Category Archives: (07) Further ancient theorizing, ethnic stereotyping and racialization

Arkadians: Polybios theorizes environment and peoplehood (second century BCE)

Posted in (02) Greek and Roman perspectives and stereotypes on other peoples, (07) Further ancient theorizing, ethnic stereotyping and racialization, (c) Western peoples, ancient ethnography / ethnographic culture, Arkadians (in Greece), ethnicity in the ancient world, Kynaitheans (in Arkadia Greece), Polybios (Greek) on July 10, 2022 by Philip A. Harland.

Barbarians and Greeks: Theophrastos theorizes hierarchical relations of humans and animals (fourth century BCE)

Posted in (07) Further ancient theorizing, ethnic stereotyping and racialization, Theophrastos (Greek) on October 26, 2023 by Philip A. Harland.

Barbarians and Greeks: Thucydides theorizes the shift from barbarian banditry to settled civilization (late fifth century BCE)

Posted in (02) Greek and Roman perspectives and stereotypes on other peoples, (06) Migration, ethnic diversity, and diasporas, (07) Further ancient theorizing, ethnic stereotyping and racialization, Aitolians / Aetolians (in Greece), ancient ethnography / ethnographic culture, Athenians, Carians (in Asia Minor), Cretans / Kretans, ethnicity in the ancient world, Greeks (broad category), Homer (Greek), Spartans / Lakedaimonians, Thucydides (Greek) on November 30, 2022 by Philip A. Harland.

Colchians, Phrygians, and others: Vitruvius theorizes development from primitives to civilized peoples (first century BCE)

Posted in (02) Greek and Roman perspectives and stereotypes on other peoples, (07) Further ancient theorizing, ethnic stereotyping and racialization, (a) Northern peoples, (d) Eastern peoples, Aquitanians, Celts / Gauls / Galatians, ethnicity in the ancient world, Iberians (in Spain), Lusitanians (subset of Iberians), Phrygians (in Asia Minor), Vitruvius (Roman) on October 14, 2023 by Philip A. Harland.

Egyptians, Lydians, Cilicians, and other peoples: Kratinos, Aristophanes, Suetonius and others on “Egyptianizing” and other ethnicizing stereotypes (sixth century BCE on)

Posted in (02) Greek and Roman perspectives and stereotypes on other peoples, (07) Further ancient theorizing, ethnic stereotyping and racialization, Cilicians (in Asia Minor), Corinthians, Cretans / Kretans, Dorians (Greeks), Egyptians, ethnicity in the ancient world, Greeks (broad category), Lydians / Maionians (in Asia Minor), Spartans / Lakedaimonians on April 22, 2024 by Philip A. Harland.

Ethiopians and Thracians: Xenophon of Kolophon theorizes human representations of gods (sixth century BCE)

Posted in (02) Greek and Roman perspectives and stereotypes on other peoples, (07) Further ancient theorizing, ethnic stereotyping and racialization, (a) Northern peoples, (b) Southern peoples, ancient ethnography / ethnographic culture, Ethiopians / Kushites / Nubians, ethnicity in the ancient world, Sextus Empiricus (Greek), Thracians (broad category), Xenophon of Kolophon (Greek) on September 30, 2023 by Philip A. Harland.

Ethiopians, Nubians, and Egyptians: Christian authors picturing darker-skinned peoples as “demons” (second century CE on)

Posted in (05) Judeans (Jews) and Jesus adherents as participants in ethnographic culture, (07) Further ancient theorizing, ethnic stereotyping and racialization, (b) Southern peoples, Athanasius of Alexandria, Ethiopians / Kushites / Nubians, Ethnicity in early Christianity and the New Testament, ethnicity in the ancient world, Maia Kotrosits, Rufinus of Aquileia (Roman) on April 4, 2023 by Philip A. Harland.

Ethiopians: Palladios and others on Abba Moses the former bandit with darker skin (fourth-fifth centuries CE)

Posted in (05) Judeans (Jews) and Jesus adherents as participants in ethnographic culture, (07) Further ancient theorizing, ethnic stereotyping and racialization, (b) Southern peoples, Ethiopians / Kushites / Nubians, ethnicity in the ancient world, Maia Kotrosits, Palladios / Palladius on April 4, 2023 by Philip A. Harland.

Europeans and Asians: Pseudo-Hippokrates on humoural and environmental theories (fifth century BCE)

Posted in (02) Greek and Roman perspectives and stereotypes on other peoples, (07) Further ancient theorizing, ethnic stereotyping and racialization, (09) Gender, sexuality, and ethnographic discourses, (a) Northern peoples, (c) Western peoples, (d) Eastern peoples, ancient ethnography / ethnographic culture, Asians / Asiatics (general), ethnicity in the ancient world, Hippokratic author (Greek), Sauromatians, Scythians / Pontic peoples (broad category) on June 30, 2022 by Philip A. Harland.

Europeans, Asians, and Greeks: Aristotle on hierarchies, slaves, and environmental determinism (fourth century BCE)

Posted in (02) Greek and Roman perspectives and stereotypes on other peoples, (07) Further ancient theorizing, ethnic stereotyping and racialization, (c) Western peoples, (d) Eastern peoples, ancient ethnography / ethnographic culture, Aristotle (Greek), Asians / Asiatics (general), ethnicity in the ancient world, Europeans (general), Greeks (broad category), Scythians / Pontic peoples (broad category), Spartans (in Greece) on October 26, 2023 by Philip A. Harland.

Mediterranean peoples: Artemidoros theorizes foreign elements in dreams (second century CE)

Posted in (02) Greek and Roman perspectives and stereotypes on other peoples, (07) Further ancient theorizing, ethnic stereotyping and racialization, (a) Northern peoples, (b) Southern peoples, (c) Western peoples, (d) Eastern peoples, ancient ethnography / ethnographic culture, Artemidoros of Daldis (Greek), ethnicity in the ancient world, Getians / Dacians (northern Thracians), Greeks (broad category), Mossynoikians (in Pontos), Romans, Syrians / Assyrians / Aramaians on October 10, 2022 by Philip A. Harland.

Mediterranean peoples: Polemon theorizes the meaning of physical features (second / fifth centuries CE)

Posted in (07) Further ancient theorizing, ethnic stereotyping and racialization, (a) Northern peoples, (b) Southern peoples, (c) Western peoples, (d) Eastern peoples, ancient ethnography / ethnographic culture, Celts / Gauls / Galatians, Egyptians, ethnicity in the ancient world, Greeks (broad category), Ionians (in Asia Minor), Libyans / Africans, Scythians / Pontic peoples (broad category) on June 23, 2022 by Philip A. Harland.

Mediterranean peoples: Pseudo-Aristotle theorizes the meaning of physical features (third century BCE)

Posted in (07) Further ancient theorizing, ethnic stereotyping and racialization, (a) Northern peoples, (b) Southern peoples, ancient ethnography / ethnographic culture, Aristotle (Greek), Egyptians, Ethiopians / Kushites / Nubians, ethnicity in the ancient world on June 21, 2022 by Philip A. Harland.

Scythians and Ethiopians: Agatharchides and Diodoros theorize about the effects of climate (second-first centuries CE)

Posted in (07) Further ancient theorizing, ethnic stereotyping and racialization, (a) Northern peoples, (b) Southern peoples, Agatharchides (Greek), ancient ethnography / ethnographic culture, Diodoros of Sicily (Greek), Ethiopians / Kushites / Nubians, ethnicity in the ancient world, Greeks (broad category), Scythians / Pontic peoples (broad category), Troglodytes / Trogodytes / Cave-dwellers on November 15, 2022 by Philip A. Harland.

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(01) Non-dominant ("barbarian") perspectives on peoples (except Judeans)

Arabians and Judeans: Jubilees, Molon, and Josephos on identifying the Ishmaelites (second century BCE on)

Axumite perspectives: Inscription by the king of Axum on the Ethiopian and Arabian peoples he conquered (late-second or early-third century CE)

Babylonian perspectives: Bel-re’ushu / Berossos on the origins of civilization (late fourth century BCE)

Egyptian perspectives: Chairemon on Egyptian temple functionaries (first century CE)

Egyptian perspectives: Isidoros' hymns in praise of the goddess Hermouthis and legendary pharaohs (early first century BCE)

Egyptian perspectives: Manetho on "Egyptian Matters" (early third century BCE)

Egyptian perspectives: Memphites on the goddess Isis and the origins of civilization among Egyptians (first century BCE on)

Egyptian perspectives: Oracles of the Lamb and the Potter on Greco-Macedonians and other foreigners (third-second centuries BCE)

Getians, Scythians, and Goths: Jordanes on their supposed origins and achievements (mid-sixth century CE)

Libyan perspectives: Apuleius self-identifies as a barbarian and Numidian / Gaetulian (mid-second century CE)

Libyan perspectives: Cornelius Fronto self-identifies as a "barbarian" and Libyan nomad (mid-second century CE)

Libyan perspectives: Juba of Numidia on ethnographic matters (late first century BCE)

Lydians: Xanthos of Lydia on kings and luxurious customs (mid-fifth century BCE)

Phoenician perspectives: Philo of Byblos on "Phoenician Matters" (early second century CE)

Syrian perspectives: Lucian of Samosata on The Syrian Goddess in full (mid-second century CE)

Syrian perspectives: Lucian self-identifies as "barbarian" and "Assyrian" (mid-second century CE)

(02) Greek and Roman perspectives and stereotypes on other peoples

Aitolians: Ephoros on their origins and invincibility (mid-fourth century BCE)

Aitolians: Thucydides on barbarous Greeks (late fifth century BCE)

Amazons, Tibarenians, and Mossynoikians: Apollonios of Rhodes on a voyage to the Kolchians (third century BCE)

Amazons: Curtius Rufus on Alexander's relationship with Thalestris (first century CE)

Amazons: Strabo on their customs and northern location (late first century CE)

Arabians / Nabateans: Diodoros on Nabatean customs and freedom (mid-first century BCE)

Arabians and Aramaians: Poseidonios on relations between eastern peoples (first century BCE)

Arabians: Agatharchides and Diodoros on peoples of Arabia Felix on the eastern coast of the Red Sea (second-first centuries BCE)

Arabians: Ammianus Marcellinus on the customs of Saracens (late fourth century CE)

Arabians: Herodotos on deities and lifestyle (late fifth century BCE)

Arkadians: Polybios theorizes environment and peoplehood (second century BCE)

Asian Albanians, Iberians, Mardians and others: Demodamas and Pliny the Elder on peoples in the Caucasus region and further east (third century BCE / first century CE)

Assyrians, Chaldeans, Egyptians, Celts, and others: The Cicero brothers on the nature and effectiveness of divination (mid-first century BCE)

Assyrians, Medes and Persians: Ktesias on Persian Matters via Diodoros and Photios (early fourth century BCE)

Assyrians: Trogus on the achievements of Ninos and Semiramis and on the extreme effeminacy of Sardanapalus (first century BCE)

Atlantians: Dionysios of Mytilene and Diodoros on supposed Atlantian stories about the earliest kings / gods (third / mid-first century BCE)

Babylonian wisdom: Diodoros on Chaldeans' astrology and divination (mid-first century BCE)

Babylonians and Assyrians: Herodotos on legendary queens and outstanding customs (mid-fifth century BCE)

Baktrians, Sogdians, and some "completely barbarous" eastern peoples: Strabo (early first century CE)

Baliaridians and other barbarian peoples off Iberia: Diodoros on their paradoxical customs (mid-first century BCE)

Barbaria's inhabitants, Arabians, and Indians: Anonymous author on trade and peoples on the Erythraian sea all the way to eastern India (mid-first century CE)

