-first century BCE)
Romans: Dionysios on Roman origins and legends of Greek and Pelasgian migrations to Italy (late first century BCE)
Romans: Dionysios on the supposed Roman refusal of barbarian and Phrygian customs (late first century BCE)
Samaritans: Josephos on Chuthean origins and relations with Judeans over centuries (late first century CE)
Sarmatians and others: Pliny the Elder on peoples of northwestern Asia (first century CE)
Sarmatians: Tacitus on ferocity and laziness in military situations (early second century CE)
Scythian and Thracian diasporas: Inscriptional evidence
Scythians and Getians: Dio of Prusa on inter-ethnic encounters at Olbia and on Getian Matters (late first century CE)
Scythians and other northern peoples: Ephoros (mid-fourth century BCE)
Scythians and other Pontic peoples: Herodotos on the "most ignorant peoples of all" (fifth century BCE)
Scythians, Amazons, and Hyperboreans: Diodoros on some northerners (mid-first century BCE)
Scythians, Amazons, and Persians: Isocrates on the superiority of the Athenian people (early fourth century BCE)
Scythians, Germans, and others: Pliny the Elder on peoples on the western and northern coasts of the Black Sea (first century CE)
Scythians: Aischines' ethnic invective against Demosthenes (mid-fourth century BCE)
Scythians: Klearchos of Soloi (fourth century BCE)
Scythians: Lucian on Anacharsis and Solon's dialogue about the superiority of Greek customs (mid-second century CE)
Scythians: Lucian on Toxaris' and Anacharsis' differing encounters with Greeks (late second century CE)
Scythians: Trogus on Scythian superiority (first century BCE)
Serians (Chinese), Ottorokorians and others: Pliny the Elder on the savage silk people (first century CE)
Sicilians and other Greeks: Cicero's praise for Sicilians in the prosecution of Verres (mid-first century BCE)
Sikanians, Sicilians, Sardinians and Iolaeians: Diodoros on ancient migrations and local customs on Sicily (mid-first century BCE)
Syrian and Phoenician diasporas: Inscriptional and archeological evidence
Taurians and Kolchians: Diodoros on the origins of human sacrifice in the Black Sea area (mid-first century BCE)
Thracians and Odrysians: Thucydides on Thracians, power, and violence (late fifth century BCE)
Thracians and other Black Sea peoples: Ammianus Marcellinus on their "savage" character and on Roman control (late fourth century CE)
Thracians, Getians, Paionians, and others: Herodotos (mid-fifth century BCE)
Thracians: Tacitus on their uncivilized and wild nature (early second century CE)
Troglodytes: Graffiti and inscriptions from the Red Sea area thanking Pan / Min for rescue from Cave-dwellers (second century BCE)
Trojans, Lelegians, and Kilikians: Homer and Strabo on legendary peoples and migrations in the Troad (early first century CE)
Trojans, Teukrians, and Dardanians: Diodoros on their origins (mid-first century BCE)
Tyrrhenians: Diodoros on Etruscan inventions, lifestyle, and decline (mid-first century BCE)
Various peoples: Polybios on the mixed composition of Ptolemy IV's and Antiochos III's armies (second century BCE)
Western peoples beyond the pillars of Herakles (and up): Lucian's "A True Story" and ethnographic fiction (late second century CE)
(03) Visual ethnography (via archeology)
Amazons: Greek artistic depictions of a female warrior people (fourth century BCE to second century CE)
Armenians / Parthians: Statue of the client king Tiridates I in the Louvre (66 CE)
Barbarians: Modern colonial repurposing of images of captives
Britons, Armenians, Bessians, and others: Reliefs of subjugated peoples at Aphrodisias (first century CE)
Celtic diasporas: Galatian mercenaries settled at Alexandria in Egypt (ca. 250-200 BCE)
Celts, Persians, and Amazons: Smaller statues of fighting and dying "barbarians" associated with Attalos of Pergamon (third-second century BCE / second century CE)
Celts: Kyzikos monument with Herakles clubbing a Galatian (278/277 BCE)
Celts: Statues of dying Gauls / Galatians associated with Attalos I of Pergamon (late third century BCE / second century CE)
Dacians and Sarmatians: Reliefs on Trajan's Column celebrating subjugation (early second century CE)
Dacians and Sarmatians: Reliefs on Trajan's Trophy at Adamclisi, Romania (early second century CE)
Dacians: Frieze of Trajan's conquest reused on the so-called Arch of Constantine (likely 107 CE or after)
Egyptians, Ethiopians, Indians and others: Depictions of "pygmies" in Greek and Roman art (fifth century BCE-first century CE)
Egyptians: Attic vase paintings, Isocrates and others on king Bousiris and human sacrifice (fifth century BCE on)
Ethiopians or Nubians: Athenian-style pottery depictions of darker-skinned subjects (sixth-fifth centuries BCE)
Ethiopians or Nubians: Pottery from Athens and Greek cities of Italy depicting a darker-skinned youth devoured by a crocodile (fifth-fourth centuries BCE)
Gauls and Germans: Scenes from the Triumphal Arch of Orange (late first century BCE)
Indians: Greek representations of conquest on coins with Alexander of Macedon and Demetrios of Baktria wearing elephant skins (fourth-second century BCE)
Judeans: Reliefs on the Arch for Titus depicting temple treasures and defeat (late first century CE)
Libyans / Africans: Ancient and modern composite statue of "The Moor"
Mediterranean peoples: Roman coins [part 1] on defeat, capture, and subjugation (first century BCE on)
Mediterranean peoples: Roman coins [part 2] on humiliated captives kneeling or on the ground (first century BCE on)
Mediterranean peoples: Roman coins [part 3] on kneeling in supplication or adoration (first century BCE on)
Parthians, Celts and Iberians or Germans: Scenes on the breastplate of the "Augustus of Prima Porta" (early first century CE)
Parthians: Kneeling colossal support statues in eastern garb (first century CE)
Parthians: Scenes from the Arch of Septimius Severus (early third century CE)
Persians: God Mithras as a Roman representation of a Persian (second century CE)
Persians: Vitruvius theorizes about Greek depictions of enemies in architectural contexts (first century BCE)
Sarmatians, Marcomannians, Quadians, and Iazygians: Reliefs on Marcus Aurelius' column including women and children (176-193 CE)
Scythians: Greek depictions of Scythian archers on Attic pottery (sixth century BCE)
Thracians: Attic vase paintings depicting Thracian women with tattoos, warriors, and Orpheus (sixth-fifth centuries BCE)
(04) Greeks on wise "barbarians" and noble "savages"
Assyrian / Babylonian wisdom: Sibyl of Babylon on the superiority of the Judean people (second century BCE)
Assyrian wisdom: The Kyranides on a journey to learn from a foreign inscription (fourth century CE or earlier)
Babylonian and Persian wisdom: Kleitarchos on Chaldeans and Magians (late fourth-third centuries BCE)
Babylonian wisdom: Lucian's Menippos visits Mithrobarzanes the Chaldean / Magian wise man (late second century CE)
Barbarian and Judean wisdom: Clement of Alexandria [V] on the sources of Plato's thought (late second century CE)
Barbarian wisdom: Clement of Alexandria [VI] on barbarian and Hebrew philosophy (late second century CE)
Barbarian wisdom: Cornutus on early humanity's Stoic understanding of the cosmos (mid-first century CE)
Barbarian wisdom: Dio of Prusa on barbarians' innate knowledge of god (late first century CE)
Barbarian wisdom: Porphyry of Tyre's Neoplatonic perspective (third century CE)
Barbarian wisdom: Poseidonios on inventors of the golden age (first century BCE)
Barbarian wisdom: The Thunder, Perfect Mind (before the fourth century CE)
Britons: Diodoros on a simple way of life (mid-first century BCE)
Celts: Pliny the Elder on medicine, rites and Magian skill among Druids (first century CE)
Dyrbaians: Ktesias on an extremely just people between Baktria and India (early fourth century BCE)
Egyptian wisdom: Alexander Romance on king Nektanebos the astrologer and diviner (fourth century CE and earlier)
Egyptian wisdom: Cicero, Diodoros and Valerius Maximus on Pythagoras' and Plato's supposed journeys to Egypt (first centuries BCE and CE)
Egyptian wisdom: Lucian's story about Eukrates and Pankrates (late second century CE)
Egyptian wisdom: Plato on Solon, the Egyptian priest, and Atlantis (mid-fourth century BCE)
Egyptian wisdom: Plato's Socrates on the discoveries of the Egyptian god Thoth (fourth century BCE)
Egyptian wisdom: Thessalos on king Nechepsos and an Egyptian priest (first or second century CE)
Egyptian wisdom: Vettius Valens and others on Petosiris and pharaoh Nechepsos as astrologers (first-fifth centuries CE)
Egyptian, Pheonician, and Phrygian wisdom: Ephoros on inventors (mid-fourth century BCE)
Egyptians, Chaldeans, and Phoenicians: Julius Africanus on competitive chronologies (ca. 222 CE)
Egyptians: Attic vase paintings, Isocrates and others on king Bousiris and human sacrifice (fifth century BCE on)
Indian and Judean wisdom: Klearchos citing Aristotle (fourth century BCE)
Indian wisdom: Alexander Polyhistor and Clement of Alexandria (VII) on the Brahmans and naked sages (first century BCE / late second century CE)
Indian wisdom: Apuleius on the amazing naked philosophers and Pythagoras' journeys (mid-second century CE)
Indian wisdom: Josephos integrates Indians into Eleazar's Masada speech (late first century CE)
Indian wisdom: Naked philosophers and wise diviners in the Alexander Romance (fourth century CE and earlier)
Indian wisdom: Nearchos, Megasthenes, and Arrian on the sages Dandamis and Kalanos (fourth century BCE-second century CE)
Indian wisdom: Philostratos on Apollonios of Tyana's journeys to barbarian lands (early third century CE)
Indian wisdom: Plutarch on Alexander, the naked philosophers, and Kalanos (early second century CE)
Indians: Palladios and George on naked philosophers or Brahmans (fourth / ninth centuries CE)
Judean wisdom: Anonymous on Abraham's contributions (before the mid-first century BCE)
Judean wisdom: Aristoboulos on Moses and the Judean god as source for Plato and Pythagoras (mid-second century BCE)
Judean wisdom: Artapanos on contributions by Abraham, Joseph, and Moses (second century BCE)
Judean wisdom: Eupolemos on contributions by Abraham and Moses (before the mid-first century BCE)
Judean wisdom: Josephos on Abraham's dissemination of astrological knowledge (late-first century CE)
Judean wisdom: Josephos on philosophical sects among Judeans (late-first century CE)
Judean wisdom: Josephos on Solomon as the ultimate wise man, controller of lower spirits, and healer (late-first century CE)
Judean wisdom: Josephos' self-presentation as the optimum wise Judean (late-first century CE)
Judean wisdom: Philo on the superiority of Moses and Judean ancestral customs (first century CE)
Judean wisdom: Philo on the Therapeutists' lifestyle (first century CE)
Judean wisdom: Pseudo-Clement on a journey to Peter the Judean sage (third century CE and on)
Judean wisdom: Pseudo-Clementines on Abraham the astrologer and legends of migration (second-fourth centuries CE)
Judean wisdom: Testament of Solomon on Solomon's superiority in controlling lower spirits and in healing (first-third century CE)
Judean wisdom: Theophrastos on Judean philosophers (fourth century BCE)
Judean, Indian, Babylonian, and Egyptian wisdom: Numenius the Platonic philosopher (mid-second century CE)
Judeans and Thracians: Hermippos of Smyrna on their influence on Pythagoras (early second century BCE)
Mediterranean peoples: Pliny the Elder on inventors around the world (first century CE)
Panchaians: Euhemeros and Diodoros on a noble people worshipping Zeus on a utopian island (fourth / first century BCE)
Persian wisdom: Ammianus Marcellinus on Zoroaster, Hystaspes, and the Magians (late fourth century CE)
Persian wisdom: Aristoxenos of Tarentum on Pythagoras and Zoroaster (fourth century BCE)
Persian wisdom: Eudemos of Rhodes on Magians (fourth century BCE)
Persian wisdom: Lactantius and others on the Oracles of Hystaspes the Mede (third century CE)
Persian wisdom: Plutarch's story about Kleombrotos' journeys (early second century CE)
Persian wisdom: Theopompos of Chios and Plutarch on Magians and Zoroaster (fourth century BCE and later)
Persian, Babylonian, and Scythian wisdom: Diogenes of Laertes refutes Magian and Chaldean origins for Greek philosophy (early third century CE)
Persian, Egyptian, Indian, and Celtic wisdom: Dio of Prusa on philosophers' roles in leadership (late first century CE)
Persian, Indian, and Judean wisdom: Klearchos of Soloi on Magian precedence (fourth century BCE)
Persians: Dio of Prusa on a supposedly Zoroastrian myth (late first century CE)
Persians: Matthew and Luke-Acts on two contrasting approaches to Magians (late first century CE)
Persians: Suda on Zoroaster and on expertise in Magian practice, wailing incantations, and potions (tenth century CE)
Phoenician wisdom: Ampelius on Mochos of Sidon (early-third century CE)
Phoenician wisdom: Damascius on Eudemos of Rhodes and Mochos of Sidon (fourth century BCE)
Phoenician wisdom: Strabo and Poseidonios on Mochos of Sidon (first century BCE)
Phoenician, Egyptian and Babylonian wisdom: Porphyry of Tyre and Antonius Diogenes on Pythagoras (third century CE)
Phoenician, Egyptian and Persian wisdom: Iamblichos of Chalkis on Pythagoras (fourth century CE)
Scythian wisdom: Curtius Rufus on the Scythian elder's speech about Alexander the bandit (first century CE)
Scythian wisdom: Letters of Anacharsis (mid-third century BCE)
Scythians: Lucian on a competition between Toxaris and Mnesippos about ethnic superiority (mid-second century CE)
Scythians: Lucian on Anacharsis and Solon's dialogue about the superiority of Greek customs (mid-second century CE)
Scythians: Lucian on Toxaris' and Anacharsis' differing encounters with Greeks (late second century CE)
Sogdians: Curtius Rufus on Alexander's assessment of their noble and courageous character (first century CE)
(05) Judeans (Jews) and Christians as participants in ethnographic culture
Amalekites: Josephos and Philo on a prototypical arch-enemy people (first century CE)
Arabians and Judeans: Jubilees, Molon, and Josephos on identifying the Ishmaelites (second century BCE on)
Arabians: Pseudo-Nilus on barbarian bandits and Saracens in the Sinai desert (early fifth century CE)
Assyrian / Babylonian wisdom: Sibyl of Babylon on the superiority of the Judean people (second century BCE)