Barbarian peoples: Hellanikos, Nymphodoros, Nikolaos, and others with collections of "barbarian customs" (fifth century BCE on)

Barbarians and Greeks: Dionysios theorizes the blurry lines (late first century BCE)

Barbarians and Greeks: Eratosthenes challenges the dichotomy (third century BCE)

Barbarians and Greeks: Thucydides theorizes the shift from barbarian banditry to settled civilization (late fifth century BCE)

Barbarians: Plutarch on the bad influence of barbarian slaves on Greek children (early second century CE)

Bithynians, Mariandynians, Paphlagonians, and others: Strabo on temple-states and peoples near his Pontic homeland (early first century CE)

Boiotians: Ephoros on the superiority of Boiotia and on a Phoenician connection (mid-fourth century BCE)

Britons and Iernians (Irish): Julius Caesar, Pytheas, and Strabo on customs including eating human flesh (early first century CE)

Britons: Diodoros on a simple way of life (mid-first century BCE)

Britons: Julius Caesar (mid-first century BCE)

Britons: Tacitus (late first century CE)

Cappadocians: Strabo on their temple-states and supposed desire for subservience (early first century CE)

Carians: Strabo on long-term interactions with Greeks and on "Carianizing" (early first century CE)

Carthaginians: Appian of Alexandria (mid-second century CE)

Celtiberians, Iberians, and Lusitanians: Diodoros on their customs and military skill (mid-first century BCE)

Celts and Germans: Diodoros, Dionysios, Strabo, and Dio on distinguishing them (first centuries BCE and CE)

Celts and Germans: Plutarch’s ethnographic digressions in the Lives (early second century CE)

Celts and Ligurians: Strabo on peoples south of the Alps (early first century CE)

Celts, Iberians, and Libyans: Polybios on the mixed composition of Hannibal of Carthage's army and on military equipment (second century BCE)

Celts: Anyte and Parthenios on wife abductions during the Galatian invasion (third-first century BCE)

Celts: Appian of Alexandria on their character and on ambassadorial relations with Romans (second century CE)

Celts: Cicero on Gauls and the link between imperial conquest and negative stereotypes (mid-first century BCE)

Celts: Cicero's ethnic invective against Gauls in defending Fonteius (mid-first century BCE)

Celts: Dio Cassius on spirited and untrustworthy Galatians (early third century CE)

Celts: Diodoros on Galatian origins, "savage" customs and invasions of Italy and Greece (mid-first century BCE)

Celts: Ephoros (mid-fourth century BCE)

Celts: Julius Caesar on Druids and supposed human sacrifice among Gauls (mid-first century BCE)

Celts: Livy on legends of fourth century BCE migrations and an invasion of Rome (late first century BCE)

Celts: Livy on the Galatian invasion of Asia Minor and the Roman army's subsequent victory, ca. 189 BCE (late first century BCE)

Celts: Phylarchos and Poseidonios on banqueting and violent customs (first century BCE)

Celts: Pliny the Elder on medicine, rites and Magian skill among Druids (first century CE)

Celts: Pliny the Elder on three Roman subdivisions of Gaul (first century CE)

Celts: Polybios on the Celtic encounter with Rome and on his method in dealing with distant peoples (second century BCE)

Celts: Priene inscription on Galatian "impiety" and "savagery" during the invasion (ca. 278-270 BCE)

Celts: Strabo on peoples northwest of the Alps (early first century CE)

Celts: Thyatira inscription for a son rescued by the god Apollo out from under "the mob of Galatians" (276 BCE)

Celts: Timagenes of Alexandria and Ammianus Marcellinus on Celtic origins and customs (first century BCE / fourth century CE)

Celts: Trogus on Gallic invasions and character (first century BCE)

Cilicians: Plutarch on foreign "pirates" threatening Roman ways (early-second century CE)

Cilicians: Roman authorities, Cicero, and Florus on a population of "pirates" (100-67 BCE)

Colchians, Phrygians, and others: Vitruvius theorizes development from primitives to civilized peoples (first century BCE)

Cretans, Spartans, Carthaginians, and Romans: Polybios on superior and inferior societal organization (second century BCE)

Cretans: Athenians and Rhodians on suppressing supposed bandit peoples (fifth-third centuries BCE)

Cretans: Diodoros on Cretan (Greek) contributions to civilization (mid-first century BCE)

Cretans: Ephoros on civic organization and customs (mid-fourth century BCE)

Daans, Kadousians, Hyrkanians, and Sakians: Strabo on peoples east of the Caspian Sea (first century CE)

Dacians and Istrians: Trogus on peoples west of the Black Sea (first century BCE)

Dyrbaians: Ktesias on an extremely just people between Baktria and India (early fourth century BCE)

Egyptian and Persian wisdom: Plutarch on the "barbarian-lover" Herodotos (early second century CE)

Egyptian wisdom: Plutarch on wise Egyptian priests and on Isis and Osiris (early second century CE)

Egyptians, Lydians, Cilicians, and other peoples: Kratinos, Aristophanes, Suetonius and others on "Egyptianizing" and other ethnicizing stereotypes (sixth century BCE on)

Egyptians, Taurians, and Celts: Cicero's Philus engages in ethnographic discourses for philosophical aims (mid-first century BCE)

Egyptians: Achilles Tatius and Dio Cassius on man-eating cowherds / bandits (second-third century CE)

Egyptians: Aelian on Egyptian views and customs about animals and animal-worship (late second century CE)

Egyptians: Ammianus on their "dark" complexion and insubordinate behaviour (late fourth century CE)

Egyptians: Attic vase paintings, Isocrates and others on king Bousiris and human sacrifice (fifth century BCE on)

Egyptians: Cicero on superstition and animal-worship (mid-first century BCE)

Egyptians: Dio Cassius' speech by Octavian on the "effeminate" Antony (early third century CE)

Egyptians: Diodoros on the origins of civilization and on Egyptian views (mid-first century BCE)

Egyptians: Hekataios of Miletos on encountering Theban priests (late sixth century BCE)

Egyptians: Herodotos on customs and legendary kings (fifth century BCE)

Egyptians: Lykeas of Naukratis on Egyptian kings and meals (first century CE or earlier)

Ethiopians and Arabians: Nonnosos on Saracens and on a hairy people (sixth century CE)

Ethiopians and Thracians: Xenophon of Kolophon theorizes human representations of gods (sixth century BCE)

Ethiopians: Agatharchides and Diodoros on lifestyles and diets in the extreme south (second-first centuries BCE)

Ethiopians: Alexander Polyhistor on Memnonians as wild and war-like (mid-first century BCE)

Ethiopians: Diodoros on their claims, appearance, and customs (mid-first century BCE)

Ethiopians: Herodotos on southern peoples at the ends of the earth (mid-fifth century BCE)

Europeans and Asians: Pseudo-Hippokrates on humoural and environmental theories (fifth century BCE)

Europeans, Africans, and Asians: Pliny the Elder on the framework for his ethnographic survey and on the superiority of Europeans (first century CE)

Europeans, Asians, and Greeks: Aristotle on hierarchies, slaves, and environmental determinism (fourth century BCE)

Gauls, Kimbrians, Numidians, Indians, and others: Valerius Maximus' collection of "barbarian customs" (early first century CE)

Germans and Sarmatians: Josephos on impulsive and violent northerners (late first century CE)

Germans and Scythians: Seneca on enduring hardships and on anger (first century CE)

Germans, Suebians, Marcomannians, and Kimbrians: Poseidonios and Strabo on customs and rumours about the tides (first century BCE)

Germans: Appian of Alexandria on large, savage and spirited Germans (second century CE)

Germans: Julius Caesar (mid-first century BCE)

Germans: Philo of Alexandria on fighting the tides (first century CE)

Germans: Tacitus' Germania in full (late first century CE)

Getians, Dacians, and Scythians: Strabo (early first century CE)

Getians, Scythians, and Goths: Jordanes on their supposed origins and achievements (mid-sixth century CE)

Getians: Hellanikos and others on Zamolxis (fifth century BCE on)

Hyperboreans: Herodotos, Hekataios, Diodoros, and others on a legendary northern people (four century BCE to third century CE)

Iapygians and Tarentinians: Klearchos of Soloi (fourth century BCE)

Iberians and others: Avienus on a journey along the southern coast of Spain (mid-fourth century CE)

Iberians, Albanians and others of the Caucasus area: Strabo (early first century CE)

Iberians: Appian of Alexandria (mid-second century CE)

Iberians: Appian of Alexandria on Viriathus and resistance by Lusitanians (second century CE)

Iberians: Artemidoros, Poseidonios, Strabo, and others (second century BCE to first century CE)

Iberians: Diodoros on Viriathus and the Lusitanians' resistance to Roman rule (mid-first century BCE)

Iberians: Trogus on their extreme courage (first century BCE)

Ichthyophagians: Nearchos and Agatharchides on Fish-eaters around the Arabian Sea (fourth-first centuries BCE)

Idumeans and Judeans: Ptolemy the historian on the difference (late first century BCE)

Idumeans: Josephos on the Edomites' origins and relations with Judeans (late first century CE)

Illyrians, Pannonians, and other peoples: Strabo (early first century CE)

Illyrians: Appian of Alexandria (mid-second century CE)

Illyrians: Theopompos on banquets (mid-fourth century BCE)

Indians and peoples on the way: Diodoros on Alexander's conquests (mid-first century BCE)

Indians, Ethiopians and others: Pliny the Elder on "unbelievable" peoples (first century CE)

Indians, Ethiopians, and Celts: Dio of Prusa critiques foreign imports and luxury (late first century CE)

Indians, Ethiopians, Celts, and Scythians: Ephoros on a four-fold division of the known world (mid-fourth century BCE)

Indians, Taprobanians, and Serians: Pliny the Elder on numerous peoples and customs in India and beyond (first century CE)

Indians: Aelian on Indian views and customs about animals (late second century CE)

Indians: Bardaisan of Edessa on Indian ambassadors' tales and the Brahmans (early third century CE)

Indians: Curtius Rufus on the environment and the peoples (first century CE)

Indians: Dio of Prusa on the Indians' superior mode of life (late first century CE)

Indians: Diodoros on environment, customs and social organization (mid-first century BCE)

Indians: Herodotos on eastern peoples at the ends of the earth (mid-fifth century BCE)

Indians: Hierokles on visiting the Brahmans (fifth century CE or earlier)

Indians: Iamboulos and Diodoros on a utopian island beyond India (mid-first century BCE)

Indians: Ktesias on Indian Matters via Photios, Pliny the Elder, and Aelian (early fourth century BCE)

Indians: Nearchos, Megasthenes, and Arrian (fourth century BCE-second century CE)

Indians: Phylarchos on roots for sexual restraint (early second century BCE)

Isaurians: Ammianus Marcellinus on their incursions and banditry (late fourth century CE)

Isaurians: Diodoros on their bravery and noble death (mid-first century BCE)

Itureans among Arabians: Strabo and Josephos on a supposed bandit-people (first century CE)

Judean wisdom: Josephos' Against Apion in full (late first century CE)

Judean, Persian, and Indian wisdom: Philo on the freedom of Essenes and Kalanos (early first century CE)

Judeans and Celts: Various authors on Claudius' actions against foreigners in the 40s CE (second / third centuries CE

Judeans, "Asiatics", and Greeks: Cicero's ethnic invective aimed at eastern witnesses against Flaccus (mid-first century BCE)

Judeans, Africans, and Germans: Columella on the limits of environmental theory (first century CE)

Judeans, Egyptians, and Magians: Various authors on Tiberius' actions against foreign practices 17-19 CE (first-third centuries CE)

Judeans, Egyptians, and others: Seneca on the "superstitions" of foreigners (mid-first century CE)

Judeans, Syrians, and Egyptians: Epiktetos engages with ethnographic discourses for philosophical aims (mid-first century CE)

Judeans, Syrians, Celts, Scythians and others: Plutarch on the "barbarian" origins of fearing the gods, or "superstition" (early second century CE)

Judeans, Syrians, Indians, and others: Porphyry of Tyre on abstinence from meat (third century CE)

Judeans: Agatharchides of Knidos on the Sabbath (second century BCE)

Judeans: Dio Cassius and Roman elite attitudes (early third century CE)

Judeans: Hekataios, pseudo-Hekataios and Diodoros on Judean origins and migration with the exodus (first century BCE)

Judeans: Kleomedes denigrates Epicurus and Judeans (second century CE)

Judeans: Manetho, Chairemon, and Lysimachos on an alternative Exodus (third century BCE on)

Judeans: Mnaseas, Poseidonios, Apollonios Molon, Diodoros, Apion, and Damokritos on the statue of a donkey and on human sacrifice (second century BCE and on)

Judeans: Pliny the Elder and Julius Solinus on the Essenes beside the Dead Sea (first / third centuries CE)

Judeans: Poseidonios (?) and Strabo on decline after Moses (first century CE)

Judeans: Pseudo-Hekataios' On Judeans (pre-first century CE)

Judeans: Tacitus on Judean origins and customs (second century CE)

Judeans: Trogus on contributions of Joseph and Moses and on the exodus (first century BCE)

Judeans: Valerius Maximus on the 139 BCE expulsion with "Chaldeans" (early first century CE)

Karmanians, Ichthyophagians, and others: Nearchos, Onesikritos, Juba, and Pliny on the area around the Persian Gulf and Red Sea (fourth century BCE-first century CE)

Kimmerians and Kolchians: Herodotos on other Pontic peoples (mid-fifth century BCE)

Kolchians, Heniochians, Drillians, and others: Arrian on his journey along the Black Sea coast near the Caucasus mountains (ca. 131-132 CE)

Libyans / Africans: Pliny the Elder on various peoples and strange customs (first century CE)

Libyans / Africans: Sallust and Punic sources on the geography and peoples (mid-first century BCE)

Libyans / Africans: Tacitus on Tacfarinas and resistance by Numidians, Maurians, and Musulamians (early second century CE)

Libyans and Ausourianians: Synesios on years of incursions into Cyrenaica (early fifth century CE)

Libyans and Maurians: Corippus' poetic survey of northern African peoples in the tale of John Troglita (after 548 CE)

Libyans, Egyptians, Iberians, and Celts: Diodoros on Herakles' civilizing expeditions (mid-first century BCE)

Libyans, Iberians, and Celts: Cicero on controlling "savage" peoples (mid-first century BCE)

Libyans: Aelian on Libyan views and customs about animals (late second century CE)

Libyans: Dionysios of Mytilene and Diodoros on competing claims about the god Dionysos (third / mid-first century BCE)

Libyans: Dionysios of Mytilene and Diodoros on Nasamonians, Marmaridians, and Libyan Amazons (third / mid-first century BCE)

Libyans: Hanno the Carthaginian (fourth century BCE or earlier)

Libyans: Herodotos on customs and colonization (fifth century BCE)

Ligurians: Diodoros on their harsh environment, hard work and noble spirit (mid-first century BCE)

Lycians, Egyptians, and Celts: Pseudo-Plutarch on the effeminacy of grief (third-fourth centuries CE)

Lydians: Diodoros on materialistic Croesus, consultation of Anacharsis and other sages, and Persian conquest (mid-first century BCE)

Lydians: Herodotos on king Croesus and Lydian customs (mid-fifth century BCE)

Lydians: Xanthos of Lydia on kings and luxurious customs (mid-fifth century BCE)

Maiotians, Bosporians, Kaukasians, and other Pontic peoples: Strabo on northern Asia (early first century CE)

Mardians among Persians: Curtius Rufus on Alexander's conquest of an uncivilized cave people (first century CE)

Medes, Assyrians, Baktrians, and others: Herodotos on the mixed composition of the Persian army under Xerxes (fifth century BCE)

Medes: Diodoros on Datis and legends of an Athenian-Median connection (mid-first century BCE)

Mediterranean peoples: Artemidoros theorizes foreign elements in dreams (second century CE)

Mediterranean peoples: Augustus on his own achievements, conquests and alliances with peoples (14 CE)

Mediterranean peoples: Claudius Ptolemy on astrological effects on peoples (second century CE)

Mediterranean peoples: Diodoros, Pliny and Plutarch on Pompey's subjugation of peoples of the world (mid-first century BCE on)

Mediterranean peoples: Dionysios of Alexandria's poetic Guide to the Inhabited World (117-138 CE)

Mediterranean peoples: Maximus of Tyre on images for the gods as ubiquitous among peoples (late second century CE)

Mediterranean peoples: Ovid on identifying personified peoples in art to impress a girl (early first century CE)

Mediterranean peoples: Pausanias, ethnographic interests, and local traditions (mid-second century CE)

Mediterranean peoples: Pomponius Mela on peoples of the known world (mid-first century CE)

Mediterranean peoples: Pseudo-Skylax (fourth century BCE)

Mediterranean peoples: Pseudo-Skymnos' Voyage Around the Earth for Nikomedes in full (mid-second century BCE)

Mediterranean peoples: Sextus Empiricus engages with ethnographic discourses for philosophical aims (second-third centuries CE)

Mediterranean peoples: Vitruvius on the effects of climate (first century BCE)

Mossynoikians in Pontos: Xenophon and others on the "most barbarous" people (early fourth century BCE)

Mysians / Moesians: Poseidonios on their identification and customs based on Homer (first century BCE)

Mysians, Galatians, Pisidians, and others: Strabo on relations among Anatolian peoples (early first century CE)

Northern peoples: Antonios Diogenes' "Wonders Beyond Thule" and ethnographic fiction (second century CE / ninth century CE)

Northern peoples: Inscriptions on barbarians as bandits (second-third centuries CE)

Panchaians: Euhemeros and Diodoros on a noble people worshipping Zeus on a utopian island (fourth / first century BCE)

Parapamisadians: Curtius Rufus on peoples east of Baktria (first century CE)

Parthians and Scythians: Julius Africanus on barbarian military techniques (early third century CE)

Parthians, Medes, and Babylonians: Pliny the Elder (first century CE)

Parthians: Arrian on their Scythian origins (second century CE)

Parthians: Curtius Rufus on their Scythian origins (first century CE)

Parthians: Panamara inscription on Zeus' miraculous actions against invading Parthians (ca. 39 BCE)

Parthians: Poseidonios on royal banquets (first century BCE)

Parthians: Strabo on Scythian origins and military success (early first century CE)

Parthians: Trogus on the origins and developments of an empire (first century BCE)

Pelasgians: Strabo on a legendary migrating people (early first century CE)

People on an idyllic island in the Atlantic off Libya: Diodoros on their natural resources and on Carthaginian colonization plans (mid-first century BCE)

Peoples of Arachosia and Ariana: Pliny the Elder on peoples between Baktria and India (first century CE)

Persian diasporas: Pseudo-Clement, Eusebios, Epiphanios, and Basil on the Magusaeans and their customs (third century CE on)

Persians and Medes: Douris of Samos, Herakleides of Kyme, Klearchos of Soloi, and others on royal banquets (fifth-fourth centuries BCE)

Persians and Medes: Herodotos on customs (mid-fifth century BCE)

Persians and Medes: Thucydides on Medizing (late-fifth century BCE)

Persians and neighbouring eastern peoples: Ammianus Marcellinus on Persian territories and lifestyles (late fourth century CE)

Persians and Thessalians: Lucan compares Thessalian women's techniques to Magian ones (mid-first century CE)

Persians, Babylonians, and Egyptians: Pseudo-Clementines on Zoroaster and the origins of Magian skill (second-fourth centuries CE)

Persians, Hyrkanians, Armenians, Derbikians and others: Curtius Rufus on the mixed composition of the army of Darius III (first century CE)

Persians, Spartans, and Athenians: Platonic author on the superiority of the Persians (fourth century BCE)

Persians, Thracians, and Amazons: Isocrates on Athenian superiority and barbarian weakness (fourth century BCE)

Persians: Aeschylus on "barbarian" hierarchy, luxury, and emotionalism (472 BCE)

Persians: Agathias on the divergent customs of Zoroaster's Magians (sixth century CE and earlier)

Persians: Apion of Alexandria on Pases the Magian (first century CE)

Persians: Apuleius of Madaura's defence against the charge of harmful Magian actions (ca. 158 CE)

Persians: Cattulus' poem smearing Magians as incestuous (early first century BCE)

Persians: Curtius Rufus on military processions and royal luxury (first century CE)

Persians: Deinon, Chrysippos, and Cicero on their character and customs (third century BCE / mid-first century BCE)

Persians: Derveni papyrus on the activities of Magians (ca. 400 BCE)

Persians: Diodoros on expansionism and arrogance of Persian kings (mid-first century BCE)

Persians: Emperor Diocletian on strange and monstrous Manicheans (ca. 300 CE)

Persians: Hippokratic author on the "sacred" disease and Magian attempts at healing (ca. 400 BCE)

Persians: Matthew and Luke-Acts on two contrasting approaches to Magians (late first century CE)

Persians: Maximus of Tyre on "barbarizing" and the excesses of royal pleasure (late second century CE)

Persians: Plato on Persian decline into effeminacy and tyranny (early fourth century BCE)

Persians: Pliny on the dissemination of Magian skill to the peoples of the world (first century CE)

Persians: Suda on Zoroaster and on expertise in Magian practice, howling chants, and potions (tenth century CE)

Persians: Trogus, Diodoros, and Curtius Rufus on Alexander of Macedon's decline into eastern ways (first century BCE on)

Persians: Varro on Pythagoras' and Numa's adoption of Persian forms of divination (first century BCE / early fifth century CE)

Persians: Vitruvius theorizes about Greek depictions of enemies in architectural contexts (first century BCE)

Persians: Xanthos on the Magians' supposed incest and on Zoroaster's date (mid-fifth century BCE)

Persians: Xenophon and an anonymous author on royal customs and Cyrus (early fourth century BCE / second century BCE)

Phoenician diasporas: Timaios of Tauromenion, Trogus, and Appian on the founding of Carthage and on child sacrifice (first century BCE)

Phoenicians and Sardinians: Cicero's ethnic invective in defending Marcus Scaurus (mid-first century BCE)

Phoenicians: Herodotos on customs and colonizing efforts (fifth century BCE)

Phrygians: Alexander Polyhistor, Hermogenes, and others on Phrygian Matters (first century BCE on)

Phrygians: Diodoros on Battakes the priest of the great Mother visiting Rome (mid-first century BCE)

Phrygians: Euripides' cowardly and inferior easterner via the slave character in Orestes (408 BCE)

Pontic peoples: Phlyarchos on traits and customs of Thibians and Scythians (early second century BCE)

Romans: Ammianus Marcellinus on the danger of decline into uncivilized lifestyles (late fourth century CE)

Romans: Diodoros on Herakles' journey to Rome before Rome (mid-first century BCE)

Romans: Dionysios on Roman origins and legends of Greek and Pelasgian migrations to Italy (late first century BCE)

Romans: Dionysios on the supposed Roman refusal of barbarian and Phrygian customs (late first century BCE)

Samaritans: Josephos on Cuthean origins and relations with Judeans over centuries (late first century CE)

Sarmatians and others: Pliny the Elder on peoples of northwestern Asia (first century CE)