Babylonian diasporas: Josephos and others on legends of migration from Babel (first-second centuries CE)
Barbarian and Judean wisdom: Clement of Alexandria [V] on the sources of Plato's thought (late second century CE)
Barbarian peoples: Caesarius of Nazianzos' and George the Monk's collection of extraordinary customs (sixth / ninth centuries CE)
Barbarian wisdom: Celsus and Origen of Alexandria (second-third centuries CE)
Barbarian wisdom: Clement of Alexandria [VI] on barbarian and Hebrew philosophy (late second century CE)
Barbarian wisdom: The Thunder, Perfect Mind (before the fourth century CE)
Canaanites / non-Judean peoples: Jubilees on the Dinah story and intermarriage (mid-second century BCE)
Chaldeans, Greeks, Egyptians, and Judeans: Aristides of Athens (second century CE)
Christians, Judeans, and Greeks: Christians as a descent group in the Epistle to Diognetos (second or third century CE)
Cretans: Stereotypes in the letter to Titus (early second century CE)
Eastern and northern peoples: Bardaisan of Edessa's Book of the Laws of Countries and the Pseudo-Clementines on astrology and peoples (second-third centuries CE)
Egyptians and Canaanites: Wisdom of Solomon on worship of animals and images (first century BCE)
Egyptians, Chaldeans, and Phoenicians: Julius Africanus on competitive chronologies (ca. 222 CE)
Egyptians: Clement of Alexandria [II] on Egyptian animal worship as less offensive than Greek customs (late second century CE)
Egyptians: Josephos on animal worship (late first century CE)
Egyptians: Josephos on the envy of an inferior people (last-first century CE)
Egyptians: The Judean tale of Joseph and Aseneth on rejecting Egyptian gods and on intermarriage (ca. first century CE)
Ethiopians, Nubians, and Egyptians: Christian authors picturing darker-skinned peoples as "demons" (second century CE on)
Ethiopians: Artapanos and Josephos on Moses, intermarriage, and the Kushites (second century BCE-first century CE)
Ethiopians: Palladios and others on Abba Moses the former bandit with darker skin (fourth-fifth centuries CE)
Germans and Sarmatians: Josephos on impulsive and violent northerners (late first century CE)
Germans: Philo of Alexandria on fighting the tides (first century CE)
Greeks and Judeans: "Hellenizing" and "Judaizing" in 2 Maccabees (first century BCE)
Greeks and other peoples: Paul's Judean stereotypes about non-Judeans (mid-first century CE)
Greeks, Barbarians, Judeans, and Christians: Eusebios' framing of a way of life (early fourth century CE)
Idumeans and Judeans: Ptolemy the historian on the difference (late first century BCE)
Idumeans: Josephos on the Edomites' origins and relations with Judeans (late first century CE)
Indian wisdom: Alexander Polyhistor and Clement of Alexandria (VII) on the Brahmans and naked sages (first century BCE / late second century CE)
Indian wisdom: Josephos integrates Indians into Eleazar's Masada speech (late first century CE)
Indians: Bardaisan of Edessa on Indian ambassadors' tales and the Brahmans (early third century CE)
Indians: Palladios and George on naked philosophers or Brahmans (fourth / ninth centuries CE)
Itureans among Arabians: Strabo and Josephos on a supposed bandit-people (first century CE)
Judean diasporas: Josephos on conflicts in Babylonia, ca. 40-66 CE (late first century CE)
Judean diasporas: Philo on conflicts with Greeks at Alexandria and on rebellious Egyptians (mid-first century CE)
Judean wisdom: Anonymous on Abraham's contributions (before the mid-first century BCE)
Judean wisdom: Aristoboulos on Moses and the Judean god as source for Plato and Pythagoras (mid-second century BCE)
Judean wisdom: Artapanos on contributions by Abraham, Joseph, and Moses (second century BCE)
Judean wisdom: Eupolemos on contributions by Abraham and Moses (before the mid-first century BCE)
Judean wisdom: Josephos on Abraham's dissemination of astrological knowledge (late-first century CE)
Judean wisdom: Josephos on philosophical sects among Judeans (late-first century CE)
Judean wisdom: Josephos on Solomon as the ultimate wise man, controller of lower spirits, and healer (late-first century CE)
Judean wisdom: Josephos' Against Apion in full (late first century CE)
Judean wisdom: Josephos' self-presentation as the optimum wise Judean (late-first century CE)
Judean wisdom: Philo on the superiority of Moses and Judean ancestral customs (first century CE)
Judean wisdom: Philo on the Therapeutists' lifestyle (first century CE)
Judean wisdom: Pseudo-Clement on a journey to Peter the Judean sage (third century CE and on)
Judean wisdom: Pseudo-Clementines on Abraham the astrologer and legends of migration (second-fourth centuries CE)
Judean wisdom: Testament of Solomon on Solomon's superiority in controlling lower spirits and in healing (first-third century CE)
Judean, Persian, and Indian wisdom: Philo on the freedom of Essenes and Kalanos (early first century CE)
Judeans and others: The Gospel of Philip (before the fourth century CE)
Judeans: Ignatius on Judaizing and Christianizing (early second century CE)
Libyans and Ausourianians: Synesios on years of incursions into Cyrenaica (early fifth century CE)
Libyans, Assyrians and Arabians: Kleodemos and Josephos on Abraham and Keturah's descendants and their many colonies (second or first century BCE on)
Midianites and Moabites / Arabians: Josephos and Philo on intermixing and the dangers of acculturation (first century CE)
Parthians and Scythians: Julius Africanus on barbarian military techniques (early third century CE)
Parthians, Libyans, Egyptians and others: Acts of the Apostles on legends of Judean migration (early second century CE)
Persian wisdom: Lactantius and others on the Oracles of Hystaspes the Mede (third century CE)
Persians and Egyptians: Pseudo-Clementines on the origins and nature of Magian skill (second-fourth centuries CE)
Persians: Acts of Archelaos on Mani's foreignness (early fourth century CE)
Persians: Heresy-hunters on Simon Magus and other Magians (second-third centuries CE)
Persians: Irenaeus on Marcus the Valentinian Magian (late second century CE)
Phoenicians: Gospel of Mark on Jesus and a Syro-Phoenician woman (late first century CE)
Pontic peoples: Tertullian on the Pontic "barbarian" Marcion (late second century CE)
Romans, Egyptians, Persians, and others: Minucius Felix's ethnographic defence of the Christian people (early third century CE)
Samaritans and Judeans: Belonging to Israel in the Gospels (first century CE)
Samaritans: Josephos on Chuthean origins and relations with Judeans over centuries (late first century CE)
Scythians and barbarians: Colossians and others on ritual recitations (late first or early second century CE)
Scythians: Adventures of Andrew and Matthias among the Man-eaters as ethnographic fiction (third-fifth centuries CE)
Scythians: Clement of Alexandria [I] on the example of Anacharsis (late second century CE)
Spartans and Judeans: First Maccabees' and Josephos' claims about kinship ties (ca. 100 BCE / ca. 90s CE)
(06) Migration, ethnic diversity, and diasporas
Babylonian diasporas: Josephos and others on legends of migration from Babel (first-second centuries CE)
Barbarians and Greeks: Thucydides theorizes the shift from barbarian banditry to settled civilization (late fifth century BCE)
Celtic diasporas: Galatian mercenaries settled at Alexandria in Egypt (ca. 250-200 BCE)
Celts: Livy on legends of Gallic migrations south of the Alps into Italy (late first century BCE)
Celts: Trogus on Gallic invasions and character (first century BCE)
Egyptian and Ethiopian diasporas: Diodoros on competing legends of migration and colonization (mid-first century BCE)
Egyptian diasporas: Herodotos on legends about Kolchians and customs of circumcision (mid-fifth century BCE)
Egyptian diasporas: Inscriptional evidence
Egyptian diasporas: Manetho, Josephos and others on legends of migration concerning Hyksos and Judeans (third century BCE and on)
Ethnic diversity in Alexandria: Dio of Prusa on the cross-roads of the world (late first century CE)
Ethnic diversity in Egypt: Inscriptional and papyrological evidence
Ethnic diversity in Libya / Africa: Sallust on legends of migration (mid-first century BCE)
Ethnic diversity on Rhodes island: Inscriptional evidence
Greek diasporas and indigenous Iberians and Celts: Herodotos, Aristotle, Trogus and others on tales of Phokaian colonization (mid-fifth century BCE on)
Greek diasporas and indigenous Libyans: Herodotos on tales of colonization (mid-fifth century BCE)
Idumean diasporas: Inscriptions and papyri (second century BCE-third century CE)
Italian and Roman diasporas: Inscriptional evidence
Judean and Israelite diasporas: Inscriptional evidence (second century BCE-third century CE)
Judean diasporas: Josephos on conflicts in Babylonia, ca. 40-66 CE (late first century CE)
Judean diasporas: Josephos on tensions with Greeks in Syria, the Decapolis, and Alexandria ca. 59-66 CE (late first century CE)
Judean diasporas: Josephos' citation of documents on Asia Minor and Libya under Julius Caesar and Augustus (late first century CE)
Judean diasporas: Philo on conflicts with Greeks at Alexandria and on rebellious Egyptians (mid-first century CE)
Judean wisdom: Pseudo-Clementines on Abraham the astrologer and legends of migration (second-fourth centuries CE)
Judeans: Hekataios, pseudo-Hekataios and Diodoros on Judean origins and migration with the exodus (first century BCE)
Libyans, Assyrians and Arabians: Kleodemos and Josephos on Abraham and Keturah's descendants and their many colonies (second or first century BCE on)
Mediterranean peoples: Pausanias, ethnographic interests, and local traditions (mid-second century CE)
Pelasgian diasporas: Ephoros on legends of migration (mid-fourth century BCE)
Pelasgian diasporas: Hekataios of Miletos and Herodotos on legends of migration, language, and influence (mid-fifth century BCE)
Pelasgians: Strabo on a legendary migrating people (early first century CE)
People on an idyllic island in the Atlantic off Libya: Diodoros on their natural resources and on Carthaginian colonization plans (mid-first century BCE)
Phoenician diasporas: Ephoros on Kadmos and legends of migration to Boiotia (mid-fourth century BCE)
Romans: Dionysios on Roman origins and legends of Greek and Pelasgian migrations to Italy (late first century BCE)
Scythian and Thracian diasporas: Inscriptional evidence
Sikanians, Sicilians, Sardinians and Iolaeians: Diodoros on ancient migrations and local customs on Sicily (mid-first century BCE)
Sikanians, Sikelians, Phoenicians and Greeks: Thucydides on settlement of Sicily (late fifth century BCE)
Syrian and Phoenician diasporas: Inscriptional and archeological evidence
Trojans, Lelegians, and Kilikians: Homer and Strabo on legendary peoples and migrations in the Troad (early first century CE)
(07) Further ancient theorizing, ethnic stereotyping and racialization
Arkadians: Polybios theorizes environment and peoplehood (second century BCE)
Barbarians and Greeks: Thucydides theorizes the shift from barbarian banditry to settled civilization (late fifth century BCE)
Ethiopians, Nubians, and Egyptians: Christian authors picturing darker-skinned peoples as "demons" (second century CE on)
Ethiopians: Palladios and others on Abba Moses the former bandit with darker skin (fourth-fifth centuries CE)
Europeans and Asians: Pseudo-Hippokrates on humoural and environmental theories (fifth century BCE)
Europeans, Asians, and Greeks: Aristotle on environment, ethnic hierarchies, and slaves (fourth century BCE)
Mediterranean peoples: Artemidoros theorizes foreign elements in dreams (second century CE)
Mediterranean peoples: Polemon theorizes the meaning of physical features (second / fifth centuries CE)
Mediterranean peoples: Pseudo-Aristotle theorizes the meaning of physical features (third century BCE)
Northern peoples: Inscriptions on barbarians as bandits (second-third centuries CE)
Scythians and Ethiopians: Agatharchides and Diodoros theorize about the effects of climate (second-first centuries CE)
(08) Gender, sexuality, and ethnographic discourses
Amazons, Tibarenians, and Mossynoikians: Apollonios of Rhodes on a voyage to the Kolchians (third century BCE)
Amazons: Curtius Rufus on Alexander's relationship with Thalestris (first century CE)
Arabians: Ammianus Marcellinus on the customs of Saracens (late fourth century CE)
Assyrian / Babylonian wisdom: Sibyl of Babylon on the superiority of the Judean people (second century BCE)
Assyrians: Trogus on the achievements of Ninos and Semiramis and on the extreme effeminacy of Sardanapalus (first century BCE)
Babylonians and Assyrians: Herodotos on legendary queens and outstanding customs (mid-fifth century BCE)
Baliaridians and other barbarian peoples off Iberia: Diodoros on their paradoxical customs (mid-first century BCE)
Barbarian peoples: Caesarius of Nazianzos' and George the Monk's collection of extraordinary customs (sixth / ninth centuries CE)
Barbarian peoples: Nymphodoros, Nikolaos, and others with collections of paradoxical customs (third century BCE on)
Celts: Diodoros on Galatian origins and "savage" customs (mid-first century BCE)
Celts: Parthenios on wife abductions in the Galatian invasion (first century BCE)
Celts: Phylarchos and Poseidonios on banqueting and violent customs (first century BCE)
Eastern and northern peoples: Bardaisan of Edessa's Book of the Laws of Countries and the Pseudo-Clementines on astrology and peoples (second-third centuries CE)
Ethiopians: Agatharchides and Diodoros on lifestyles and diets in the extreme south (second-first centuries BCE)
Europeans and Asians: Pseudo-Hippokrates on humoural and environmental theories (fifth century BCE)
Iapygians and Tarentinians: Klearchos of Soloi (fourth century BCE)
Illyrians: Theopompos on banquets (fourth century BCE)
Indians: Herodotos on eastern peoples at the ends of the earth (mid-fifth century BCE)
Libyans: Dionysios of Mytilene and Diodoros on Nasamonians, Marmaridians, and Libyan Amazons (third / mid-first century BCE)
Libyans: Herodotos on customs and colonization (fifth century BCE)
Ligurians: Diodoros on their harsh environment, hard work and noble spirit (mid-first century BCE)
Lydians: Xanthos of Lydia and Klearchos of Soloi (fifth-fourth centuries BCE)