Sarmatians, Huns, and Goths: Olympiodoros of Thebes on statues as protection against invasions (early fifth century CE)

Sarmatians: Tacitus on ferocity and laziness in military situations (early second century CE)

Scythian and Thracian diasporas: Inscriptional evidence

Scythians and Getians: Dio of Prusa on inter-ethnic encounters at Olbia and on Getian Matters (late first century CE)

Scythians and other northern peoples: Ephoros (mid-fourth century BCE)

Scythians and other Pontic peoples: Herodotos on the "most ignorant peoples of all" (fifth century BCE)

Scythians, Amazons, and Hyperboreans: Diodoros on some northerners (mid-first century BCE)

Scythians, Amazons, and Persians: Isocrates on the superiority of the Athenian people (early fourth century BCE)

Scythians, Germans, and others: Pliny the Elder on peoples on the western and northern coasts of the Black Sea (first century CE)

Scythians: Aischines' ethnic invective against Demosthenes (mid-fourth century BCE)

Scythians: Alexander Polyhistor on Iamians and just Abians (mid-first century BCE)

Scythians: Klearchos of Soloi (fourth century BCE)

Scythians: Lucian on Anacharsis and Solon's dialogue about the superiority of Greek customs (mid-second century CE)

Scythians: Lucian on Toxaris' and Anacharsis' differing encounters with Greeks (late second century CE)

Scythians: Theopompos on a dish made from horses' milk (mid-fourth century BCE)

Scythians: Trogus on Scythian superiority (first century BCE)

Serians (Chinese), Ottorokorians and others: Pliny the Elder on the savage silk people (first century CE)

Sicilians and other Greeks: Cicero's praise for Sicilians in the prosecution of Verres (mid-first century BCE)

Sikelians, Sikanians, Sardinians and Iolaeians: Diodoros on ancient migrations and local customs on Sicily (mid-first century BCE)

Syrian and Phoenician diasporas: Inscriptional and archeological evidence

Syrian diasporas: Diodoros and Florus on Eunous of Apameia's leadership of the slave rebellion on Sicily (mid-first century BCE / second century CE)

Syrians: Apuleius on "effeminate" priests of Atargatis (late second century CE)

Taurians and Kolchians: Diodoros on the origins of human sacrifice in the Black Sea area (mid-first century BCE)

Thracians and Odrysians: Thucydides on Thracians, power, and violence (late fifth century BCE)

Thracians and other Black Sea peoples: Ammianus Marcellinus on their "savage" character and on Roman control (late fourth century CE)

Thracians, Galatians, Daans, and others: Polybios on the mixed composition of the armies of Ptolemy IV and Antiochos III (second century BCE)

Thracians, Getians, Paionians, and others: Herodotos (mid-fifth century BCE)

Thracians: Charon of Lampsakos on relations between Bisaltians and Greek Kardians (mid-fifth century BCE)

Thracians: Diodoros on Dromichaites and Kotys as wise Thracian kings (mid-first century BCE)

Thracians: Diodoros on the cruelty and lawlessness of the kings Diegylis and Zibelmios (mid-first century BCE)

Thracians: Greeks and Thracians honouring the Thracian goddess Bendis (fifth-third centuries BCE)

Thracians: Tacitus on their uncivilized and wild nature (early second century CE)

Thracians: Theopompos on king Kotys I's obsession with banquets (mid-fourth century BCE)

Troglodytes: Graffiti and inscriptions from the Red Sea area thanking Pan / Min for rescue from Cave-dwellers (second century BCE)

Trojans, Lelegians, and Kilikians: Homer and Strabo on legendary peoples and migrations in the Troad (early first century CE)

Trojans, Teukrians, and Dardanians: Diodoros on their origins (mid-first century BCE)

Tyrrhenians: Diodoros on Etruscan inventions, lifestyle, and decline (mid-first century BCE)

Tyrrhenians: Theopompos on the Etruscans' supposed sexual deviance and freedom (mid-fourth century BCE)

Western peoples beyond the pillars of Herakles (and up): Lucian's "A True Story" and ethnographic fiction (late second century CE)

(03) Visual ethnography (via archeology)

Amazons: Greek artistic depictions of a female warrior people (fourth century BCE to second century CE)

Armenians / Parthians: Statue of the client king Tiridates I in the Louvre (66 CE)

Barbarians: Modern colonial repurposing of images of captives

Britons, Armenians, Bessians, and others: Reliefs of subjugated peoples at Aphrodisias (first century CE)

Celtic diasporas: Galatian mercenaries settled at Alexandria in Egypt (ca. 250-200 BCE)

Celts, Persians, and Amazons: Smaller statues of fighting and dying "barbarians" associated with Attalos of Pergamon (third-second century BCE / second century CE)

Celts: Inhabitants of Myrina with images of Galatian warriors (second century BCE)

Celts: Kyzikos monument with Herakles clubbing a Galatian (278/277 BCE)

Celts: Statues of dying Gauls / Galatians associated with Attalos I of Pergamon (late third century BCE / second century CE)

Dacians and Sarmatians: Reliefs on Trajan's Column celebrating subjugation (early second century CE)

Dacians and Sarmatians: Reliefs on Trajan's Trophy at Adamclisi, Romania (early second century CE)

Dacians: Frieze of Trajan's conquest reused on the so-called Arch of Constantine (likely 107 CE or after)

Egyptians, Ethiopians, Indians and others: Depictions of "pygmies" in Greek and Roman art (fifth century BCE-first century CE)

Egyptians: Attic vase paintings, Isocrates and others on king Bousiris and human sacrifice (fifth century BCE on)

Ethiopians or Nubians: Athenian-style pottery depictions of darker-skinned subjects (sixth-fifth centuries BCE)

Ethiopians or Nubians: Pottery from Athens and Greek cities of Italy depicting a darker-skinned youth devoured by a crocodile (fifth-fourth centuries BCE)

Gauls and Germans: Scenes from the Triumphal Arch of Orange (late first century BCE)

Indians: Greek representations of conquest on coins with Alexander of Macedon and Demetrios of Baktria wearing elephant skins (fourth-second century BCE)

Judeans: Reliefs on the Arch for Titus depicting temple treasures and defeat (late first century CE)

Libyans / Africans: Ancient and modern composite statue of "The Moor"

Mediterranean peoples: Roman coins [part 1] on defeat, capture, and subjugation (first century BCE on)

Mediterranean peoples: Roman coins [part 2] on humiliated captives kneeling or on the ground (first century BCE on)

Mediterranean peoples: Roman coins [part 3] on kneeling in supplication or adoration (first century BCE on)

Parthians, Celts and Iberians or Germans: Scenes on the breastplate of the "Augustus of Prima Porta" (early first century CE)

Parthians: Kneeling colossal support statues in eastern garb (first century CE)

Parthians: Scenes from the Arch of Septimius Severus (early third century CE)

Persians: God Mithras as a Roman representation of a Persian (second century CE)

Persians: Vitruvius theorizes about Greek depictions of enemies in architectural contexts (first century BCE)

Sarmatians, Marcomannians, Quadians, and Iazygians: Reliefs on Marcus Aurelius' column including women and children (176-193 CE)

Scythians: Greek depictions of Scythian archers on Attic pottery (sixth century BCE)

Thracians: Attic vase paintings depicting Thracian women with tattoos, warriors, and Orpheus (sixth-fifth centuries BCE)

Thracians: Greeks and Thracians honouring the Thracian goddess Bendis (fifth-third centuries BCE)

(04) Greeks on wise "barbarians" and noble primitives

Assyrian / Babylonian wisdom: Sibyl of Babylon on the superiority of the Judean people (second century BCE)

Assyrian and Egyptian wisdom: Platonic author on Greek perfection of barbarian astral observation (late-fourth century BCE)

Assyrian wisdom: The Kyranides on a journey to learn from a foreign inscription (fourth century CE or earlier)

Babylonian / Persian wisdom: Philodemos, Seneca, and others on Chaldeans / Magians at Plato's death (first century BCE on)

Babylonian and Persian wisdom: Kleitarchos on Chaldeans and Magians (late fourth-third centuries BCE)

Babylonian and Persian wisdom: Various authors on reception and expulsion of Chaldeans, Magians, and other foreign experts at Rome (first century CE on)

Babylonian wisdom: Diodoros on Chaldeans' astrology and divination (mid-first century BCE)

Babylonian wisdom: Gellius on Favorinus' speech against Chaldean astrology (mid-second century CE)

Babylonian wisdom: Lucian's Menippos visits Mithrobarzanes the Chaldean / Magian wise man (late second century CE)

Babylonian wisdom: Philo on Abraham's migration away from Chaldean astrology (early first century CE)

Barbarian and Judean wisdom: Clement of Alexandria [V] on the sources of Plato's thought (late second century CE)

Barbarian wisdom: Clement of Alexandria [VI] on barbarian and Hebrew philosophy (late second century CE)

Barbarian wisdom: Cornutus on early humanity's Stoic understanding of the cosmos (mid-first century CE)

Barbarian wisdom: Dio of Prusa on barbarians' innate knowledge of god (late first century CE)

Barbarian wisdom: Porphyry of Tyre's Neoplatonic perspective (third century CE)

Barbarian wisdom: Poseidonios on inventors of the golden age (first century BCE)

Barbarian wisdom: The Thunder, Perfect Mind (before the fourth century CE)

Britons: Diodoros on a simple way of life (mid-first century BCE)

Celtic, Indian, and Assyrian wisdom: Polyhistor on Pythagoras' education by wise barbarians (first century BCE)

Celts: Pliny the Elder on medicine, rites and Magian skill among Druids (first century CE)

Dyrbaians: Ktesias on an extremely just people between Baktria and India (early fourth century BCE)

Egyptian / Persian / Judean wisdom: Judean legends of Jannes and Jambres as Magians in the Exodus account (third century CE and earlier)

Egyptian and Persian wisdom: Plutarch on the "barbarian-lover" Herodotos (early second century CE)

Egyptian wisdom: Alexander Romance on king Nektanebos the astrologer and diviner (fourth century CE and earlier)

Egyptian wisdom: Apuleius on Zatchlas the Egyptian prophet who calls up the dead (late second century CE)

Egyptian wisdom: Cicero, Diodoros and Valerius Maximus on Pythagoras' and Plato's supposed journeys to Egypt (first centuries BCE and CE)

Egyptian wisdom: Lucian's story about Eukrates and Pankrates (late second century CE)

Egyptian wisdom: Plato on Solon, the Egyptian priest, and Atlantis (mid-fourth century BCE)

Egyptian wisdom: Plato's Socrates on the discoveries of the Egyptian god Thoth (fourth century BCE)

Egyptian wisdom: Plutarch on wise Egyptian priests and on Isis and Osiris (early second century CE)

Egyptian wisdom: Thessalos on king Nechepsos and an Egyptian priest (first or second century CE)

Egyptian wisdom: Vettius Valens and others on Petosiris and pharaoh Nechepsos as astrologers (first-fifth centuries CE)

Egyptian, Phoenician, and Phrygian wisdom: Ephoros on inventors (mid-fourth century BCE)

Egyptians, Chaldeans, and Phoenicians: Julius Africanus on competitive chronologies (ca. 222 CE)

Egyptians: Attic vase paintings, Isocrates and others on king Bousiris and human sacrifice (fifth century BCE on)

Eusebeians and Machimians in an alternative world: Theopompos on pious and war-like peoples (mid-fourth century BCE)

Iberians: Diodoros on Viriathus and the Lusitanians' resistance to Roman rule (mid-first century BCE)

Indian and Judean wisdom: Klearchos citing Aristotle (fourth century BCE)