Mediterranean peoples: Sextus Empiricus engages with ethnographic discourses for philosophical aims (second-third centuries CE)
Midianites and Moabites / Arabians: Josephos and Philo on intermixing and the dangers of acculturation (first century CE)
Mossynoikians in Pontos: Xenophon and others on the "most barbarous" people (early fourth century BCE)
New scholarly article: Maia Kotrosits, "The Ethnography of Gender" (2023)
Persians: Plato on Persian decline into effeminacy and tyranny (early fourth century BCE)
Samaritans and Judeans: Belonging to Israel in the Gospels (first century CE)
Scythians, Amazons, and Hyperboreans: Diodoros on some northerners (mid-first century BCE)
Scythians: Trogus on Scythian superiority (first century BCE)
Sikanians, Sicilians, Sardinians and Iolaeians: Diodoros on ancient migrations and local customs on Sicily (mid-first century BCE)
(09) Ethnic groups or peoples
(a) Northern peoples
Amazons, Tibarenians, and Mossynoikians: Apollonios of Rhodes on a voyage to the Kolchians (third century BCE)
Amazons: Curtius Rufus on Alexander's relationship with Thalestris (first century CE)
Amazons: Greek artistic depictions of a female warrior people (fourth century BCE to second century CE)
Amazons: Strabo on their customs and northern location (late first century CE)
Asian Albanians, Iberians, Mardians and others: Demodamas and Pliny the Elder on peoples in the Caucasus region and further east (third century BCE / first century CE)
Assyrians, Chaldeans, Egyptians, Celts, and others: The Cicero brothers on the nature and effectiveness of divination (mid-first century BCE)
Babylonian diasporas: Josephos and others on legends of migration from Babel (first-second centuries CE)
Barbarian and Judean wisdom: Clement of Alexandria [V] on the sources of Plato's thought (late second century CE)
Barbarian peoples: Caesarius of Nazianzos' and George the Monk's collection of extraordinary customs (sixth / ninth centuries CE)
Barbarian peoples: Nymphodoros, Nikolaos, and others with collections of paradoxical customs (third century BCE on)
Barbarian wisdom: Celsus and Origen of Alexandria (second-third centuries CE)
Barbarian wisdom: Clement of Alexandria [VI] on barbarian and Hebrew philosophy (late second century CE)
Barbarian wisdom: Poseidonios on inventors of the golden age (first century BCE)
Barbarians and Greeks: Eratosthenes challenges the dichotomy (third century BCE)
Britons, Armenians, Bessians, and others: Reliefs of subjugated peoples at Aphrodisias (first century CE)
Britons: Julius Caesar (mid-first century BCE)
Britons: Tacitus (late first century CE)
Celts and Germans: Diodoros, Dionysios, Strabo, and Dio on distinguishing them (first centuries BCE and CE)
Celts and Germans: Plutarch’s ethnographic digressions in the Lives (early second century CE)
Celts, Iberians, and Libyans: Polybios on the mixed composition of Hannibal of Carthage's army and on military equipment (second century BCE)
Celts, Persians, and Amazons: Smaller statues of fighting and dying "barbarians" associated with Attalos of Pergamon (third-second century BCE / second century CE)
Celts: Dio Cassius on spirited and untrustworthy Galatians (early third century CE)
Celts: Ephoros (mid-fourth century BCE)
Celts: Julius Caesar on Druids and supposed human sacrifice among Gauls (mid-first century BCE)
Celts: Livy on legends of Gallic migrations south of the Alps into Italy (late first century BCE)
Celts: Phylarchos and Poseidonios on banqueting and violent customs (first century BCE)
Celts: Polybios on the Celtic encounter with Rome and on his method in dealing with distant peoples (second century BCE)
Celts: Priene inscription on Galatian "impiety" and "savagery" during the invasion (ca. 278-270 BCE)
Celts: Statues of dying Gauls / Galatians associated with Attalos I of Pergamon (late third century BCE / second century CE)
Celts: Timagenes of Alexandria and Ammianus Marcellinus on Celtic origins and customs (first century BCE / fourth century CE)
Celts: Trogus on Gallic invasions and character (first century BCE)
Daans, Kadousians, Hyrkanians, and Sakians: Strabo on peoples east of the Caspian Sea (first century CE)
Dacians and Istrians: Trogus on peoples west of the Black Sea (first century BCE)
Dacians and Sarmatians: Reliefs on Trajan's Column celebrating subjugation (early second century CE)
Dacians and Sarmatians: Reliefs on Trajan's Trophy at Adamclisi, Romania (early second century CE)
Eastern and northern peoples: Bardaisan of Edessa's Book of the Laws of Countries and the Pseudo-Clementines on astrology and peoples (second-third centuries CE)
Egyptian diasporas: Herodotos on legends about Kolchians and customs of circumcision (mid-fifth century BCE)
Egyptian, Pheonician, and Phrygian wisdom: Ephoros on inventors (mid-fourth century BCE)
Egyptians, Taurians, and Celts: Cicero's Philus engages in ethnographic discourses for philosophical aims (mid-first century BCE)
Europeans and Asians: Pseudo-Hippokrates on humoural and environmental theories (fifth century BCE)
Gauls and Germans: Scenes from the Triumphal Arch of Orange (late first century BCE)
Germanic peoples: Tacitus' Germania in full (late first century CE)
Germans and Scythians: Seneca on enduring hardships and on anger (first century CE)
Germans, Suebians, Marcomannians, and Kimbrians: Poseidonios and Strabo on customs and rumours about the tides (first century BCE)
Germans: Julius Caesar (mid-first century BCE)
Germans: Philo of Alexandria on fighting the tides (first century CE)
Getians, Dacians, and Scythians: Strabo (early first century CE)
Getians, Scythians, and Goths: Jordanes on their supposed origins and achievements (mid-sixth century CE)
Huns and Alans: Ammianus Marcellinus on "savage" nomadic threats (late fourth century CE)
Hyperboreans: Herodotos, Hekataios, Diodoros, and others on a legendary northern people (four century BCE to third century CE)
Iberians and others: Avienus on a journey along the southern coast of Spain (mid-fourth century CE)
Iberians, Albanians and others of the Caucasus area: Strabo (early first century CE)
Illyrians, Pannonians, and other peoples: Strabo (early first century CE)
Illyrians: Appian of Alexandria (mid-second century CE)
Illyrians: Theopompos on banquets (fourth century BCE)
Indians, Ethiopians and others: Pliny the Elder on "unbelievable" peoples (first century CE)
Indians, Ethiopians, and Celts: Dio of Prusa critiques foreign imports and luxury (late first century CE)
Indians, Ethiopians, Celts, and Scythians: Ephoros on a four-fold division of the known world (mid-fourth century BCE)
Judeans and Celts: Various authors on Claudius' actions against foreigners in the 40s CE (second / third centuries CE
Judeans, Syrians, Celts, Scythians and others: Plutarch on the "barbarian" origins of fearing the gods, or "superstition" (early second century CE)
Judeans, Syrians, Indians, and others: Porphyry of Tyre on abstinence from meat (third century CE)
Kolchians, Heniochians, Drillians, and others: Arrian on his journey along the Black Sea coast near the Caucasus mountains (ca. 131-132 CE)
Libyans, Egyptians, Iberians, and Celts: Diodoros on Herakles' civilizing expeditions (mid-first century BCE)
Maiotians, Bosporians, Kaukasians, and other Pontic peoples: Strabo on northern Asia (early first century CE)
Medes, Assyrians, Baktrians, and others: Herodotos on the mixed composition of the Persian army under Xerxes (fifth century BCE)
Mediterranean peoples: Artemidoros theorizes foreign elements in dreams (second century CE)
Mediterranean peoples: Augustus on his own achievements, conquests and alliances with peoples (14 CE)
Mediterranean peoples: Claudius Ptolemy on astrological effects on peoples (second century CE)
Mediterranean peoples: Dionysios of Alexandria's poetic Guide to the Inhabited World (117-138 CE)
Mediterranean peoples: Maximus of Tyre on images for the gods as ubiquitous among peoples (late second century CE)
Mediterranean peoples: Pausanias, ethnographic interests, and local traditions (mid-second century CE)
Mediterranean peoples: Pliny the Elder on inventors around the world (first century CE)
Mediterranean peoples: Polemon theorizes the meaning of physical features (second / fifth centuries CE)
Mediterranean peoples: Pomponius Mela on peoples of the known world (mid-first century CE)
Mediterranean peoples: Pseudo-Aristotle theorizes the meaning of physical features (third century BCE)
Mediterranean peoples: Pseudo-Skylax (fourth century BCE)
Mediterranean peoples: Pseudo-Skymnos' Voyage Around the Earth for Nikomedes in full (mid-second century BCE)
Mediterranean peoples: Roman coins [part 1] on defeat, capture, and subjugation (first century BCE on)
Mediterranean peoples: Roman coins [part 2] on humiliated captives kneeling or on the ground (first century BCE on)
Mediterranean peoples: Roman coins [part 3] on kneeling in supplication or adoration (first century BCE on)
Mediterranean peoples: Sextus Empiricus engages with ethnographic discourses for philosophical aims (second-third centuries CE)
Mediterranean peoples: Vitruvius on the effects of climate (first century BCE)
Mysians / Moesians: Poseidonios on their identification and customs based on Homer (first century BCE)
Northern peoples: Antonios Diogenes' <i>Wonders Beyond Thule</i> and ethnographic fiction (second century CE / ninth century CE)
Northern peoples: Inscriptions on barbarians as bandits (second-third centuries CE)
Parapamisadians: Curtius Rufus on peoples east of Baktria (first century CE)
Parthians and Scythians: Julius Africanus on barbarian military techniques (early third century CE)
Parthians, Celts and Iberians or Germans: Scenes on the breastplate of the "Augustus of Prima Porta" (early first century CE)
Parthians: Arrian on their Scythian origins (second century CE)
Parthians: Curtius Rufus on their Scythian origins (first century CE)
Persian, Babylonian, and Scythian wisdom: Diogenes of Laertes refutes Magian and Chaldean origins for Greek philosophy (early third century CE)
Persian, Egyptian, Indian, and Celtic wisdom: Dio of Prusa on philosophers' roles in leadership (late first century CE)
Persians: Pliny on the dissemination of Magian skill to the peoples of the world (first century CE)
Pontic peoples: Tertullian on the Pontic "barbarian" Marcion (late second century CE)
Romans, Egyptians, Persians, and others: Minucius Felix's ethnographic defence of the Christian people (early third century CE)
Sarmatians and others: Pliny the Elder on peoples of northwestern Asia (first century CE)
Sarmatians: Tacitus on ferocity and laziness in military situations (early second century CE)
Scythian and Thracian diasporas: Inscriptional evidence
Scythian wisdom: Curtius Rufus on the Scythian elder's speech about Alexander the bandit (first century CE)
Scythian wisdom: Letters of Anacharsis (mid-third century BCE)
Scythians and barbarians: Colossians and others on ritual recitations (late first or early second century CE)
Scythians and Ethiopians: Agatharchides and Diodoros theorize about the effects of climate (second-first centuries CE)
Scythians and other northern peoples: Ephoros (mid-fourth century BCE)
Scythians and other Pontic peoples: Herodotos on the "most ignorant peoples of all" (fifth century BCE)
Scythians, Amazons, and Hyperboreans: Diodoros on some northerners (mid-first century BCE)
Scythians, Amazons, and Persians: Isocrates on the superiority of the Athenian people (early fourth century BCE)
Scythians: Adventures of Andrew and Matthias among the Man-eaters as ethnographic fiction (third-fifth centuries CE)
Scythians: Aischines' ethnic invective against Demosthenes (mid-fourth century BCE)
Scythians: Greek depictions of Scythian archers on Attic pottery (sixth century BCE)
Scythians: Klearchos of Soloi (fourth century BCE)
Scythians: Trogus on Scythian superiority (first century BCE)
Sogdians: Curtius Rufus on Alexander's assessment of their noble and courageous character (first century CE)
Thracians and other Black Sea peoples: Ammianus Marcellinus on their "savage" character and on Roman control (late fourth century CE)
Thracians, Getians, Paionians, and others: Herodotos (mid-fifth century BCE)
Thracians: Tacitus on their uncivilized and wild nature (early second century CE)
Various peoples: Polybios on the mixed composition of Ptolemy IV's and Antiochos III's armies (second century BCE)
(b) Southern peoples
Assyrian / Babylonian wisdom: Sibyl of Babylon on the superiority of the Judean people (second century BCE)
Assyrians, Chaldeans, Egyptians, Celts, and others: The Cicero brothers on the nature and effectiveness of divination (mid-first century BCE)
Axumite perspectives: Inscription by the king of Axum on the Ethiopian and Arabian peoples he conquered (late-second or early-third century CE)
Babylonian diasporas: Josephos and others on legends of migration from Babel (first-second centuries CE)
Barbaria's inhabitants, Arabians, and Indians: Anonymous author on trade and peoples on the Erythraian sea all the way to eastern India (mid-first century CE)
Barbarian peoples: Nymphodoros, Nikolaos, and others with collections of paradoxical customs (third century BCE on)
Barbarians and Greeks: Eratosthenes challenges the dichotomy (third century BCE)
Carthaginians: Appian of Alexandria (mid-second century CE)
Chaldeans, Greeks, Egyptians, and Judeans: Aristides of Athens (second century CE)
Cretans, Spartans, Carthaginians, and Romans: Polybios on superior and inferior societal organization (second century BCE)
Egyptian diasporas: Inscriptional evidence
Egyptian perspectives: Chairemon on Egyptian temple functionaries (first century CE)
Egyptian perspectives: Manetho on Egyptian Matters (early third century BCE)
Egyptian wisdom: Alexander Romance on king Nektanebos the astrologer and diviner (fourth century CE and earlier)
Egyptian wisdom: Cicero, Diodoros and Valerius Maximus on Pythagoras' and Plato's supposed journeys to Egypt (first centuries BCE and CE)
Egyptian wisdom: Lucian's story about Eukrates and Pankrates (late second century CE)
Egyptian wisdom: Plato on Solon, the Egyptian priest, and Atlantis (mid-fourth century BCE)
Egyptian wisdom: Plato's Socrates on the discoveries of the Egyptian god Thoth (fourth century BCE)
Egyptian wisdom: Thessalos on king Nechepsos and an Egyptian priest (first or second century CE)
Egyptians, Taurians, and Celts: Cicero's Philus engages in ethnographic discourses for philosophical aims (mid-first century BCE)
Egyptians: Ammianus on their "dark" complexion and insubordinate behaviour (late fourth century CE)
Egyptians: Cicero on superstition and animal-worship (mid-first century BCE)
Egyptians: Herodotos on customs and legendary kings (fifth century BCE)
Egyptians: Josephos on animal worship (late first century CE)
Egyptians: The Judean tale of Joseph and Aseneth on rejecting Egyptian gods and on intermarriage (ca. first century CE)
Ethiopians or Nubians: Athenian-style pottery depictions of darker-skinned subjects (sixth-fifth centuries BCE)
Ethiopians or Nubians: Pottery from Athens and Greek cities of Italy depicting a darker-skinned youth devoured by a crocodile (fifth-fourth centuries BCE)
Ethiopians, Nubians, and Egyptians: Christian authors picturing darker-skinned peoples as "demons" (second century CE on)
Ethiopians: Artapanos and Josephos on Moses, intermarriage, and the Kushites (second century BCE-first century CE)
Ethiopians: Palladios and others on Abba Moses the former bandit with darker skin (fourth-fifth centuries CE)
Ethnic diversity in Libya / Africa: Sallust on legends of migration (mid-first century BCE)
Greek diasporas and indigenous Libyans: Herodotos on tales of colonization (mid-fifth century BCE)
Indian wisdom: Alexander Polyhistor and Clement of Alexandria (VII) on the Brahmans and naked sages (first century BCE / late second century CE)
Indians, Ethiopians and others: Pliny the Elder on "unbelievable" peoples (first century CE)
Indians: Curtius Rufus on the environment and the peoples (first century CE)
Judeans, Syrians, and Egyptians: Epiktetos engages with ethnographic discourses for philosophical aims (mid-first century CE)
Judeans, Syrians, Celts, Scythians and others: Plutarch on the "barbarian" origins of fearing the gods, or "superstition" (early second century CE)
Libyan perspectives: Apuleius self-identifies as a barbarian and Numidian / Gaetulian (mid-second century CE)
Libyan perspectives: Cornelius Fronto self-identifies as a "barbarian" and Libyan nomad (mid-second century CE)
Libyans / Africans: Ancient and modern composite statue of "The Moor"
Libyans / Africans: Pliny the Elder on various peoples and strange customs (first century CE)
Libyans / Africans: Sallust (mid-first century BCE)
Libyans / Africans: Tacitus on Tacfarinas and resistance by Numidians, Maurians, and Musulamians (early second century CE)
Libyans and Ausourianians: Synesios on years of incursions into Cyrenaica (early fifth century CE)
Libyans and Maurians: Corippus' poetic survey of northern African peoples in the tale of John Troglita (after 548 CE)
Libyans, Assyrians and Arabians: Kleodemos and Josephos on Abraham and Keturah's descendants and their many colonies (second or first century BCE on)
Libyans, Egyptians, Iberians, and Celts: Diodoros on Herakles' civilizing expeditions (mid-first century BCE)
Libyans, Maurians and Ausourianians: Ammianus Marcellinus on their savage behaviour and banditry (late fourth century CE)
Libyans: Dionysios of Mytilene and Diodoros on Nasamonians, Marmaridians, and Libyan Amazons (third / mid-first century BCE)
Libyans: Hanno the Carthaginian (fourth century BCE or earlier)
Medes, Assyrians, Baktrians, and others: Herodotos on the mixed composition of the Persian army under Xerxes (fifth century BCE)
Mediterranean peoples: Artemidoros theorizes foreign elements in dreams (second century CE)
Mediterranean peoples: Augustus on his own achievements, conquests and alliances with peoples (14 CE)
Mediterranean peoples: Claudius Ptolemy on astrological effects on peoples (second century CE)
Mediterranean peoples: Dionysios of Alexandria's poetic Guide to the Inhabited World (117-138 CE)
Mediterranean peoples: Maximus of Tyre on images for the gods as ubiquitous among peoples (late second century CE)
Mediterranean peoples: Pausanias, ethnographic interests, and local traditions (mid-second century CE)
Mediterranean peoples: Pliny the Elder on inventors around the world (first century CE)
Mediterranean peoples: Polemon theorizes the meaning of physical features (second / fifth centuries CE)
Mediterranean peoples: Pomponius Mela on peoples of the known world (mid-first century CE)
Mediterranean peoples: Pseudo-Aristotle theorizes the meaning of physical features (third century BCE)
Mediterranean peoples: Pseudo-Skylax (fourth century BCE)
Mediterranean peoples: Pseudo-Skymnos' Voyage Around the Earth for Nikomedes in full (mid-second century BCE)
Mediterranean peoples: Roman coins [part 1] on defeat, capture, and subjugation (first century BCE on)
Mediterranean peoples: Roman coins [part 3] on kneeling in supplication or adoration (first century BCE on)
Mediterranean peoples: Sextus Empiricus engages with ethnographic discourses for philosophical aims (second-third centuries CE)
Mediterranean peoples: Vitruvius on the effects of climate (first century BCE)
Persian, Egyptian, Indian, and Celtic wisdom: Dio of Prusa on philosophers' roles in leadership (late first century CE)
Phoenicians and Sardinians: Cicero's ethnic invective in defending Marcus Scaurus (mid-first century BCE)
Romans, Egyptians, Persians, and others: Minucius Felix's ethnographic defence of the Christian people (early third century CE)
Scythians and Ethiopians: Agatharchides and Diodoros theorize about the effects of climate (second-first centuries CE)
Troglodytes: Graffiti and inscriptions from the Red Sea area thanking Pan / Min for rescue from Cave-dwellers (second century BCE)
Various peoples: Polybios on the mixed composition of Ptolemy IV's and Antiochos III's armies (second century BCE)
(c) Western peoples
Arkadians: Polybios theorizes environment and peoplehood (second century BCE)
Babylonian diasporas: Josephos and others on legends of migration from Babel (first-second centuries CE)
Baliaridians and other barbarian peoples off Iberia: Diodoros on their paradoxical customs (mid-first century BCE)
Barbarian peoples: Nymphodoros, Nikolaos, and others with collections of paradoxical customs (third century BCE on)
Celtiberians, Iberians, and Lusitanians: Diodoros on their customs and military skill (mid-first century BCE)
Celts, Iberians, and Libyans: Polybios on the mixed composition of Hannibal of Carthage's army and on military equipment (second century BCE)
Cretans, Spartans, Carthaginians, and Romans: Polybios on superior and inferior societal organization (second century BCE)
Europeans and Asians: Pseudo-Hippokrates on humoural and environmental theories (fifth century BCE)
Europeans, Asians, and Greeks: Aristotle on environment, ethnic hierarchies, and slaves (fourth century BCE)
Iapygians and Tarentinians: Klearchos of Soloi (fourth century BCE)
Iberians and others: Avienus on a journey along the southern coast of Spain (mid-fourth century CE)
Iberians: Appian of Alexandria (mid-second century CE)
Iberians: Appian on Viriathus and resistance by Lusitanians (early second century CE)
Iberians: Artemidoros, Poseidonios, Strabo, and others (second century BCE to first century CE)
Iberians: Trogus on their extreme courage (first century BCE)
Indians, Ethiopians and others: Pliny the Elder on "unbelievable" peoples (first century CE)
Italian and Roman diasporas: Inscriptional evidence
Judeans, Syrians, and Egyptians: Epiktetos engages with ethnographic discourses for philosophical aims (mid-first century CE)
Libyans, Egyptians, Iberians, and Celts: Diodoros on Herakles' civilizing expeditions (mid-first century BCE)
Ligurians: Diodoros on their harsh environment, hard work and noble spirit (mid-first century BCE)
Mediterranean peoples: Artemidoros theorizes foreign elements in dreams (second century CE)
Mediterranean peoples: Augustus on his own achievements, conquests and alliances with peoples (14 CE)
Mediterranean peoples: Claudius Ptolemy on astrological effects on peoples (second century CE)
Mediterranean peoples: Dionysios of Alexandria's poetic Guide to the Inhabited World (117-138 CE)
Mediterranean peoples: Maximus of Tyre on images for the gods as ubiquitous among peoples (late second century CE)
Mediterranean peoples: Pausanias, ethnographic interests, and local traditions (mid-second century CE)
Mediterranean peoples: Polemon theorizes the meaning of physical features (second / fifth centuries CE)
Mediterranean peoples: Pomponius Mela on peoples of the known world (mid-first century CE)
Mediterranean peoples: Pseudo-Skylax (fourth century BCE)
Mediterranean peoples: Pseudo-Skymnos' Voyage Around the Earth for Nikomedes in full (mid-second century BCE)
Mediterranean peoples: Roman coins [part 1] on defeat, capture, and subjugation (first century BCE on)
Mediterranean peoples: Roman coins [part 2] on humiliated captives kneeling or on the ground (first century BCE on)
Mediterranean peoples: Roman coins [part 3] on kneeling in supplication or adoration (first century BCE on)
Mediterranean peoples: Sextus Empiricus engages with ethnographic discourses for philosophical aims (second-third centuries CE)
Parthians, Celts and Iberians or Germans: Scenes on the breastplate of the "Augustus of Prima Porta" (early first century CE)
People on an idyllic island in the Atlantic off Libya: Diodoros on their natural resources and on Carthaginian colonization plans (mid-first century BCE)
Romans: Diodoros on Herakles' journey to Rome before Rome (mid-first century BCE)
Romans: Dionysios on Roman origins and legends of Greek and Pelasgian migrations to Italy (late first century BCE)
Romans: Dionysios on the supposed Roman refusal of barbarian and Phrygian customs (late first century BCE)
Sikanians, Sicilians, Sardinians and Iolaeians: Diodoros on ancient migrations and local customs on Sicily (mid-first century BCE)
Western peoples beyond the pillars of Herakles (and up): Lucian's "A True Story" and ethnographic fiction (late second century CE)
(d) Eastern peoples
Amalekites: Josephos and Philo on a prototypical arch-enemy people (first century CE)
Arabians and Aramaians: Poseidonios on relations between eastern peoples (first century BCE)
Arabians and Judeans: Jubilees, Molon, and Josephos on identifying the Ishmaelites (second century BCE on)
Arabians: Agatharchides and Diodoros on peoples of Arabia Felix on the eastern coast of the Red Sea (second-first centuries BCE)
Arabians: Ammianus Marcellinus on the customs of Saracens (late fourth century CE)
Armenians / Parthians: Statue of the client king Tiridates I in the Louvre (66 CE)
Asian Albanians, Iberians, Mardians and others: Demodamas and Pliny the Elder on peoples in the Caucasus region and further east (third century BCE / first century CE)
Assyrian / Babylonian wisdom: Sibyl of Babylon on the superiority of the Judean people (second century BCE)
Assyrians, Chaldeans, Egyptians, Celts, and others: The Cicero brothers on the nature and effectiveness of divination (mid-first century BCE)
Assyrians, Medes and Persians: Ktesias on Persian Matters via Diodoros and Photios (early fourth century BCE)
Assyrians: Trogus on the achievements of Ninos and Semiramis and on the extreme effeminacy of Sardanapalus (first century BCE)
Babylonian diasporas: Josephos and others on legends of migration from Babel (first-second centuries CE)
Babylonian wisdom: Lucian's Menippos visits Mithrobarzanes the Chaldean / Magian wise man (late second century CE)
Baktrians, Sogdians, and some "completely barbarous" eastern peoples: Strabo (early first century CE)
Barbaria's inhabitants, Arabians, and Indians: Anonymous author on trade and peoples on the Erythraian sea all the way to eastern India (mid-first century CE)
Barbarian and Judean wisdom: Clement of Alexandria [V] on the sources of Plato's thought (late second century CE)
Barbarian peoples: Caesarius of Nazianzos' and George the Monk's collection of extraordinary customs (sixth / ninth centuries CE)
Barbarian peoples: Nymphodoros, Nikolaos, and others with collections of paradoxical customs (third century BCE on)
Barbarian wisdom: Celsus and Origen of Alexandria (second-third centuries CE)
Barbarian wisdom: Clement of Alexandria [VI] on barbarian and Hebrew philosophy (late second century CE)
Barbarian wisdom: Poseidonios on inventors of the golden age (first century BCE)
Britons, Armenians, Bessians, and others: Reliefs of subjugated peoples at Aphrodisias (first century CE)
Celts, Persians, and Amazons: Smaller statues of fighting and dying "barbarians" associated with Attalos of Pergamon (third-second century BCE / second century CE)
Chaldeans, Greeks, Egyptians, and Judeans: Aristides of Athens (second century CE)
Daans, Kadousians, Hyrkanians, and Sakians: Strabo on peoples east of the Caspian Sea (first century CE)
Eastern and northern peoples: Bardaisan of Edessa's Book of the Laws of Countries and the Pseudo-Clementines on astrology and peoples (second-third centuries CE)
Egyptian wisdom: Cicero, Diodoros and Valerius Maximus on Pythagoras' and Plato's supposed journeys to Egypt (first centuries BCE and CE)
Egyptian, Pheonician, and Phrygian wisdom: Ephoros on inventors (mid-fourth century BCE)
Egyptians, Chaldeans, and Phoenicians: Julius Africanus on competitive chronologies (ca. 222 CE)
Egyptians: Cicero on superstition and animal-worship (mid-first century BCE)
Egyptians: Josephos on the envy of an inferior people (last-first century CE)
Ethiopians and Arabians: Nonnosos on Saracens and on a hairy people (sixth century CE)
Europeans and Asians: Pseudo-Hippokrates on humoural and environmental theories (fifth century BCE)
Europeans, Asians, and Greeks: Aristotle on environment, ethnic hierarchies, and slaves (fourth century BCE)
Huns and Alans: Ammianus Marcellinus on "savage" nomadic threats (late fourth century CE)
Iberians, Albanians and others of the Caucasus area: Strabo (early first century CE)
Ichthyophagians: Nearchos and Agatharchides on Fish-eaters around the Arabian Sea (fourth-first centuries BCE)
Idumean diasporas: Inscriptions and papyri (second century BCE-third century CE)
Indian and Judean wisdom: Klearchos citing Aristotle (fourth century BCE)
Indian wisdom: Alexander Polyhistor and Clement of Alexandria (VII) on the Brahmans and naked sages (first century BCE / late second century CE)