Indian wisdom: Alexander Polyhistor and Clement of Alexandria (VII) on the Brahmans and naked sages (first century BCE / late second century CE)

Indian wisdom: Apuleius on the amazing naked philosophers and Pythagoras' journeys (mid-second century CE)

Indian wisdom: Cicero and Plutarch on Alexander, the naked philosophers, and Kalanos (early second century CE)

Indian wisdom: Josephos integrates Indians into Eleazar's Masada speech (late first century CE)

Indian wisdom: Naked philosophers and wise diviners in the Alexander Romance (fourth century CE and earlier)

Indian wisdom: Nearchos, Megasthenes, and Arrian on the sages Dandamis and Kalanos (fourth century BCE-second century CE)

Indian wisdom: Philostratos on Apollonios of Tyana's journeys to barbarian lands (early third century CE)

Indians: Palladios and George on naked philosophers or Brahmans (fourth / ninth centuries CE)

Isaurians: Diodoros on their bravery and noble death (mid-first century BCE)

Judean wisdom: Anonymous on Abraham's contributions (before the mid-first century BCE)

Judean wisdom: Aristoboulos on Moses and the Judean god as source for Plato and Pythagoras (mid-second century BCE)

Judean wisdom: Artapanos on contributions by Abraham, Joseph, and Moses (second century BCE)

Judean wisdom: Eupolemos on contributions by Abraham and Moses (before the mid-first century BCE)

Judean wisdom: Josephos on Abraham's dissemination of astrological knowledge (late-first century CE)

Judean wisdom: Josephos on philosophical sects among Judeans (late-first century CE)

Judean wisdom: Josephos on Solomon as the ultimate wise man, controller of lower spirits, and healer (late-first century CE)

Judean wisdom: Josephos' self-presentation as the optimum wise Judean (late-first century CE)

Judean wisdom: Philo on the superiority of Moses and Judean ancestral customs (first century CE)

Judean wisdom: Philo on the Therapeutists' lifestyle (first century CE)

Judean wisdom: Pseudo-Clement on a journey to Peter the Judean sage (third century CE and on)

Judean wisdom: Pseudo-Clementines on Abraham the astrologer and legends of migration (second-fourth centuries CE)

Judean wisdom: Tatian the Assyrian on the priority of Moses' "barbarian wisdom" (second century CE)

Judean wisdom: Testament of Solomon on Solomon's superiority in controlling lower spirits and in healing (first-third century CE)

Judean wisdom: Theophrastos on Judean philosophers (fourth century BCE)

Judean, Indian, Babylonian, and Egyptian wisdom: Numenius the Platonic philosopher (mid-second century CE)

Judeans and Thracians: Hermippos of Smyrna on their influence on Pythagoras (early second century BCE)

Judeans, Syrians, Indians, and others: Porphyry of Tyre on abstinence from meat (third century CE)

Lydians: Diodoros on materialistic Croesus, consultation of Anacharsis and other sages, and Persian conquest (mid-first century BCE)

Mediterranean peoples: Pliny the Elder on inventors around the world (first century CE)

Panchaians: Euhemeros and Diodoros on a noble people worshipping Zeus on a utopian island (fourth / first century BCE)

Persian / Hyperborean wisdom: Anonymous author on Gobryas the Magian and the bronze tablets about death and judgment (first century BCE)

Persian and Babylonian wisdom: Pseudo-Demokritos and others on Demokritos' training by Magians and Chaldeans (first century BCE on)

Persian wisdom: Aelian on the Magians' predictions about the savage Artaxerxes III (late second century)

Persian wisdom: Ammianus Marcellinus on Zoroaster, Hystaspes, and the Magians (late fourth century CE)

Persian wisdom: Aristoxenos of Tarentum on Pythagoras and Zoroaster (late fourth century BCE)

Persian wisdom: Celsus and Origen on Magians and on Moses and Jesus as howlers of chants (second-third centuries CE)

Persian wisdom: Celsus on mysteries of Mithras as a source of ancient wisdom (mid-second century CE)

Persian wisdom: Euboulos and Porphyry of Tyre on Zoroaster and the cave (third century CE)

Persian wisdom: Eudemos of Rhodes on Magians (fourth century BCE)

Persian wisdom: Herakleides of Pontos on the Magian who circumnavigated Libya (mid-fourth century BCE)

Persian wisdom: Lactantius and others on the Oracles of Hystaspes the Mede (third century CE)

Persian wisdom: Plutarch's story about Kleombrotos' journeys (early second century CE)

Persian wisdom: Theopompos of Chios and Plutarch on Magians and Zoroaster (fourth century BCE and later)

Persian, Babylonian, and Indian wisdom: Pseudo-Lucian on long-living sages and peoples (third century CE and earlier)

Persian, Babylonian, and Scythian wisdom: Diogenes of Laertes refutes Magian and Chaldean origins for Greek philosophy (early third century CE)

Persian, Egyptian, Indian, and Celtic wisdom: Dio of Prusa on philosophers' roles in leadership (late first century CE)

Persian, Indian, and Judean wisdom: Klearchos of Soloi on Magian precedence (fourth century BCE)

Persians, Babylonians, and Egyptians: Pseudo-Clementines on Zoroaster and the origins of Magian skill (second-fourth centuries CE)

Persians: Agathias on the divergent customs of Zoroaster's Magians (sixth century CE and earlier)

Persians: Deinon, Chrysippos, and Cicero on their character and customs (third century BCE / mid-first century BCE)

Persians: Dio of Prusa on Magians and a supposedly Zoroastrian myth (late first century CE)

Persians: Matthew and Luke-Acts on two contrasting approaches to Magians (late first century CE)

Persians: Suda on Zoroaster and on expertise in Magian practice, howling chants, and potions (tenth century CE)

Phoenician wisdom: Ampelius on Mochos of Sidon (early-third century CE)

Phoenician wisdom: Damascius on Eudemos of Rhodes and Mochos of Sidon (fourth century BCE)

Phoenician wisdom: Strabo and Poseidonios on Mochos of Sidon (first century BCE)

Phoenician, Egyptian and Babylonian wisdom: Porphyry of Tyre and Antonius Diogenes on Pythagoras (third century CE)

Phoenician, Egyptian and Persian wisdom: Iamblichos of Chalkis on Pythagoras (fourth century CE)

Scythian wisdom: Curtius Rufus on the Scythian elder's speech about Alexander the bandit (first century CE)

Scythian wisdom: Letters of Anacharsis (mid-third century BCE)

Scythians: Alexander Polyhistor on Iamians and just Abians (mid-first century BCE)

Scythians: Lucian on a competition between Toxaris and Mnesippos about ethnic superiority (mid-second century CE)

Scythians: Lucian on Anacharsis and Solon's dialogue about the superiority of Greek customs (mid-second century CE)

Scythians: Lucian on Toxaris' and Anacharsis' differing encounters with Greeks (late second century CE)

Sogdians: Curtius Rufus on Alexander's assessment of their noble and courageous character (first century CE)

Thracians: Diodoros on Dromichaites and Kotys as wise Thracian kings (mid-first century BCE)

(05) Judeans (Jews) and Jesus adherents as participants in ethnographic culture

Amalekites: Josephos and Philo on a prototypical arch-enemy people (first century CE)

Arabians and Judeans: Jubilees, Molon, and Josephos on identifying the Ishmaelites (second century BCE on)

Arabians: Pseudo-Nilus on barbarian bandits and Saracens in the Sinai desert (early fifth century CE)

Assyrian / Babylonian wisdom: Sibyl of Babylon on the superiority of the Judean people (second century BCE)

Babylonian diasporas: Hippolytos and Epiphanios on legends of migration from Babel (third-fourth centuries CE)

Babylonian diasporas: Josephos and other Judeans on legends of migration from Babel (first-second centuries CE)

Babylonian wisdom: Philo on Abraham's migration away from Chaldean astrology (early first century CE)

Barbarian and Judean wisdom: Clement of Alexandria [V] on the sources of Plato's thought (late second century CE)

Barbarian peoples: Caesarius of Nazianzos' and George the Monk's collection of extraordinary customs (sixth / ninth centuries CE)

Barbarian wisdom: Celsus and Origen of Alexandria (second-third centuries CE)

Barbarian wisdom: Clement of Alexandria [VI] on barbarian and Hebrew philosophy (late second century CE)

Barbarian wisdom: The Thunder, Perfect Mind (before the fourth century CE)

Canaanites / non-Judean peoples: Jubilees on the Dinah story and intermarriage (mid-second century BCE)

Chaldeans, Greeks, Egyptians, and Judeans: Aristides of Athens (second century CE)

Christians, Judeans, and Greeks: Christians as a descent group in the Epistle to Diognetos (second or third century CE)

Cretans: Stereotypes in the letter to Titus (early second century CE)

Eastern and northern peoples: Bardaisan of Edessa's Book of the Laws of Countries and the Pseudo-Clementines on astrology and peoples (second-third centuries CE)

Egyptian / Persian / Judean wisdom: Judean legends of Jannes and Jambres as Magians in the Exodus account (third century CE and earlier)

Egyptians and Canaanites: Wisdom of Solomon on worship of animals and images (first century BCE)

Egyptians, Chaldeans, and Phoenicians: Julius Africanus on competitive chronologies (ca. 222 CE)

Egyptians: Clement of Alexandria [II] on Egyptian animal worship as less offensive than Greek customs (late second century CE)

Egyptians: Josephos on animal worship (late first century CE)

Egyptians: Josephos on the envy of an inferior people (last-first century CE)

Egyptians: The Judean tale of Joseph and Aseneth on rejecting Egyptian gods and on intermarriage (ca. first century CE)

Ethiopians, Nubians, and Egyptians: Christian authors picturing darker-skinned peoples as "demons" (second century CE on)

Ethiopians: Artapanos and Josephos on Moses, intermarriage, and the Kushites (second century BCE-first century CE)

Ethiopians: Palladios and others on Abba Moses the former bandit with darker skin (fourth-fifth centuries CE)

Germans and Sarmatians: Josephos on impulsive and violent northerners (late first century CE)

Germans: Philo of Alexandria on fighting the tides (first century CE)

Greeks and Judeans: "Hellenizing" and "Judaizing" in 2 Maccabees (first century BCE)

Greeks and other peoples: Paul's Judean stereotypes about non-Judeans (mid-first century CE)

Greeks, Barbarians, Judeans, and Christians: Eusebios' framing of a way of life (early fourth century CE)

Idumeans and Judeans: Ptolemy the historian on the difference (late first century BCE)

Idumeans: Josephos on the Edomites' origins and relations with Judeans (late first century CE)

Indian wisdom: Alexander Polyhistor and Clement of Alexandria (VII) on the Brahmans and naked sages (first century BCE / late second century CE)

Indian wisdom: Josephos integrates Indians into Eleazar's Masada speech (late first century CE)

Indians: Bardaisan of Edessa on Indian ambassadors' tales and the Brahmans (early third century CE)

Indians: Palladios and George on naked philosophers or Brahmans (fourth / ninth centuries CE)

Israelites, Egyptians, Idumeans, Scythians, and others: Origen on ethnic hierarchies and their spiritual equivalents (mid-third century CE)

Itureans among Arabians: Strabo and Josephos on a supposed bandit-people (first century CE)

Judean diasporas: Josephos on conflicts in Babylonia, ca. 40-66 CE (late first century CE)

Judean diasporas: Philo on conflicts with Greeks at Alexandria and on rebellious Egyptians (mid-first century CE)

Judean wisdom: Anonymous on Abraham's contributions (before the mid-first century BCE)

Judean wisdom: Aristoboulos on Moses and the Judean god as source for Plato and Pythagoras (mid-second century BCE)