Indian wisdom: Apuleius on the amazing naked philosophers and Pythagoras' journeys (mid-second century CE)
Indian wisdom: Naked philosophers and wise diviners in the Alexander Romance (fourth century CE and earlier)
Indian wisdom: Plutarch on Alexander, the naked philosophers, and Kalanos (early second century CE)
Indians, Ethiopians and others: Pliny the Elder on "unbelievable" peoples (first century CE)
Indians, Ethiopians, and Celts: Dio of Prusa critiques foreign imports and luxury (late first century CE)
Indians, Ethiopians, Celts, and Scythians: Ephoros on a four-fold division of the known world (mid-fourth century BCE)
Indians, Taprobanians, and Serians: Pliny the Elder on numerous peoples and customs in India and beyond (first century CE)
Indians: Bardaisan of Edessa on Indian ambassadors' tales and the Brahmans (early third century CE)
Indians: Curtius Rufus on the environment and the peoples (first century CE)
Indians: Diodoros on environment, customs and social organization (mid-first century BCE)
Indians: Greek representations of conquest on coins with Alexander of Macedon and Demetrios of Baktria wearing elephant skins (fourth-second century BCE)
Indians: Ktesias on Indian Matters via Photios, Pliny the Elder, and Aelian (early fourth century BCE)
Indians: Nearchos, Megasthenes, and Arrian (fourth century BCE-second century CE)
Isaurians: Ammianus Marcellinus on their incursions and banditry (late fourth century CE)
Itureans among Arabians: Strabo and Josephos on a supposed bandit-people (first century CE)
Judean and Israelite diasporas: Inscriptional evidence (second century BCE-third century CE)
Judean diasporas: Differing perspectives on violent clashes between Judeans and Greeks in Libya and Egypt under Trajan, ca. 115-117 CE (second-fourth centuries CE)
Judean diasporas: Josephos on conflicts in Babylonia, ca. 40-66 CE (late first century CE)
Judean diasporas: Josephos on tensions with Greeks in Syria, the Decapolis, and Alexandria ca. 59-66 CE (late first century CE)
Judean diasporas: Philo on conflicts with Greeks at Alexandria and on rebellious Egyptians (mid-first century CE)
Judean wisdom: Anonymous on Abraham's contributions (before the mid-first century BCE)
Judean wisdom: Aristoboulos on Moses and the Judean god as source for Plato and Pythagoras (mid-second century BCE)
Judean wisdom: Artapanos on contributions by Abraham, Joseph, and Moses (second century BCE)
Judean wisdom: Eupolemos on contributions by Abraham and Moses (before the mid-first century BCE)
Judean wisdom: Josephos on Abraham's dissemination of astrological knowledge (late-first century CE)
Judean wisdom: Josephos on Solomon as the ultimate wise man, controller of lower spirits, and healer (late-first century CE)
Judean wisdom: Josephos' Against Apion in full (late first century CE)
Judean wisdom: Philo on the superiority of Moses and Judean ancestral customs (first century CE)
Judean wisdom: Philo on the Therapeutists' lifestyle (first century CE)
Judean wisdom: Pseudo-Clement on a journey to Peter the Judean sage (third century CE and on)
Judean wisdom: Pseudo-Clementines on Abraham the astrologer and legends of migration (second-fourth centuries CE)
Judean wisdom: Testament of Solomon on Solomon's superiority in controlling lower spirits and in healing (first-third century CE)
Judean wisdom: Theophrastos on Judean philosophers (fourth century BCE)
Judean, Persian, and Indian wisdom: Philo on the freedom of Essenes and Kalanos (early first century CE)
Judeans and Celts: Various authors on Claudius' actions against foreigners in the 40s CE (second / third centuries CE
Judeans and Thracians: Hermippos of Smyrna on their influence on Pythagoras (early second century BCE)
Judeans, "Asiatics", and Greeks: Cicero's ethnic invective aimed at eastern witnesses against Flaccus (mid-first century BCE)
Judeans, Egyptians, and Magians: Various authors on Tiberius' actions against foreign practices 17-19 CE (first-third centuries CE)
Judeans, Syrians, and Egyptians: Epiktetos engages with ethnographic discourses for philosophical aims (mid-first century CE)
Judeans, Syrians, Celts, Scythians and others: Plutarch on the "barbarian" origins of fearing the gods, or "superstition" (early second century CE)
Judeans, Syrians, Indians, and others: Porphyry of Tyre on abstinence from meat (third century CE)
Judeans: Agatharchides of Knidos on the Sabbath (second century BCE)
Judeans: Kleomedes denigrates Epicurus and Judeans (second century CE)
Judeans: Manetho, Chairemon, and Lysimachos on an alternative Exodus (third century BCE on)
Judeans: Mnaseas, Poseidonios, Apollonios Molon, Diodoros, Apion, and Damokritos on the statue of a donkey and on human sacrifice (second century BCE and on)
Judeans: Pliny the Elder and Julius Solinus on the Essenes beside the Dead Sea (first / third centuries CE)
Judeans: Poseidonios (?) and Strabo on decline after Moses (first century CE)
Judeans: Pseudo-Hekataios' <i>On Judeans</i> (pre-first century CE)
Judeans: Tacitus on Judean origins and customs (second century CE)
Karmanians, Ichthyophagians, and others: Nearchos, Onesikritos, Juba, and Pliny on the area around the Persian Gulf (fourth century BCE-first century CE)
Kolchians, Heniochians, Drillians, and others: Arrian on his journey along the Black Sea coast near the Caucasus mountains (ca. 131-132 CE)
Libyan perspectives: Apuleius self-identifies as a barbarian and Numidian / Gaetulian (mid-second century CE)
Libyans, Assyrians and Arabians: Kleodemos and Josephos on Abraham and Keturah's descendants and their many colonies (second or first century BCE on)
Libyans: Dionysios of Mytilene and Diodoros on Nasamonians, Marmaridians, and Libyan Amazons (third / mid-first century BCE)
Lydians, Maionians, Arimians, and Solymians: Strabo on a variety of peoples in Lydia, Phrygia and Pisidia (early first century CE)
Lydians: Xanthos of Lydia and Klearchos of Soloi (fifth-fourth centuries BCE)
Mardians among Persians: Curtius Rufus on Alexander's conquest of an uncivilized cave people (first century CE)
Medes, Assyrians, Baktrians, and others: Herodotos on the mixed composition of the Persian army under Xerxes (fifth century BCE)
Mediterranean peoples: Artemidoros theorizes foreign elements in dreams (second century CE)
Mediterranean peoples: Augustus on his own achievements, conquests and alliances with peoples (14 CE)
Mediterranean peoples: Claudius Ptolemy on astrological effects on peoples (second century CE)
Mediterranean peoples: Diodoros, Pliny and Plutarch on Pompey's subjugation of peoples of the world (mid-first century BCE on)
Mediterranean peoples: Dionysios of Alexandria's poetic Guide to the Inhabited World (117-138 CE)
Mediterranean peoples: Maximus of Tyre on images for the gods as ubiquitous among peoples (late second century CE)
Mediterranean peoples: Ovid on identifying personified peoples in art to impress a girl (early first century CE)
Mediterranean peoples: Pausanias, ethnographic interests, and local traditions (mid-second century CE)
Mediterranean peoples: Pliny the Elder on inventors around the world (first century CE)
Mediterranean peoples: Polemon theorizes the meaning of physical features (second / fifth centuries CE)
Mediterranean peoples: Pomponius Mela on peoples of the known world (mid-first century CE)
Mediterranean peoples: Pseudo-Skylax (fourth century BCE)
Mediterranean peoples: Pseudo-Skymnos' Voyage Around the Earth for Nikomedes in full (mid-second century BCE)
Mediterranean peoples: Roman coins [part 1] on defeat, capture, and subjugation (first century BCE on)
Mediterranean peoples: Roman coins [part 2] on humiliated captives kneeling or on the ground (first century BCE on)
Mediterranean peoples: Roman coins [part 3] on kneeling in supplication or adoration (first century BCE on)
Mediterranean peoples: Sextus Empiricus engages with ethnographic discourses for philosophical aims (second-third centuries CE)
Mediterranean peoples: Vitruvius on the effects of climate (first century BCE)
Midianites and Moabites / Arabians: Josephos and Philo on intermixing and the dangers of acculturation (first century CE)
Mysians, Galatians, Pisidians, and others: Strabo on relations among Anatolian peoples (early first century CE)
Panchaians: Euhemeros and Diodoros on a noble people worshipping Zeus on a utopian island (fourth / first century BCE)
Parapamisadians: Curtius Rufus on peoples east of Baktria (first century CE)
Parthians and Scythians: Julius Africanus on barbarian military techniques (early third century CE)
Parthians, Celts and Iberians or Germans: Scenes on the breastplate of the "Augustus of Prima Porta" (early first century CE)
Parthians, Libyans, Egyptians and others: Acts of the Apostles on legends of Judean migration (early second century CE)
Parthians, Medes, and Babylonians: Pliny the Elder (first century CE)
Parthians: Curtius Rufus on their Scythian origins (first century CE)
Parthians: Kneeling colossal support statues in eastern garb (first century CE)
Parthians: Panamara inscription on Zeus' miraculous actions against invading Parthians (ca. 39 BCE)
Parthians: Poseidonios on royal banquets (first century BCE)
Parthians: Scenes from the Arch of Septimius Severus (early third century CE)
Parthians: Trogus on the origins and developments of an empire (first century BCE)
Persian wisdom: Aristoxenos of Tarentum on Pythagoras and Zoroaster (fourth century BCE)
Persian wisdom: Eudemos of Rhodes on Magians (fourth century BCE)
Persian wisdom: Lactantius and others on the Oracles of Hystaspes the Mede (third century CE)
Persian wisdom: Plutarch's story about Kleombrotos' journeys (early second century CE)
Persian wisdom: Theopompos of Chios and Plutarch on Magians and Zoroaster (fourth century BCE and later)
Persian, Babylonian, and Scythian wisdom: Diogenes of Laertes refutes Magian and Chaldean origins for Greek philosophy (early third century CE)
Persian, Egyptian, Indian, and Celtic wisdom: Dio of Prusa on philosophers' roles in leadership (late first century CE)
Persians and Medes: Herakleides of Kyme, Klearchos of Soloi, and others on royal banquets (fourth century BCE)
Persians and neighbouring eastern peoples: Ammianus Marcellinus on Persian territories and lifestyles (late fourth century CE)
Persians, Hyrkanians, Armenians, Derbikians and others: Curtius Rufus on the mixed composition of the army of Darius III (first century CE)
Persians, Spartans, and Athenians: Platonic author on the superiority of the Persians (fourth century BCE)
Persians: Acts of Archelaos on Mani's foreignness (early fourth century CE)
Persians: Curtius Rufus on Alexander of Macedon's supposed decline into eastern ways (first century CE)
Persians: Curtius Rufus on military processions and royal luxury (first century CE)
Persians: Emperor Diocletian on strange and monstrous Manicheans (ca. 300 CE)
Persians: Matthew and Luke-Acts on two contrasting approaches to Magians (late first century CE)
Persians: Maximus of Tyre on "barbarizing" and the excesses of royal pleasure (late second century CE)
Persians: Plato on Persian decline into effeminacy and tyranny (early fourth century BCE)
Persians: Pliny on the dissemination of Magian skill to the peoples of the world (first century CE)
Persians: Trogus on Alexander of Macedon's acculturation to eastern ways (first century BCE)
Persians: Vitruvius theorizes about Greek depictions of enemies in architectural contexts (first century BCE)
Persians: Xanthos on the Magians' supposed incest and on Zoroaster's date (fifth century BCE)
Phoenician perspectives: Philo of Byblos on "Phoenician Matters" (early second century CE)
Phoenician wisdom: Ampelius on Mochos of Sidon (early-third century CE)
Phoenician wisdom: Damascius on Eudemos of Rhodes and Mochos of Sidon (fourth century BCE)
Phoenician wisdom: Strabo and Poseidonios on Mochos of Sidon (first century BCE)
Phoenician, Egyptian and Babylonian wisdom: Porphyry of Tyre and Antonius Diogenes on Pythagoras (third century CE)
Phoenician, Egyptian and Persian wisdom: Iamblichos of Chalkis on Pythagoras (fourth century CE)
Phoenicians and Sardinians: Cicero's ethnic invective in defending Marcus Scaurus (mid-first century BCE)
Phoenicians: Gospel of Mark on Jesus and a Syro-Phoenician woman (late first century CE)
Phoenicians: Herodotos on customs and colonizing efforts (fifth century BCE)
Romans, Egyptians, Persians, and others: Minucius Felix's ethnographic defence of the Christian people (early third century CE)
Romans: Dionysios on Roman origins and legends of Greek and Pelasgian migrations to Italy (late first century BCE)
Samaritans and Judeans: Belonging to Israel in the Gospels (first century CE)
Scythians, Amazons, and Persians: Isocrates on the superiority of the Athenian people (early fourth century BCE)
Serians (Chinese), Ottorokorians and others: Pliny the Elder on the savage silk people (first century CE)
Sogdians: Curtius Rufus on Alexander's assessment of their noble and courageous character (first century CE)
Spartans and Judeans: First Maccabees' and Josephos' claims about kinship ties (ca. 100 BCE / ca. 90s CE)
Syrian and Phoenician diasporas: Inscriptional and archeological evidence
Syrian perspectives: Lucian of Samosata on The Syrian Goddess in full (mid-second century CE)
Syrian perspectives: Lucian self-identifies as "barbarian" and "Assyrian" (mid-second century CE)
Thracians and other Black Sea peoples: Ammianus Marcellinus on their "savage" character and on Roman control (late fourth century CE)
Trojans, Lelegians, and Kilikians: Homer and Strabo on legendary peoples and migrations in the Troad (early first century CE)
Various peoples: Polybios on the mixed composition of Ptolemy IV's and Antiochos III's armies (second century BCE)
Abians (subset of Scythians)
Scythian wisdom: Curtius Rufus on the Scythian elder's speech about Alexander the bandit (first century CE)
Aiolians / Aeolians (broad subset of Greeks)
Babylonian diasporas: Josephos and others on legends of migration from Babel (first-second centuries CE)
Judeans, "Asiatics", and Greeks: Cicero's ethnic invective aimed at eastern witnesses against Flaccus (mid-first century BCE)
Pelasgian diasporas: Hekataios of Miletos and Herodotos on legends of migration, language, and influence (mid-fifth century BCE)