Judean wisdom: Artapanos on contributions by Abraham, Joseph, and Moses (second century BCE)

Judean wisdom: Eupolemos on contributions by Abraham and Moses (before the mid-first century BCE)

Judean wisdom: Josephos on Abraham's dissemination of astrological knowledge (late-first century CE)

Judean wisdom: Josephos on philosophical sects among Judeans (late-first century CE)

Judean wisdom: Josephos on Solomon as the ultimate wise man, controller of lower spirits, and healer (late-first century CE)

Judean wisdom: Josephos' Against Apion in full (late first century CE)

Judean wisdom: Josephos' self-presentation as the optimum wise Judean (late-first century CE)

Judean wisdom: Philo on the superiority of Moses and Judean ancestral customs (first century CE)

Judean wisdom: Philo on the Therapeutists' lifestyle (first century CE)

Judean wisdom: Pseudo-Clement on a journey to Peter the Judean sage (third century CE and on)

Judean wisdom: Pseudo-Clementines on Abraham the astrologer and legends of migration (second-fourth centuries CE)

Judean wisdom: Tatian the Assyrian on the priority of Moses' "barbarian wisdom" (second century CE)

Judean wisdom: Testament of Solomon on Solomon's superiority in controlling lower spirits and in healing (first-third century CE)

Judean, Persian, and Indian wisdom: Philo on the freedom of Essenes and Kalanos (early first century CE)

Judeans and others: The Gospel of Philip (before the fourth century CE)

Judeans: Ignatius on Judaizing and Christianizing (early second century CE)

Libyans and Ausourianians: Synesios on years of incursions into Cyrenaica (early fifth century CE)

Libyans, Assyrians and Arabians: Kleodemos and Josephos on Abraham and Keturah's descendants and their many colonies (second or first century BCE on)

Midianites and Moabites / Arabians: Josephos and Philo on intermixing and the dangers of acculturation (first century CE)

Parthians and Scythians: Julius Africanus on barbarian military techniques (early third century CE)

Parthians, Libyans, Egyptians and others: Acts of the Apostles on legends of Judean migration (early second century CE)

Persian diasporas: Pseudo-Clement, Eusebios, Epiphanios, and Basil on the Magusaeans and their customs (third century CE on)

Persian wisdom: Celsus and Origen on Magians and on Moses and Jesus as howlers of chants (second-third centuries CE)

Persian wisdom: Celsus on mysteries of Mithras as a source of ancient wisdom (mid-second century CE)

Persian wisdom: Lactantius and others on the Oracles of Hystaspes the Mede (third century CE)

Persians, Babylonians, and Egyptians: Pseudo-Clementines on Zoroaster and the origins of Magian skill (second-fourth centuries CE)

Persians: Acts of Archelaos on Mani's foreignness (early fourth century CE)

Persians: Heresy-hunters on Simon Magus and other Magians (second-third centuries CE)

Persians: Irenaeus on Marcus the Valentinian Magian (late second century CE)

Persians: Philo on true Magian skill and its criminal counterfeit (early first century CE)

Phoenicians: Gospel of Mark on Jesus and a Syro-Phoenician woman (late first century CE)

Pontic peoples: Tertullian on the Pontic "barbarian" Marcion (late second century CE)

Romans, Egyptians, Persians, and others: Minucius Felix's ethnographic defence of the Christian people (early third century CE)

Romans: Rabbis on four successive imperial powers – Babylonians, Medes, Greeks, Romans (fifth century CE and earlier)

Samaritans and Judeans: Belonging to Israel in the Gospels (first century CE)

Samaritans: Josephos on Cuthean origins and relations with Judeans over centuries (late first century CE)

Scythians and barbarians: Colossians and others on ritual recitations (late first or early second century CE)

Scythians: Adventures of Andrew and Matthias among the Man-eaters as ethnographic fiction (third-fifth centuries CE)

Scythians: Clement of Alexandria [I] on the example of Anacharsis (late second century CE)

Spartans and Judeans: First Maccabees' and Josephos' claims about kinship ties (ca. 100 BCE / ca. 90s CE)

(06) Migration, ethnic diversity, and diasporas

Babylonian diasporas: Hippolytos and Epiphanios on legends of migration from Babel (third-fourth centuries CE)

Babylonian diasporas: Josephos and other Judeans on legends of migration from Babel (first-second centuries CE)

Babylonian wisdom: Philo on Abraham's migration away from Chaldean astrology (early first century CE)

Barbarians and Greeks: Thucydides theorizes the shift from barbarian banditry to settled civilization (late fifth century BCE)

Carians: Strabo on long-term interactions with Greeks and on "Carianizing" (early first century CE)

Celtic diasporas: Galatian mercenaries settled at Alexandria in Egypt (ca. 250-200 BCE)

Celts: Livy on legends of fourth century BCE migrations and an invasion of Rome (late first century BCE)

Celts: Trogus on Gallic invasions and character (first century BCE)

Egyptian and Ethiopian diasporas: Diodoros on competing legends of migration and colonization (mid-first century BCE)

Egyptian diasporas: Herodotos on legends about Kolchians and customs of circumcision (mid-fifth century BCE)

Egyptian diasporas: Inscriptional evidence

Egyptian diasporas: Manetho, Josephos and others on legends of migration concerning Hyksos and Judeans (third century BCE and on)

Ethnic diversity in Alexandria: Dio of Prusa on the cross-roads of the world (late first century CE)

Ethnic diversity in Egypt: Inscriptional and papyrological evidence

Ethnic diversity in Libya / Africa: Sallust on legends of migration (mid-first century BCE)

Ethnic diversity on Rhodes island: Inscriptional evidence

Greek diasporas and indigenous Iberians and Celts: Herodotos, Aristotle, Trogus and others on tales of Phokaian colonization (mid-fifth century BCE on)

Greek diasporas and indigenous Libyans: Herodotos on tales of colonization (mid-fifth century BCE)

Greek diasporas: Aristoxenos of Tarentum on barbarizing to Tyrrhenian ways (fourth century BCE)

Idumean diasporas: Inscriptions and papyri (second century BCE-third century CE)

Italian and Roman diasporas: Inscriptional evidence

Judean and Israelite diasporas: Inscriptional evidence (second century BCE-third century CE)

Judean diasporas: Josephos on conflicts in Babylonia, ca. 40-66 CE (late first century CE)

Judean diasporas: Josephos on tensions with Greeks in Syria, the Decapolis, and Alexandria ca. 59-66 CE (late first century CE)

Judean diasporas: Josephos' citation of documents on Asia Minor and Libya under Julius Caesar and Augustus (late first century CE)

Judean diasporas: Philo on conflicts with Greeks at Alexandria and on rebellious Egyptians (mid-first century CE)

Judean wisdom: Pseudo-Clementines on Abraham the astrologer and legends of migration (second-fourth centuries CE)

Judeans: Hekataios, pseudo-Hekataios and Diodoros on Judean origins and migration with the exodus (first century BCE)

Libyans, Assyrians and Arabians: Kleodemos and Josephos on Abraham and Keturah's descendants and their many colonies (second or first century BCE on)

Mediterranean peoples: Pausanias, ethnographic interests, and local traditions (mid-second century CE)

Mysians, Galatians, Pisidians, and others: Strabo on relations among Anatolian peoples (early first century CE)

Pelasgian diasporas: Ephoros on legends of migration (mid-fourth century BCE)

Pelasgian diasporas: Hekataios of Miletos and Herodotos on legends of migration, language, and influence (mid-fifth century BCE)

Pelasgians: Strabo on a legendary migrating people (early first century CE)

People on an idyllic island in the Atlantic off Libya: Diodoros on their natural resources and on Carthaginian colonization plans (mid-first century BCE)

Persian diasporas: Pseudo-Clement, Eusebios, Epiphanios, and Basil on the Magusaeans and their customs (third century CE on)

Phoenician diasporas: Ephoros on Kadmos and legends of migration to Boiotia (mid-fourth century BCE)

Romans: Dionysios on Roman origins and legends of Greek and Pelasgian migrations to Italy (late first century BCE)

Scythian and Thracian diasporas: Inscriptional evidence

Sikelians, Sikanians, Phoenicians and Greeks: Thucydides on settlement of Sicily (late fifth century BCE)

Sikelians, Sikanians, Sardinians and Iolaeians: Diodoros on ancient migrations and local customs on Sicily (mid-first century BCE)

Syrian and Phoenician diasporas: Inscriptional and archeological evidence

Syrian diasporas: Diodoros and Florus on Eunous of Apameia's leadership of the slave rebellion on Sicily (mid-first century BCE / second century CE)

Thracians: Greeks and Thracians honouring the Thracian goddess Bendis (fifth-third centuries BCE)

Trojans, Lelegians, and Kilikians: Homer and Strabo on legendary peoples and migrations in the Troad (early first century CE)

(07) Further ancient theorizing, ethnic stereotyping and racialization

Arkadians: Polybios theorizes environment and peoplehood (second century BCE)

Barbarians and Greeks: Theophrastos theorizes hierarchical relations of humans and animals (fourth century BCE)

Barbarians and Greeks: Thucydides theorizes the shift from barbarian banditry to settled civilization (late fifth century BCE)

Colchians, Phrygians, and others: Vitruvius theorizes development from primitives to civilized peoples (first century BCE)

Egyptians, Lydians, Cilicians, and other peoples: Kratinos, Aristophanes, Suetonius and others on "Egyptianizing" and other ethnicizing stereotypes (sixth century BCE on)

Ethiopians and Thracians: Xenophon of Kolophon theorizes human representations of gods (sixth century BCE)

Ethiopians, Nubians, and Egyptians: Christian authors picturing darker-skinned peoples as "demons" (second century CE on)

Ethiopians: Palladios and others on Abba Moses the former bandit with darker skin (fourth-fifth centuries CE)

Europeans and Asians: Pseudo-Hippokrates on humoural and environmental theories (fifth century BCE)

Europeans, Asians, and Greeks: Aristotle on hierarchies, slaves, and environmental determinism (fourth century BCE)

Mediterranean peoples: Artemidoros theorizes foreign elements in dreams (second century CE)

Mediterranean peoples: Polemon theorizes the meaning of physical features (second / fifth centuries CE)

Mediterranean peoples: Pseudo-Aristotle theorizes the meaning of physical features (third century BCE)

Scythians and Ethiopians: Agatharchides and Diodoros theorize about the effects of climate (second-first centuries CE)

(08) Criminalization of populations

Aitolians: Thucydides on barbarous Greeks (late fifth century BCE)

Arabians: Pseudo-Nilus on barbarian bandits and Saracens in the Sinai desert (early fifth century CE)

Cilicians: Plutarch on foreign "pirates" threatening Roman ways (early-second century CE)

Cilicians: Roman authorities, Cicero, and Florus on a population of "pirates" (100-67 BCE)

Cretans: Athenians and Rhodians on suppressing supposed bandit peoples (fifth-third centuries BCE)

Egyptians: Achilles Tatius and Dio Cassius on man-eating cowherds / bandits (second-third century CE)

Iberians: Diodoros on Viriathus and the Lusitanians' resistance to Roman rule (mid-first century BCE)

Isaurians: Ammianus Marcellinus on their incursions and banditry (late fourth century CE)

Itureans among Arabians: Strabo and Josephos on a supposed bandit-people (first century CE)

Libyans / Africans: Tacitus on Tacfarinas and resistance by Numidians, Maurians, and Musulamians (early second century CE)

Libyans, Maurians and Ausourianians: Ammianus Marcellinus on their savage behaviour and banditry (late fourth century CE)

Northern peoples: Inscriptions on barbarians as bandits (second-third centuries CE)