Aitolians / Aetolians (in Greece)
Aitolians: Ephoros on their origins and invincibility (mid-fourth century BCE)
Aitolians: Thucydides on barbarous Greeks (late fifth century BCE)
Barbarians and Greeks: Thucydides theorizes the shift from barbarian banditry to settled civilization (late fifth century BCE)
Alans (Halani)
Huns and Alans: Ammianus Marcellinus on "savage" nomadic threats (late fourth century CE)
Thracians and other Black Sea peoples: Ammianus Marcellinus on their "savage" character and on Roman control (late fourth century CE)
Albanians of the Caucasus area
Asian Albanians, Iberians, Mardians and others: Demodamas and Pliny the Elder on peoples in the Caucasus region and further east (third century BCE / first century CE)
Iberians, Albanians and others of the Caucasus area: Strabo (early first century CE)
Mediterranean peoples: Diodoros, Pliny and Plutarch on Pompey's subjugation of peoples of the world (mid-first century BCE on)
Alexandrians (in Egypt)
Egyptian diasporas: Inscriptional evidence
Allobrogians (subset of "Germans" or Celts)
Celts and Ligurians: Strabo on peoples south of the Alps (early first century CE)
Celts: Cicero on Gauls and the link between imperial conquest and negative stereotypes (mid-first century BCE)
Celts: Cicero's ethnic invective against Gauls in defending Fonteius (mid-first century BCE)
Celts: Strabo on peoples northwest of the Alps (early first century CE)
Celts: Timagenes of Alexandria and Ammianus Marcellinus on Celtic origins and customs (first century BCE / fourth century CE)
Amalekites (associated with Canaanites / Phoenicians / inhabitants south of Judah)
Amalekites: Josephos and Philo on a prototypical arch-enemy people (first century CE)
Amazons (often considered Scythians)
Amazons, Tibarenians, and Mossynoikians: Apollonios of Rhodes on a voyage to the Kolchians (third century BCE)
Amazons: Curtius Rufus on Alexander's relationship with Thalestris (first century CE)
Amazons: Greek artistic depictions of a female warrior people (fourth century BCE to second century CE)
Amazons: Strabo on their customs and northern location (late first century CE)
Barbarian peoples: Caesarius of Nazianzos' and George the Monk's collection of extraordinary customs (sixth / ninth centuries CE)
Barbarian peoples: Nymphodoros, Nikolaos, and others with collections of paradoxical customs (third century BCE on)
Britons, Armenians, Bessians, and others: Reliefs of subjugated peoples at Aphrodisias (first century CE)
Celts, Persians, and Amazons: Smaller statues of fighting and dying "barbarians" associated with Attalos of Pergamon (third-second century BCE / second century CE)
Eastern and northern peoples: Bardaisan of Edessa's Book of the Laws of Countries and the Pseudo-Clementines on astrology and peoples (second-third centuries CE)
Getians, Scythians, and Goths: Jordanes on their supposed origins and achievements (mid-sixth century CE)
Libyans: Dionysios of Mytilene and Diodoros on competing claims about the god Dionysos (third / mid-first century BCE)
Libyans: Dionysios of Mytilene and Diodoros on Nasamonians, Marmaridians, and Libyan Amazons (third / mid-first century BCE)
Mediterranean peoples: Pausanias, ethnographic interests, and local traditions (mid-second century CE)
Mysians, Galatians, Pisidians, and others: Strabo on relations among Anatolian peoples (early first century CE)
Sarmatians and others: Pliny the Elder on peoples of northwestern Asia (first century CE)
Scythians and other northern peoples: Ephoros (mid-fourth century BCE)
Scythians and other Pontic peoples: Herodotos on the "most ignorant peoples of all" (fifth century BCE)
Scythians, Amazons, and Hyperboreans: Diodoros on some northerners (mid-first century BCE)
Scythians, Amazons, and Persians: Isocrates on the superiority of the Athenian people (early fourth century BCE)
Scythians: Trogus on Scythian superiority (first century BCE)
Thracians and other Black Sea peoples: Ammianus Marcellinus on their "savage" character and on Roman control (late fourth century CE)
Arabians
Arabians / Nabateans: Diodoros on Nabatean customs and freedom (mid-first century BCE)
Arabians and Aramaians: Poseidonios on relations between eastern peoples (first century BCE)
Arabians and Judeans: Jubilees, Molon, and Josephos on identifying the Ishmaelites (second century BCE on)
Arabians: Agatharchides and Diodoros on peoples of Arabia Felix on the eastern coast of the Red Sea (second-first centuries BCE)
Arabians: Herodotos on deities and lifestyle (late fifth century BCE)
Arabians: Pseudo-Nilus on barbarian bandits and Saracens in the Sinai desert (early fifth century CE)
Assyrian / Babylonian wisdom: Sibyl of Babylon on the superiority of the Judean people (second century BCE)
Babylonians and Assyrians: Herodotos on legendary queens and outstanding customs (mid-fifth century BCE)
Barbaria's inhabitants, Arabians, and Indians: Anonymous author on trade and peoples on the Erythraian sea all the way to eastern India (mid-first century CE)
Eastern and northern peoples: Bardaisan of Edessa's Book of the Laws of Countries and the Pseudo-Clementines on astrology and peoples (second-third centuries CE)
Egyptians: Herodotos on customs and legendary kings (fifth century BCE)
Ethiopians and Arabians: Nonnosos on Saracens and on a hairy people (sixth century CE)
Ethnic diversity in Alexandria: Dio of Prusa on the cross-roads of the world (late first century CE)
Ethnic diversity in Egypt: Inscriptional and papyrological evidence
Indian wisdom: Apuleius on the amazing naked philosophers and Pythagoras' journeys (mid-second century CE)
Itureans among Arabians: Strabo and Josephos on a supposed bandit-people (first century CE)
Judean wisdom: Artapanos on contributions by Abraham, Joseph, and Moses (second century BCE)
Judean wisdom: Pseudo-Clementines on Abraham the astrologer and legends of migration (second-fourth centuries CE)
Libyans, Assyrians and Arabians: Kleodemos and Josephos on Abraham and Keturah's descendants and their many colonies (second or first century BCE on)
Libyans: Dionysios of Mytilene and Diodoros on competing claims about the god Dionysos (third / mid-first century BCE)
Medes, Assyrians, Baktrians, and others: Herodotos on the mixed composition of the Persian army under Xerxes (fifth century BCE)
Mediterranean peoples: Augustus on his own achievements, conquests and alliances with peoples (14 CE)
Mediterranean peoples: Maximus of Tyre on images for the gods as ubiquitous among peoples (late second century CE)
Midianites and Moabites / Arabians: Josephos and Philo on intermixing and the dangers of acculturation (first century CE)
Panchaians: Euhemeros and Diodoros on a noble people worshipping Zeus on a utopian island (fourth / first century BCE)
Parthians, Libyans, Egyptians and others: Acts of the Apostles on legends of Judean migration (early second century CE)
Phoenician, Egyptian and Babylonian wisdom: Porphyry of Tyre and Antonius Diogenes on Pythagoras (third century CE)
Various peoples: Polybios on the mixed composition of Ptolemy IV's and Antiochos III's armies (second century BCE)
Arachosians
Peoples of Arachosia and Ariana: Pliny the Elder on peoples between Baktria and India (first century CE)
Arachosians (in northeastern Persia)
Parapamisadians: Curtius Rufus on peoples east of Baktria (first century CE)
Persians and neighbouring eastern peoples: Ammianus Marcellinus on Persian territories and lifestyles (late fourth century CE)
Persians, Hyrkanians, Armenians, Derbikians and others: Curtius Rufus on the mixed composition of the army of Darius III (first century CE)
Arianians
Barbarians and Greeks: Eratosthenes challenges the dichotomy (third century BCE)
Peoples of Arachosia and Ariana: Pliny the Elder on peoples between Baktria and India (first century CE)
Arians
Daans, Kadousians, Hyrkanians, and Sakians: Strabo on peoples east of the Caspian Sea (first century CE)
Persians and neighbouring eastern peoples: Ammianus Marcellinus on Persian territories and lifestyles (late fourth century CE)
Arimaspians
Asian Albanians, Iberians, Mardians and others: Demodamas and Pliny the Elder on peoples in the Caucasus region and further east (third century BCE / first century CE)
Daans, Kadousians, Hyrkanians, and Sakians: Strabo on peoples east of the Caspian Sea (first century CE)
Indians, Ethiopians and others: Pliny the Elder on "unbelievable" peoples (first century CE)
Kimmerians and Kolchians: Herodotos on other Pontic peoples (mid-fifth century BCE)
Mediterranean peoples: Pausanias, ethnographic interests, and local traditions (mid-second century CE)
Mediterranean peoples: Pomponius Mela on peoples of the known world (mid-first century CE)
Parapamisadians: Curtius Rufus on peoples east of Baktria (first century CE)
Scythians and other Pontic peoples: Herodotos on the "most ignorant peoples of all" (fifth century BCE)
Scythians, Amazons, and Hyperboreans: Diodoros on some northerners (mid-first century BCE)
Arimians (in Asia Minor)
Lydians, Maionians, Arimians, and Solymians: Strabo on a variety of peoples in Lydia, Phrygia and Pisidia (early first century CE)
Arkadians (in Greece)
Arkadians: Polybios theorizes environment and peoplehood (second century BCE)
Pelasgian diasporas: Ephoros on legends of migration (mid-fourth century BCE)
Pelasgian diasporas: Hekataios of Miletos and Herodotos on legends of migration, language, and influence (mid-fifth century BCE)
Romans: Dionysios on Roman origins and legends of Greek and Pelasgian migrations to Italy (late first century BCE)
Armenians
Arabians and Aramaians: Poseidonios on relations between eastern peoples (first century BCE)
Armenians / Parthians: Statue of the client king Tiridates I in the Louvre (66 CE)
Babylonians and Assyrians: Herodotos on legendary queens and outstanding customs (mid-fifth century BCE)
Britons, Armenians, Bessians, and others: Reliefs of subjugated peoples at Aphrodisias (first century CE)
Ethnic diversity in Libya / Africa: Sallust on legends of migration (mid-first century BCE)
Medes, Assyrians, Baktrians, and others: Herodotos on the mixed composition of the Persian army under Xerxes (fifth century BCE)
Mediterranean peoples: Augustus on his own achievements, conquests and alliances with peoples (14 CE)
Mediterranean peoples: Diodoros, Pliny and Plutarch on Pompey's subjugation of peoples of the world (mid-first century BCE on)
Mediterranean peoples: Ovid on identifying personified peoples in art to impress a girl (early first century CE)
Mediterranean peoples: Roman coins [part 1] on defeat, capture, and subjugation (first century BCE on)
Mediterranean peoples: Roman coins [part 3] on kneeling in supplication or adoration (first century BCE on)
Parthians: Trogus on the origins and developments of an empire (first century BCE)
Persians, Hyrkanians, Armenians, Derbikians and others: Curtius Rufus on the mixed composition of the army of Darius III (first century CE)
Asians / Asiatics (general)
Baktrians, Sogdians, and some "completely barbarous" eastern peoples: Strabo (early first century CE)
Cappadocians: Strabo on their temple-states and supposed desire for subservience (early first century CE)
Daans, Kadousians, Hyrkanians, and Sakians: Strabo on peoples east of the Caspian Sea (first century CE)
Europeans and Asians: Pseudo-Hippokrates on humoural and environmental theories (fifth century BCE)
Europeans, Asians, and Greeks: Aristotle on environment, ethnic hierarchies, and slaves (fourth century BCE)
Iberians, Albanians and others of the Caucasus area: Strabo (early first century CE)
Judeans, "Asiatics", and Greeks: Cicero's ethnic invective aimed at eastern witnesses against Flaccus (mid-first century BCE)
Maiotians, Bosporians, Kaukasians, and other Pontic peoples: Strabo on northern Asia (early first century CE)
Mediterranean peoples: Diodoros, Pliny and Plutarch on Pompey's subjugation of peoples of the world (mid-first century BCE on)
Parthians, Libyans, Egyptians and others: Acts of the Apostles on legends of Judean migration (early second century CE)
Various peoples: Polybios on the mixed composition of Ptolemy IV's and Antiochos III's armies (second century BCE)
Athenians
Aitolians: Thucydides on barbarous Greeks (late fifth century BCE)
Barbarians and Greeks: Thucydides theorizes the shift from barbarian banditry to settled civilization (late fifth century BCE)
Cretans, Spartans, Carthaginians, and Romans: Polybios on superior and inferior societal organization (second century BCE)
Egyptian and Ethiopian diasporas: Diodoros on competing legends of migration and colonization (mid-first century BCE)
Egyptian wisdom: Plato on Solon, the Egyptian priest, and Atlantis (mid-fourth century BCE)
Ethnic diversity in Alexandria: Dio of Prusa on the cross-roads of the world (late first century CE)
Judeans, "Asiatics", and Greeks: Cicero's ethnic invective aimed at eastern witnesses against Flaccus (mid-first century BCE)
Pelasgian diasporas: Hekataios of Miletos and Herodotos on legends of migration, language, and influence (mid-fifth century BCE)
Persians, Spartans, and Athenians: Platonic author on the superiority of the Persians (fourth century BCE)
Scythians: Lucian on Anacharsis and Solon's dialogue about the superiority of Greek customs (mid-second century CE)
Thracians, Getians, Paionians, and others: Herodotos (mid-fifth century BCE)
Atlantians (imagined people)
Atlantians: Dionysios of Mytilene and Diodoros on supposed Atlantian stories about the earliest kings / gods (third / mid-first century BCE)
Ausourianians / Ausurians / Austurians
Libyans and Ausourianians: Synesios on years of incursions into Cyrenaica (early fifth century CE)
Libyans and Maurians: Corippus' poetic survey of northern African peoples in the tale of John Troglita (after 548 CE)
Libyans, Maurians and Ausourianians: Ammianus Marcellinus on their savage behaviour and banditry (late fourth century CE)
Axumites (associated with Ethiopians)
Axumite perspectives: Inscription by the king of Axum on the Ethiopian and Arabian peoples he conquered (late-second or early-third century CE)
Barbaria's inhabitants, Arabians, and Indians: Anonymous author on trade and peoples on the Erythraian sea all the way to eastern India (mid-first century CE)