Persians: Philo on true Magian skill and its criminal counterfeit (early first century CE)

Scythian wisdom: Curtius Rufus on the Scythian elder's speech about Alexander the bandit (first century CE)

Syrian diasporas: Diodoros and Florus on Eunous of Apameia's leadership of the slave rebellion on Sicily (mid-first century BCE / second century CE)

(09) Gender, sexuality, and ethnographic discourses

Amazons, Tibarenians, and Mossynoikians: Apollonios of Rhodes on a voyage to the Kolchians (third century BCE)

Amazons: Curtius Rufus on Alexander's relationship with Thalestris (first century CE)

Arabians: Ammianus Marcellinus on the customs of Saracens (late fourth century CE)

Assyrian / Babylonian wisdom: Sibyl of Babylon on the superiority of the Judean people (second century BCE)

Assyrians: Trogus on the achievements of Ninos and Semiramis and on the extreme effeminacy of Sardanapalus (first century BCE)

Babylonians and Assyrians: Herodotos on legendary queens and outstanding customs (mid-fifth century BCE)

Baliaridians and other barbarian peoples off Iberia: Diodoros on their paradoxical customs (mid-first century BCE)

Barbarian peoples: Caesarius of Nazianzos' and George the Monk's collection of extraordinary customs (sixth / ninth centuries CE)

Barbarian peoples: Hellanikos, Nymphodoros, Nikolaos, and others with collections of "barbarian customs" (fifth century BCE on)

Celts: Anyte and Parthenios on wife abductions during the Galatian invasion (third-first century BCE)

Celts: Diodoros on Galatian origins, "savage" customs and invasions of Italy and Greece (mid-first century BCE)

Celts: Phylarchos and Poseidonios on banqueting and violent customs (first century BCE)

Eastern and northern peoples: Bardaisan of Edessa's Book of the Laws of Countries and the Pseudo-Clementines on astrology and peoples (second-third centuries CE)

Ethiopians: Agatharchides and Diodoros on lifestyles and diets in the extreme south (second-first centuries BCE)

Europeans and Asians: Pseudo-Hippokrates on humoural and environmental theories (fifth century BCE)

Gauls, Kimbrians, Numidians, Indians, and others: Valerius Maximus' collection of "barbarian customs" (early first century CE)

Iapygians and Tarentinians: Klearchos of Soloi (fourth century BCE)

Illyrians: Theopompos on banquets (mid-fourth century BCE)

Indians: Herodotos on eastern peoples at the ends of the earth (mid-fifth century BCE)

Indians: Phylarchos on roots for sexual restraint (early second century BCE)

Libyans: Dionysios of Mytilene and Diodoros on Nasamonians, Marmaridians, and Libyan Amazons (third / mid-first century BCE)

Libyans: Herodotos on customs and colonization (fifth century BCE)

Ligurians: Diodoros on their harsh environment, hard work and noble spirit (mid-first century BCE)

Lycians, Egyptians, and Celts: Pseudo-Plutarch on the effeminacy of grief (third-fourth centuries CE)

Lydians: Xanthos of Lydia on kings and luxurious customs (mid-fifth century BCE)

Mediterranean peoples: Sextus Empiricus engages with ethnographic discourses for philosophical aims (second-third centuries CE)

Midianites and Moabites / Arabians: Josephos and Philo on intermixing and the dangers of acculturation (first century CE)

Mossynoikians in Pontos: Xenophon and others on the "most barbarous" people (early fourth century BCE)

New scholarly article: Maia Kotrosits, "The Ethnography of Gender" (2023)

Persian diasporas: Pseudo-Clement, Eusebios, Epiphanios, and Basil on the Magusaeans and their customs (third century CE on)

Persians: Plato on Persian decline into effeminacy and tyranny (early fourth century BCE)

Samaritans and Judeans: Belonging to Israel in the Gospels (first century CE)

Scythians, Amazons, and Hyperboreans: Diodoros on some northerners (mid-first century BCE)

Scythians: Trogus on Scythian superiority (first century BCE)

Sikelians, Sikanians, Sardinians and Iolaeians: Diodoros on ancient migrations and local customs on Sicily (mid-first century BCE)

Syrians: Apuleius on "effeminate" priests of Atargatis (late second century CE)

Tyrrhenians: Theopompos on the Etruscans' supposed sexual deviance and freedom (mid-fourth century BCE)

(10) Ethnic groups or peoples

(a) Northern peoples

Amazons, Tibarenians, and Mossynoikians: Apollonios of Rhodes on a voyage to the Kolchians (third century BCE)

Amazons: Curtius Rufus on Alexander's relationship with Thalestris (first century CE)

Amazons: Greek artistic depictions of a female warrior people (fourth century BCE to second century CE)

Amazons: Strabo on their customs and northern location (late first century CE)

Asian Albanians, Iberians, Mardians and others: Demodamas and Pliny the Elder on peoples in the Caucasus region and further east (third century BCE / first century CE)

Assyrians, Chaldeans, Egyptians, Celts, and others: The Cicero brothers on the nature and effectiveness of divination (mid-first century BCE)

Babylonian diasporas: Hippolytos and Epiphanios on legends of migration from Babel (third-fourth centuries CE)

Babylonian diasporas: Josephos and other Judeans on legends of migration from Babel (first-second centuries CE)

Barbarian and Judean wisdom: Clement of Alexandria [V] on the sources of Plato's thought (late second century CE)

Barbarian peoples: Caesarius of Nazianzos' and George the Monk's collection of extraordinary customs (sixth / ninth centuries CE)

Barbarian peoples: Hellanikos, Nymphodoros, Nikolaos, and others with collections of "barbarian customs" (fifth century BCE on)

Barbarian wisdom: Celsus and Origen of Alexandria (second-third centuries CE)

Barbarian wisdom: Clement of Alexandria [VI] on barbarian and Hebrew philosophy (late second century CE)

Barbarian wisdom: Poseidonios on inventors of the golden age (first century BCE)

Barbarians and Greeks: Eratosthenes challenges the dichotomy (third century BCE)

Britons, Armenians, Bessians, and others: Reliefs of subjugated peoples at Aphrodisias (first century CE)

Britons: Julius Caesar (mid-first century BCE)

Britons: Tacitus (late first century CE)

Celtic, Indian, and Assyrian wisdom: Polyhistor on Pythagoras' education by wise barbarians (first century BCE)

Celts and Germans: Diodoros, Dionysios, Strabo, and Dio on distinguishing them (first centuries BCE and CE)

Celts and Germans: Plutarch’s ethnographic digressions in the Lives (early second century CE)

Celts, Iberians, and Libyans: Polybios on the mixed composition of Hannibal of Carthage's army and on military equipment (second century BCE)

Celts, Persians, and Amazons: Smaller statues of fighting and dying "barbarians" associated with Attalos of Pergamon (third-second century BCE / second century CE)

Celts: Appian of Alexandria on their character and on ambassadorial relations with Romans (second century CE)

Celts: Dio Cassius on spirited and untrustworthy Galatians (early third century CE)

Celts: Ephoros (mid-fourth century BCE)

Celts: Julius Caesar on Druids and supposed human sacrifice among Gauls (mid-first century BCE)

Celts: Livy on legends of fourth century BCE migrations and an invasion of Rome (late first century BCE)

Celts: Livy on the Galatian invasion of Asia Minor and the Roman army's subsequent victory, ca. 189 BCE (late first century BCE)

Celts: Phylarchos and Poseidonios on banqueting and violent customs (first century BCE)

Celts: Polybios on the Celtic encounter with Rome and on his method in dealing with distant peoples (second century BCE)

Celts: Priene inscription on Galatian "impiety" and "savagery" during the invasion (ca. 278-270 BCE)

Celts: Statues of dying Gauls / Galatians associated with Attalos I of Pergamon (late third century BCE / second century CE)

Celts: Timagenes of Alexandria and Ammianus Marcellinus on Celtic origins and customs (first century BCE / fourth century CE)

Celts: Trogus on Gallic invasions and character (first century BCE)

Colchians, Phrygians, and others: Vitruvius theorizes development from primitives to civilized peoples (first century BCE)

Daans, Kadousians, Hyrkanians, and Sakians: Strabo on peoples east of the Caspian Sea (first century CE)

Dacians and Istrians: Trogus on peoples west of the Black Sea (first century BCE)

Dacians and Sarmatians: Reliefs on Trajan's Column celebrating subjugation (early second century CE)

Dacians and Sarmatians: Reliefs on Trajan's Trophy at Adamclisi, Romania (early second century CE)

Eastern and northern peoples: Bardaisan of Edessa's Book of the Laws of Countries and the Pseudo-Clementines on astrology and peoples (second-third centuries CE)

Egyptian diasporas: Herodotos on legends about Kolchians and customs of circumcision (mid-fifth century BCE)

Egyptian, Phoenician, and Phrygian wisdom: Ephoros on inventors (mid-fourth century BCE)

Egyptians, Taurians, and Celts: Cicero's Philus engages in ethnographic discourses for philosophical aims (mid-first century BCE)

Ethiopians and Thracians: Xenophon of Kolophon theorizes human representations of gods (sixth century BCE)

Europeans and Asians: Pseudo-Hippokrates on humoural and environmental theories (fifth century BCE)

Eusebeians and Machimians in an alternative world: Theopompos on pious and war-like peoples (mid-fourth century BCE)

Gauls and Germans: Scenes from the Triumphal Arch of Orange (late first century BCE)

Gauls, Kimbrians, Numidians, Indians, and others: Valerius Maximus' collection of "barbarian customs" (early first century CE)

Germans and Scythians: Seneca on enduring hardships and on anger (first century CE)

Germans, Suebians, Marcomannians, and Kimbrians: Poseidonios and Strabo on customs and rumours about the tides (first century BCE)

Germans: Appian of Alexandria on large, savage and spirited Germans (second century CE)

Germans: Julius Caesar (mid-first century BCE)

Germans: Philo of Alexandria on fighting the tides (first century CE)

Germans: Tacitus' Germania in full (late first century CE)

Getians, Dacians, and Scythians: Strabo (early first century CE)

Getians, Scythians, and Goths: Jordanes on their supposed origins and achievements (mid-sixth century CE)

Getians: Hellanikos and others on Zamolxis (fifth century BCE on)

Huns and Alans: Ammianus Marcellinus on "savage" nomadic threats (late fourth century CE)

Hyperboreans: Herodotos, Hekataios, Diodoros, and others on a legendary northern people (four century BCE to third century CE)

Iberians and others: Avienus on a journey along the southern coast of Spain (mid-fourth century CE)

Iberians, Albanians and others of the Caucasus area: Strabo (early first century CE)

Illyrians, Pannonians, and other peoples: Strabo (early first century CE)

Illyrians: Appian of Alexandria (mid-second century CE)

Illyrians: Theopompos on banquets (mid-fourth century BCE)

Indians, Ethiopians and others: Pliny the Elder on "unbelievable" peoples (first century CE)

Indians, Ethiopians, and Celts: Dio of Prusa critiques foreign imports and luxury (late first century CE)

Indians, Ethiopians, Celts, and Scythians: Ephoros on a four-fold division of the known world (mid-fourth century BCE)

Judean wisdom: Tatian the Assyrian on the priority of Moses' "barbarian wisdom" (second century CE)

Judeans and Celts: Various authors on Claudius' actions against foreigners in the 40s CE (second / third centuries CE

Judeans, Syrians, Celts, Scythians and others: Plutarch on the "barbarian" origins of fearing the gods, or "superstition" (early second century CE)

Judeans, Syrians, Indians, and others: Porphyry of Tyre on abstinence from meat (third century CE)