Babylonians / Chaldeans
Arabians: Herodotos on deities and lifestyle (late fifth century BCE)
Assyrian / Babylonian wisdom: Sibyl of Babylon on the superiority of the Judean people (second century BCE)
Assyrians, Chaldeans, Egyptians, Celts, and others: The Cicero brothers on the nature and effectiveness of divination (mid-first century BCE)
Assyrians, Medes and Persians: Ktesias on Persian Matters via Diodoros and Photios (early fourth century BCE)
Babylonian and Persian wisdom: Kleitarchos on Chaldeans and Magians (late fourth-third centuries BCE)
Babylonian diasporas: Josephos and others on legends of migration from Babel (first-second centuries CE)
Babylonian perspectives: Bel-re’ushu / Berossos on the origins of civilization (late fourth century BCE)
Babylonian wisdom: Lucian's Menippos visits Mithrobarzanes the Chaldean / Magian wise man (late second century CE)
Babylonians and Assyrians: Herodotos on legendary queens and outstanding customs (mid-fifth century BCE)
Babylonians: Diodoros on Chaldeans' astrology and divination (mid-first century BCE)
Barbarian and Judean wisdom: Clement of Alexandria [V] on the sources of Plato's thought (late second century CE)
Barbarian peoples: Caesarius of Nazianzos' and George the Monk's collection of extraordinary customs (sixth / ninth centuries CE)
Barbarian peoples: Nymphodoros, Nikolaos, and others with collections of paradoxical customs (third century BCE on)
Barbarian wisdom: Celsus and Origen of Alexandria (second-third centuries CE)
Barbarian wisdom: Clement of Alexandria [VI] on barbarian and Hebrew philosophy (late second century CE)
Barbarian wisdom: Cornutus on early humanity's Stoic understanding of the cosmos (mid-first century CE)
Chaldeans, Greeks, Egyptians, and Judeans: Aristides of Athens (second century CE)
Eastern and northern peoples: Bardaisan of Edessa's Book of the Laws of Countries and the Pseudo-Clementines on astrology and peoples (second-third centuries CE)
Egyptian and Ethiopian diasporas: Diodoros on competing legends of migration and colonization (mid-first century BCE)
Egyptian wisdom: Vettius Valens and others on Petosiris and pharaoh Nechepsos as astrologers (first-fifth centuries CE)
Egyptians, Chaldeans, and Phoenicians: Julius Africanus on competitive chronologies (ca. 222 CE)
Egyptians: Diodoros on the origins of civilization and on Egyptian views (mid-first century BCE)
Egyptians: Herodotos on customs and legendary kings (fifth century BCE)
Indian wisdom: Apuleius on the amazing naked philosophers and Pythagoras' journeys (mid-second century CE)
Indians, Ethiopians, and Celts: Dio of Prusa critiques foreign imports and luxury (late first century CE)
Judean diasporas: Josephos on conflicts in Babylonia, ca. 40-66 CE (late first century CE)
Judean wisdom: Josephos on Abraham's dissemination of astrological knowledge (late-first century CE)
Judean wisdom: Josephos on Solomon as the ultimate wise man, controller of lower spirits, and healer (late-first century CE)
Judean wisdom: Josephos' Against Apion in full (late first century CE)
Judean wisdom: Testament of Solomon on Solomon's superiority in controlling lower spirits and in healing (first-third century CE)
Judean, Indian, Babylonian, and Egyptian wisdom: Numenius the Platonic philosopher (mid-second century CE)
Judeans, Egyptians, and Magians: Various authors on Tiberius' actions against foreign practices 17-19 CE (first-third centuries CE)
Judeans: Hekataios, pseudo-Hekataios and Diodoros on Judean origins and migration with the exodus (first century BCE)
Judeans: Poseidonios (?) and Strabo on decline after Moses (first century CE)
Medes, Assyrians, Baktrians, and others: Herodotos on the mixed composition of the Persian army under Xerxes (fifth century BCE)
Mediterranean peoples: Pausanias, ethnographic interests, and local traditions (mid-second century CE)
Mediterranean peoples: Pliny the Elder on inventors around the world (first century CE)
Parthians, Medes, and Babylonians: Pliny the Elder (first century CE)
Persian wisdom: Ammianus Marcellinus on Zoroaster, Hystaspes, and the Magians (late fourth century CE)
Persian wisdom: Aristoxenos of Tarentum on Pythagoras and Zoroaster (fourth century BCE)
Persian wisdom: Lactantius and others on the Oracles of Hystaspes the Mede (third century CE)
Persian, Babylonian, and Scythian wisdom: Diogenes of Laertes refutes Magian and Chaldean origins for Greek philosophy (early third century CE)
Persians: Acts of Archelaos on Mani's foreignness (early fourth century CE)
Persians: Clement of Alexandria [IV] on the elements among Greek philosophers and Persian Magians (late second century CE)
Persians: Curtius Rufus on military processions and royal luxury (first century CE)
Persians: Emperor Diocletian on strange and monstrous Manicheans (ca. 300 CE)
Persians: Suda on Zoroaster and on expertise in Magian practice, wailing incantations, and potions (tenth century CE)
Phoenician, Egyptian and Babylonian wisdom: Porphyry of Tyre and Antonius Diogenes on Pythagoras (third century CE)
Phoenician, Egyptian and Persian wisdom: Iamblichos of Chalkis on Pythagoras (fourth century CE)
Romans, Egyptians, Persians, and others: Minucius Felix's ethnographic defence of the Christian people (early third century CE)
Baktrians / Bactrians
Asian Albanians, Iberians, Mardians and others: Demodamas and Pliny the Elder on peoples in the Caucasus region and further east (third century BCE / first century CE)
Assyrians, Medes and Persians: Ktesias on Persian Matters via Diodoros and Photios (early fourth century BCE)
Assyrians: Trogus on the achievements of Ninos and Semiramis and on the extreme effeminacy of Sardanapalus (first century BCE)
Babylonian diasporas: Josephos and others on legends of migration from Babel (first-second centuries CE)
Baktrians, Sogdians, and some "completely barbarous" eastern peoples: Strabo (early first century CE)
Barbarian peoples: Caesarius of Nazianzos' and George the Monk's collection of extraordinary customs (sixth / ninth centuries CE)
Eastern and northern peoples: Bardaisan of Edessa's Book of the Laws of Countries and the Pseudo-Clementines on astrology and peoples (second-third centuries CE)
Ethnic diversity in Alexandria: Dio of Prusa on the cross-roads of the world (late first century CE)
Indians: Aelian on Indian views and customs about animals (late second century CE)
Indians: Herodotos on eastern peoples at the ends of the earth (mid-fifth century BCE)
Judeans, Syrians, Indians, and others: Porphyry of Tyre on abstinence from meat (third century CE)
Medes, Assyrians, Baktrians, and others: Herodotos on the mixed composition of the Persian army under Xerxes (fifth century BCE)
Parthians: Strabo on Scythian origins and military success (early first century CE)
Parthians: Trogus on the origins and developments of an empire (first century BCE)
Persian wisdom: Ammianus Marcellinus on Zoroaster, Hystaspes, and the Magians (late fourth century CE)
Persian wisdom: Lactantius and others on the Oracles of Hystaspes the Mede (third century CE)
Persians and neighbouring eastern peoples: Ammianus Marcellinus on Persian territories and lifestyles (late fourth century CE)
Persians, Hyrkanians, Armenians, Derbikians and others: Curtius Rufus on the mixed composition of the army of Darius III (first century CE)
Scythians: Trogus on Scythian superiority (first century BCE)
Baliaridians (off Iberia)
Baliaridians and other barbarian peoples off Iberia: Diodoros on their paradoxical customs (mid-first century BCE)
Barbaria inhabitants
Barbaria's inhabitants, Arabians, and Indians: Anonymous author on trade and peoples on the Erythraian sea all the way to eastern India (mid-first century CE)
Bessians (subset of Thracians)
Britons, Armenians, Bessians, and others: Reliefs of subjugated peoples at Aphrodisias (first century CE)
Thracians, Getians, Paionians, and others: Herodotos (mid-fifth century BCE)
Bithynians (in Asia Minor)
Bithynians, Mariandynians, Paphlagonians, and others: Strabo on temple-states and peoples near his Pontic homeland (early first century CE)
Medes, Assyrians, Baktrians, and others: Herodotos on the mixed composition of the Persian army under Xerxes (fifth century BCE)
Mediterranean peoples: Diodoros, Pliny and Plutarch on Pompey's subjugation of peoples of the world (mid-first century BCE on)
Mediterranean peoples: Roman coins [part 2] on humiliated captives kneeling or on the ground (first century BCE on)
Mysians, Galatians, Pisidians, and others: Strabo on relations among Anatolian peoples (early first century CE)
Thracians, Getians, Paionians, and others: Herodotos (mid-fifth century BCE)
Boiotians / Boeotians (in Greece)
Barbarian peoples: Nymphodoros, Nikolaos, and others with collections of paradoxical customs (third century BCE on)
Boiotians: Ephoros on the superiority of Boiotia and on a Phoenician connection (mid-fourth century BCE)
Ethnic diversity in Egypt: Inscriptional and papyrological evidence
Phoenician diasporas: Ephoros on Kadmos and legends of migration to Boiotia (mid-fourth century BCE)
Various peoples: Polybios on the mixed composition of Ptolemy IV's and Antiochos III's armies (second century BCE)
Britons / Britannians
Barbarian peoples: Caesarius of Nazianzos' and George the Monk's collection of extraordinary customs (sixth / ninth centuries CE)
Britons and Iernians (Irish): Julius Caesar, Pytheas, and Strabo on customs including eating human flesh (early first century CE)
Britons, Armenians, Bessians, and others: Reliefs of subjugated peoples at Aphrodisias (first century CE)
Britons: Diodoros on a simple way of life (mid-first century BCE)
Britons: Julius Caesar (mid-first century BCE)
Britons: Tacitus (late first century CE)
Celts: Pliny the Elder on medicine, rites and Magian skill among Druids (first century CE)
Eastern and northern peoples: Bardaisan of Edessa's Book of the Laws of Countries and the Pseudo-Clementines on astrology and peoples (second-third centuries CE)
Iberians and others: Avienus on a journey along the southern coast of Spain (mid-fourth century CE)
Mediterranean peoples: Augustus on his own achievements, conquests and alliances with peoples (14 CE)
Mediterranean peoples: Pomponius Mela on peoples of the known world (mid-first century CE)
Mediterranean peoples: Roman coins [part 2] on humiliated captives kneeling or on the ground (first century BCE on)
Persians: Pliny on the dissemination of Magian skill to the peoples of the world (first century CE)
Cappadocians (in eastern Anatolia)
Assyrian / Babylonian wisdom: Sibyl of Babylon on the superiority of the Judean people (second century BCE)
Cappadocians: Strabo on their temple-states and supposed desire for subservience (early first century CE)
Mediterranean peoples: Diodoros, Pliny and Plutarch on Pompey's subjugation of peoples of the world (mid-first century BCE on)
Carians (in Asia Minor)
Assyrian / Babylonian wisdom: Sibyl of Babylon on the superiority of the Judean people (second century BCE)
Barbarians and Greeks: Thucydides theorizes the shift from barbarian banditry to settled civilization (late fifth century BCE)
Ethnic diversity in Egypt: Inscriptional and papyrological evidence
Lydians: Herodotos on king Croesus and Lydian customs (mid-fifth century BCE)
Mediterranean peoples: Pliny the Elder on inventors around the world (first century CE)
Mysians, Galatians, Pisidians, and others: Strabo on relations among Anatolian peoples (early first century CE)
Carthaginians
Barbarians and Greeks: Eratosthenes challenges the dichotomy (third century BCE)
Carthaginians: Appian of Alexandria (mid-second century CE)
Celts, Iberians, and Libyans: Polybios on the mixed composition of Hannibal of Carthage's army and on military equipment (second century BCE)
Cretans, Spartans, Carthaginians, and Romans: Polybios on superior and inferior societal organization (second century BCE)
Egyptians, Taurians, and Celts: Cicero's Philus engages in ethnographic discourses for philosophical aims (mid-first century BCE)
Greek diasporas and indigenous Iberians and Celts: Herodotos, Aristotle, Trogus and others on tales of Phokaian colonization (mid-fifth century BCE on)
Iberians: Trogus on their extreme courage (first century BCE)
Judeans, Syrians, Celts, Scythians and others: Plutarch on the "barbarian" origins of fearing the gods, or "superstition" (early second century CE)
Libyans: Herodotos on customs and colonization (fifth century BCE)
Mediterranean peoples: Pausanias, ethnographic interests, and local traditions (mid-second century CE)
Mediterranean peoples: Sextus Empiricus engages with ethnographic discourses for philosophical aims (second-third centuries CE)
Romans, Egyptians, Persians, and others: Minucius Felix's ethnographic defence of the Christian people (early third century CE)
Sikanians, Sicilians, Sardinians and Iolaeians: Diodoros on ancient migrations and local customs on Sicily (mid-first century BCE)
Celts / Gauls / Galatians
Assyrian / Babylonian wisdom: Sibyl of Babylon on the superiority of the Judean people (second century BCE)
Assyrians, Chaldeans, Egyptians, Celts, and others: The Cicero brothers on the nature and effectiveness of divination (mid-first century BCE)
Babylonian diasporas: Josephos and others on legends of migration from Babel (first-second centuries CE)
Barbarian peoples: Caesarius of Nazianzos' and George the Monk's collection of extraordinary customs (sixth / ninth centuries CE)
Barbarian peoples: Nymphodoros, Nikolaos, and others with collections of paradoxical customs (third century BCE on)
Barbarian wisdom: Clement of Alexandria [VI] on barbarian and Hebrew philosophy (late second century CE)
Barbarian wisdom: Cornutus on early humanity's Stoic understanding of the cosmos (mid-first century CE)
Britons and Iernians (Irish): Julius Caesar, Pytheas, and Strabo on customs including eating human flesh (early first century CE)
Britons: Julius Caesar (mid-first century BCE)
Britons: Tacitus (late first century CE)
Celtiberians, Iberians, and Lusitanians: Diodoros on their customs and military skill (mid-first century BCE)
Celtic diasporas: Galatian mercenaries settled at Alexandria in Egypt (ca. 250-200 BCE)
Celts and Germans: Diodoros, Dionysios, Strabo, and Dio on distinguishing them (first centuries BCE and CE)
Celts and Germans: Plutarch’s ethnographic digressions in the Lives (early second century CE)
Celts and Ligurians: Strabo on peoples south of the Alps (early first century CE)
Celts, Iberians, and Libyans: Polybios on the mixed composition of Hannibal of Carthage's army and on military equipment (second century BCE)
Celts, Persians, and Amazons: Smaller statues of fighting and dying "barbarians" associated with Attalos of Pergamon (third-second century BCE / second century CE)
Celts: Cicero on Gauls and the link between imperial conquest and negative stereotypes (mid-first century BCE)
Celts: Cicero's ethnic invective against Gauls in defending Fonteius (mid-first century BCE)
Celts: Dio Cassius on spirited and untrustworthy Galatians (early third century CE)
Celts: Diodoros on Galatian origins and "savage" customs (mid-first century BCE)
Celts: Ephoros (mid-fourth century BCE)
Celts: Julius Caesar on Druids and supposed human sacrifice among Gauls (mid-first century BCE)
Celts: Kyzikos monument with Herakles clubbing a Galatian (278/277 BCE)
Celts: Livy on legends of Gallic migrations south of the Alps into Italy (late first century BCE)
Celts: Parthenios on wife abductions in the Galatian invasion (first century BCE)
Celts: Phylarchos and Poseidonios on banqueting and violent customs (first century BCE)
Celts: Pliny the Elder on medicine, rites and Magian skill among Druids (first century CE)
Celts: Pliny the Elder on three Roman subdivisions of Gaul (first century CE)
Celts: Polybios on the Celtic encounter with Rome and on his method in dealing with distant peoples (second century BCE)
Celts: Priene inscription on Galatian "impiety" and "savagery" during the invasion (ca. 278-270 BCE)
Celts: Statues of dying Gauls / Galatians associated with Attalos I of Pergamon (late third century BCE / second century CE)
Celts: Strabo on peoples northwest of the Alps (early first century CE)
Celts: Thyatira inscription for a son rescued by the god Apollo out from under "the mob of Galatians" (276 BCE)
Celts: Timagenes of Alexandria and Ammianus Marcellinus on Celtic origins and customs (first century BCE / fourth century CE)
Celts: Trogus on Gallic invasions and character (first century BCE)
Eastern and northern peoples: Bardaisan of Edessa's Book of the Laws of Countries and the Pseudo-Clementines on astrology and peoples (second-third centuries CE)
Egyptians, Taurians, and Celts: Cicero's Philus engages in ethnographic discourses for philosophical aims (mid-first century BCE)
Ethnic diversity in Egypt: Inscriptional and papyrological evidence
Gauls and Germans: Scenes from the Triumphal Arch of Orange (late first century BCE)
Germanic peoples: Tacitus' Germania in full (late first century CE)
Germans and Sarmatians: Josephos on impulsive and violent northerners (late first century CE)
Greek diasporas and indigenous Iberians and Celts: Herodotos, Aristotle, Trogus and others on tales of Phokaian colonization (mid-fifth century BCE on)
Iberians: Appian of Alexandria (mid-second century CE)
Iberians: Artemidoros, Poseidonios, Strabo, and others (second century BCE to first century CE)
Indians, Ethiopians, and Celts: Dio of Prusa critiques foreign imports and luxury (late first century CE)
Indians, Ethiopians, Celts, and Scythians: Ephoros on a four-fold division of the known world (mid-fourth century BCE)
Judeans and Celts: Various authors on Claudius' actions against foreigners in the 40s CE (second / third centuries CE
Judeans, Syrians, Celts, Scythians and others: Plutarch on the "barbarian" origins of fearing the gods, or "superstition" (early second century CE)
Libyans, Egyptians, Iberians, and Celts: Diodoros on Herakles' civilizing expeditions (mid-first century BCE)
Mediterranean peoples: Maximus of Tyre on images for the gods as ubiquitous among peoples (late second century CE)
Mediterranean peoples: Pausanias, ethnographic interests, and local traditions (mid-second century CE)
Mediterranean peoples: Polemon theorizes the meaning of physical features (second / fifth centuries CE)
Mediterranean peoples: Roman coins [part 1] on defeat, capture, and subjugation (first century BCE on)
Mediterranean peoples: Roman coins [part 2] on humiliated captives kneeling or on the ground (first century BCE on)
Mediterranean peoples: Roman coins [part 3] on kneeling in supplication or adoration (first century BCE on)
Mediterranean peoples: Sextus Empiricus engages with ethnographic discourses for philosophical aims (second-third centuries CE)
Parthians, Celts and Iberians or Germans: Scenes on the breastplate of the "Augustus of Prima Porta" (early first century CE)
Persian, Babylonian, and Scythian wisdom: Diogenes of Laertes refutes Magian and Chaldean origins for Greek philosophy (early third century CE)
Persian, Egyptian, Indian, and Celtic wisdom: Dio of Prusa on philosophers' roles in leadership (late first century CE)
Persians: Pliny on the dissemination of Magian skill to the peoples of the world (first century CE)
Romans, Egyptians, Persians, and others: Minucius Felix's ethnographic defence of the Christian people (early third century CE)
Various peoples: Polybios on the mixed composition of Ptolemy IV's and Antiochos III's armies (second century BCE)
Chattians (subset of Germans)
Germans, Suebians, Marcomannians, and Kimbrians: Poseidonios and Strabo on customs and rumours about the tides (first century BCE)
Christians / Jesus adherents
Chaldeans, Greeks, Egyptians, and Judeans: Aristides of Athens (second century CE)
Eastern and northern peoples: Bardaisan of Edessa's Book of the Laws of Countries and the Pseudo-Clementines on astrology and peoples (second-third centuries CE)
Greeks, Barbarians, Judeans, and Christians: Eusebios' framing of a way of life (early fourth century CE)
Judeans and others: The Gospel of Philip (before the fourth century CE)
Persians: Acts of Archelaos on Mani's foreignness (early fourth century CE)
Romans, Egyptians, Persians, and others: Minucius Felix's ethnographic defence of the Christian people (early third century CE)
Cilicians (in Asia Minor)
Assyrians, Chaldeans, Egyptians, Celts, and others: The Cicero brothers on the nature and effectiveness of divination (mid-first century BCE)
Babylonian diasporas: Josephos and others on legends of migration from Babel (first-second centuries CE)
Cilicians: Plutarch on the foreign "pirates" threatening Roman ways (early-second century CE)
Cretans and Cilicians: Athenians, Rhodians, and Romans pair "banditry" with imperial control (fifth-second centuries BCE)
Ethnic diversity in Alexandria: Dio of Prusa on the cross-roads of the world (late first century CE)
Ethnic diversity in Egypt: Inscriptional and papyrological evidence
Medes, Assyrians, Baktrians, and others: Herodotos on the mixed composition of the Persian army under Xerxes (fifth century BCE)
Mediterranean peoples: Diodoros, Pliny and Plutarch on Pompey's subjugation of peoples of the world (mid-first century BCE on)
Mediterranean peoples: Sextus Empiricus engages with ethnographic discourses for philosophical aims (second-third centuries CE)
Mysians, Galatians, Pisidians, and others: Strabo on relations among Anatolian peoples (early first century CE)
Various peoples: Polybios on the mixed composition of Ptolemy IV's and Antiochos III's armies (second century BCE)
Corsicans
Cyrenaians (in Libya)
Greek diasporas and indigenous Libyans: Herodotos on tales of colonization (mid-fifth century BCE)
Libyans: Herodotos on customs and colonization (fifth century BCE)
Medes, Assyrians, Baktrians, and others: Herodotos on the mixed composition of the Persian army under Xerxes (fifth century BCE)
Scythians and other Pontic peoples: Herodotos on the "most ignorant peoples of all" (fifth century BCE)
Daans (subset of Scythians)
Daans, Kadousians, Hyrkanians, and Sakians: Strabo on peoples east of the Caspian Sea (first century CE)
Parthians: Strabo on Scythian origins and military success (early first century CE)
Persians, Hyrkanians, Armenians, Derbikians and others: Curtius Rufus on the mixed composition of the army of Darius III (first century CE)
Thracians and other Black Sea peoples: Ammianus Marcellinus on their "savage" character and on Roman control (late fourth century CE)
Various peoples: Polybios on the mixed composition of Ptolemy IV's and Antiochos III's armies (second century BCE)
Dardanians
Assyrian / Babylonian wisdom: Sibyl of Babylon on the superiority of the Judean people (second century BCE)
Barbarian peoples: Nymphodoros, Nikolaos, and others with collections of paradoxical customs (third century BCE on)
Celts: Trogus on Gallic invasions and character (first century BCE)
Illyrians, Pannonians, and other peoples: Strabo (early first century CE)
Illyrians: Appian of Alexandria (mid-second century CE)
Northern peoples: Inscriptions on barbarians as bandits (second-third centuries CE)
Trojans, Lelegians, and Kilikians: Homer and Strabo on legendary peoples and migrations in the Troad (early first century CE)
Trojans, Teukrians, and Dardanians: Diodoros on their origins (mid-first century BCE)
Derbikians
Assyrians, Medes and Persians: Ktesias on Persian Matters via Diodoros and Photios (early fourth century BCE)
Baktrians, Sogdians, and some "completely barbarous" eastern peoples: Strabo (early first century CE)
Barbarian peoples: Nymphodoros, Nikolaos, and others with collections of paradoxical customs (third century BCE on)
Judeans, Syrians, Indians, and others: Porphyry of Tyre on abstinence from meat (third century CE)
Mediterranean peoples: Pomponius Mela on peoples of the known world (mid-first century CE)
Parthians: Strabo on Scythian origins and military success (early first century CE)
Persians, Hyrkanians, Armenians, Derbikians and others: Curtius Rufus on the mixed composition of the army of Darius III (first century CE)
Dorians (Greeks)
Judeans, "Asiatics", and Greeks: Cicero's ethnic invective aimed at eastern witnesses against Flaccus (mid-first century BCE)
Medes, Assyrians, Baktrians, and others: Herodotos on the mixed composition of the Persian army under Xerxes (fifth century BCE)
Pelasgian diasporas: Hekataios of Miletos and Herodotos on legends of migration, language, and influence (mid-fifth century BCE)
Drillians (in the Caucasus region)
Kolchians, Heniochians, Drillians, and others: Arrian on his journey along the Black Sea coast near the Caucasus mountains (ca. 131-132 CE)
Egyptians
Arabians and Judeans: Jubilees, Molon, and Josephos on identifying the Ishmaelites (second century BCE on)
Assyrian / Babylonian wisdom: Sibyl of Babylon on the superiority of the Judean people (second century BCE)
Assyrian wisdom: The Kyranides on a journey to learn from a foreign inscription (fourth century CE or earlier)
Assyrians, Chaldeans, Egyptians, Celts, and others: The Cicero brothers on the nature and effectiveness of divination (mid-first century BCE)
Babylonian diasporas: Josephos and others on legends of migration from Babel (first-second centuries CE)
Babylonians and Assyrians: Herodotos on legendary queens and outstanding customs (mid-fifth century BCE)
Barbaria's inhabitants, Arabians, and Indians: Anonymous author on trade and peoples on the Erythraian sea all the way to eastern India (mid-first century CE)
Barbarian and Judean wisdom: Clement of Alexandria [V] on the sources of Plato's thought (late second century CE)
Barbarian wisdom: Celsus and Origen of Alexandria (second-third centuries CE)
Barbarian wisdom: Clement of Alexandria [VI] on barbarian and Hebrew philosophy (late second century CE)
Barbarians and Greeks: Eratosthenes challenges the dichotomy (third century BCE)
Chaldeans, Greeks, Egyptians, and Judeans: Aristides of Athens (second century CE)
Egyptian and Ethiopian diasporas: Diodoros on competing legends of migration and colonization (mid-first century BCE)
Egyptian diasporas: Herodotos on legends about Kolchians and customs of circumcision (mid-fifth century BCE)
Egyptian diasporas: Inscriptional evidence
Egyptian diasporas: Manetho, Josephos and others on legends of migration concerning Hyksos and Judeans (third century BCE and on)
Egyptian perspectives: Chairemon on Egyptian temple functionaries (first century CE)
Egyptian perspectives: Manetho on Egyptian Matters (early third century BCE)
Egyptian perspectives: Oracles of the Lamb and the Potter on Greco-Macedonians and other foreigners (third-second centuries BCE)
Egyptian wisdom: Alexander Romance on king Nektanebos the astrologer and diviner (fourth century CE and earlier)
Egyptian wisdom: Cicero, Diodoros and Valerius Maximus on Pythagoras' and Plato's supposed journeys to Egypt (first centuries BCE and CE)
Egyptian wisdom: Lucian's story about Eukrates and Pankrates (late second century CE)
Egyptian wisdom: Plato on Solon, the Egyptian priest, and Atlantis (mid-fourth century BCE)
Egyptian wisdom: Plato's Socrates on the discoveries of the Egyptian god Thoth (fourth century BCE)
Egyptian wisdom: Thessalos on king Nechepsos and an Egyptian priest (first or second century CE)
Egyptian, Pheonician, and Phrygian wisdom: Ephoros on inventors (mid-fourth century BCE)
Egyptians and Canaanites: Wisdom of Solomon on worship of animals and images (first century BCE)
Egyptians, Chaldeans, and Phoenicians: Julius Africanus on competitive chronologies (ca. 222 CE)
Egyptians, Taurians, and Celts: Cicero's Philus engages in ethnographic discourses for philosophical aims (mid-first century BCE)
Egyptians: Achilles Tatius and Dio Cassius on man-eating cowherds / bandits (second-third century CE)
Egyptians: Aelian on Egyptian views and customs about animals and animal-worship (late second century CE)
Egyptians: Ammianus on their "dark" complexion and insubordinate behaviour (late fourth century CE)
Egyptians: Attic vase paintings, Isocrates and others on king Bousiris and human sacrifice (fifth century BCE on)
Egyptians: Cicero on superstition and animal-worship (mid-first century BCE)
Egyptians: Clement of Alexandria [II] on Egyptian animal worship as less offensive than Greek customs (late second century CE)
Egyptians: Dio Cassius' speech by Octavian on the "effeminate" Antony (early third century CE)
Egyptians: Diodoros on the origins of civilization and on Egyptian views (mid-first century BCE)
Egyptians: Hekataios of Miletos on encountering Theban priests (late sixth century BCE)