Kolchians, Heniochians, Drillians, and others: Arrian on his journey along the Black Sea coast near the Caucasus mountains (ca. 131-132 CE)

Libyans, Egyptians, Iberians, and Celts: Diodoros on Herakles' civilizing expeditions (mid-first century BCE)

Libyans, Iberians, and Celts: Cicero on controlling "savage" peoples (mid-first century BCE)

Maiotians, Bosporians, Kaukasians, and other Pontic peoples: Strabo on northern Asia (early first century CE)

Medes, Assyrians, Baktrians, and others: Herodotos on the mixed composition of the Persian army under Xerxes (fifth century BCE)

Mediterranean peoples: Artemidoros theorizes foreign elements in dreams (second century CE)

Mediterranean peoples: Augustus on his own achievements, conquests and alliances with peoples (14 CE)

Mediterranean peoples: Claudius Ptolemy on astrological effects on peoples (second century CE)

Mediterranean peoples: Dionysios of Alexandria's poetic Guide to the Inhabited World (117-138 CE)

Mediterranean peoples: Maximus of Tyre on images for the gods as ubiquitous among peoples (late second century CE)

Mediterranean peoples: Pausanias, ethnographic interests, and local traditions (mid-second century CE)

Mediterranean peoples: Pliny the Elder on inventors around the world (first century CE)

Mediterranean peoples: Polemon theorizes the meaning of physical features (second / fifth centuries CE)

Mediterranean peoples: Pomponius Mela on peoples of the known world (mid-first century CE)

Mediterranean peoples: Pseudo-Aristotle theorizes the meaning of physical features (third century BCE)

Mediterranean peoples: Pseudo-Skylax (fourth century BCE)

Mediterranean peoples: Pseudo-Skymnos' Voyage Around the Earth for Nikomedes in full (mid-second century BCE)

Mediterranean peoples: Roman coins [part 1] on defeat, capture, and subjugation (first century BCE on)

Mediterranean peoples: Roman coins [part 2] on humiliated captives kneeling or on the ground (first century BCE on)

Mediterranean peoples: Roman coins [part 3] on kneeling in supplication or adoration (first century BCE on)

Mediterranean peoples: Sextus Empiricus engages with ethnographic discourses for philosophical aims (second-third centuries CE)

Mediterranean peoples: Vitruvius on the effects of climate (first century BCE)

Mysians / Moesians: Poseidonios on their identification and customs based on Homer (first century BCE)

Northern peoples: Antonios Diogenes' "Wonders Beyond Thule" and ethnographic fiction (second century CE / ninth century CE)

Northern peoples: Inscriptions on barbarians as bandits (second-third centuries CE)

Parapamisadians: Curtius Rufus on peoples east of Baktria (first century CE)

Parthians and Scythians: Julius Africanus on barbarian military techniques (early third century CE)

Parthians, Celts and Iberians or Germans: Scenes on the breastplate of the "Augustus of Prima Porta" (early first century CE)

Parthians: Arrian on their Scythian origins (second century CE)

Parthians: Curtius Rufus on their Scythian origins (first century CE)

Persian / Hyperborean wisdom: Anonymous author on Gobryas the Magian and the bronze tablets about death and judgment (first century BCE)

Persian, Babylonian, and Scythian wisdom: Diogenes of Laertes refutes Magian and Chaldean origins for Greek philosophy (early third century CE)

Persian, Egyptian, Indian, and Celtic wisdom: Dio of Prusa on philosophers' roles in leadership (late first century CE)

Persians, Thracians, and Amazons: Isocrates on Athenian superiority and barbarian weakness (fourth century BCE)

Persians: Pliny on the dissemination of Magian skill to the peoples of the world (first century CE)

Pontic peoples: Phlyarchos on traits and customs of Thibians and Scythians (early second century BCE)

Pontic peoples: Tertullian on the Pontic "barbarian" Marcion (late second century CE)

Romans, Egyptians, Persians, and others: Minucius Felix's ethnographic defence of the Christian people (early third century CE)

Sarmatians and others: Pliny the Elder on peoples of northwestern Asia (first century CE)

Sarmatians: Tacitus on ferocity and laziness in military situations (early second century CE)

Scythian and Thracian diasporas: Inscriptional evidence

Scythian wisdom: Curtius Rufus on the Scythian elder's speech about Alexander the bandit (first century CE)

Scythian wisdom: Letters of Anacharsis (mid-third century BCE)

Scythians and barbarians: Colossians and others on ritual recitations (late first or early second century CE)

Scythians and Ethiopians: Agatharchides and Diodoros theorize about the effects of climate (second-first centuries CE)

Scythians and other northern peoples: Ephoros (mid-fourth century BCE)

Scythians and other Pontic peoples: Herodotos on the "most ignorant peoples of all" (fifth century BCE)

Scythians, Amazons, and Hyperboreans: Diodoros on some northerners (mid-first century BCE)

Scythians, Amazons, and Persians: Isocrates on the superiority of the Athenian people (early fourth century BCE)

Scythians: Adventures of Andrew and Matthias among the Man-eaters as ethnographic fiction (third-fifth centuries CE)

Scythians: Aischines' ethnic invective against Demosthenes (mid-fourth century BCE)

Scythians: Alexander Polyhistor on Iamians and just Abians (mid-first century BCE)

Scythians: Greek depictions of Scythian archers on Attic pottery (sixth century BCE)

Scythians: Klearchos of Soloi (fourth century BCE)

Scythians: Trogus on Scythian superiority (first century BCE)

Sogdians: Curtius Rufus on Alexander's assessment of their noble and courageous character (first century CE)

Thracians and other Black Sea peoples: Ammianus Marcellinus on their "savage" character and on Roman control (late fourth century CE)

Thracians, Galatians, Daans, and others: Polybios on the mixed composition of the armies of Ptolemy IV and Antiochos III (second century BCE)

Thracians, Getians, Paionians, and others: Herodotos (mid-fifth century BCE)

Thracians: Charon of Lampsakos on relations between Bisaltians and Greek Kardians (mid-fifth century BCE)

Thracians: Diodoros on Dromichaites and Kotys as wise Thracian kings (mid-first century BCE)

Thracians: Tacitus on their uncivilized and wild nature (early second century CE)

Thracians: Theopompos on king Kotys I's obsession with banquets (mid-fourth century BCE)

(b) Southern peoples

Assyrian / Babylonian wisdom: Sibyl of Babylon on the superiority of the Judean people (second century BCE)

Assyrians, Chaldeans, Egyptians, Celts, and others: The Cicero brothers on the nature and effectiveness of divination (mid-first century BCE)

Axumite perspectives: Inscription by the king of Axum on the Ethiopian and Arabian peoples he conquered (late-second or early-third century CE)

Babylonian diasporas: Hippolytos and Epiphanios on legends of migration from Babel (third-fourth centuries CE)

Babylonian diasporas: Josephos and other Judeans on legends of migration from Babel (first-second centuries CE)

Barbaria's inhabitants, Arabians, and Indians: Anonymous author on trade and peoples on the Erythraian sea all the way to eastern India (mid-first century CE)

Barbarian peoples: Hellanikos, Nymphodoros, Nikolaos, and others with collections of "barbarian customs" (fifth century BCE on)

Barbarians and Greeks: Eratosthenes challenges the dichotomy (third century BCE)

Carthaginians: Appian of Alexandria (mid-second century CE)

Chaldeans, Greeks, Egyptians, and Judeans: Aristides of Athens (second century CE)

Cretans, Spartans, Carthaginians, and Romans: Polybios on superior and inferior societal organization (second century BCE)

Egyptian diasporas: Inscriptional evidence

Egyptian perspectives: Chairemon on Egyptian temple functionaries (first century CE)

Egyptian perspectives: Isidoros' hymns in praise of the goddess Hermouthis and legendary pharaohs (early first century BCE)

Egyptian perspectives: Manetho on "Egyptian Matters" (early third century BCE)

Egyptian wisdom: Alexander Romance on king Nektanebos the astrologer and diviner (fourth century CE and earlier)

Egyptian wisdom: Apuleius on Zatchlas the Egyptian prophet who calls up the dead (late second century CE)

Egyptian wisdom: Cicero, Diodoros and Valerius Maximus on Pythagoras' and Plato's supposed journeys to Egypt (first centuries BCE and CE)

Egyptian wisdom: Lucian's story about Eukrates and Pankrates (late second century CE)

Egyptian wisdom: Plato on Solon, the Egyptian priest, and Atlantis (mid-fourth century BCE)

Egyptian wisdom: Plato's Socrates on the discoveries of the Egyptian god Thoth (fourth century BCE)

Egyptian wisdom: Thessalos on king Nechepsos and an Egyptian priest (first or second century CE)

Egyptians, Taurians, and Celts: Cicero's Philus engages in ethnographic discourses for philosophical aims (mid-first century BCE)

Egyptians: Ammianus on their "dark" complexion and insubordinate behaviour (late fourth century CE)

Egyptians: Cicero on superstition and animal-worship (mid-first century BCE)

Egyptians: Herodotos on customs and legendary kings (fifth century BCE)

Egyptians: Josephos on animal worship (late first century CE)

Egyptians: The Judean tale of Joseph and Aseneth on rejecting Egyptian gods and on intermarriage (ca. first century CE)

Ethiopians and Thracians: Xenophon of Kolophon theorizes human representations of gods (sixth century BCE)

Ethiopians or Nubians: Athenian-style pottery depictions of darker-skinned subjects (sixth-fifth centuries BCE)

Ethiopians or Nubians: Pottery from Athens and Greek cities of Italy depicting a darker-skinned youth devoured by a crocodile (fifth-fourth centuries BCE)

Ethiopians, Nubians, and Egyptians: Christian authors picturing darker-skinned peoples as "demons" (second century CE on)

Ethiopians: Alexander Polyhistor on Memnonians as wild and war-like (mid-first century BCE)

Ethiopians: Artapanos and Josephos on Moses, intermarriage, and the Kushites (second century BCE-first century CE)

Ethiopians: Palladios and others on Abba Moses the former bandit with darker skin (fourth-fifth centuries CE)

Ethnic diversity in Libya / Africa: Sallust on legends of migration (mid-first century BCE)

Gauls, Kimbrians, Numidians, Indians, and others: Valerius Maximus' collection of "barbarian customs" (early first century CE)

Greek diasporas and indigenous Libyans: Herodotos on tales of colonization (mid-fifth century BCE)

Indian wisdom: Alexander Polyhistor and Clement of Alexandria (VII) on the Brahmans and naked sages (first century BCE / late second century CE)

Indians, Ethiopians and others: Pliny the Elder on "unbelievable" peoples (first century CE)

Indians: Curtius Rufus on the environment and the peoples (first century CE)

Judeans, Syrians, and Egyptians: Epiktetos engages with ethnographic discourses for philosophical aims (mid-first century CE)

Judeans, Syrians, Celts, Scythians and others: Plutarch on the "barbarian" origins of fearing the gods, or "superstition" (early second century CE)

Libyan perspectives: Apuleius self-identifies as a barbarian and Numidian / Gaetulian (mid-second century CE)

Libyan perspectives: Cornelius Fronto self-identifies as a "barbarian" and Libyan nomad (mid-second century CE)

Libyans / Africans: Ancient and modern composite statue of "The Moor"

Libyans / Africans: Pliny the Elder on various peoples and strange customs (first century CE)

Libyans / Africans: Sallust and Punic sources on the geography and peoples (mid-first century BCE)

Libyans / Africans: Tacitus on Tacfarinas and resistance by Numidians, Maurians, and Musulamians (early second century CE)

Libyans and Ausourianians: Synesios on years of incursions into Cyrenaica (early fifth century CE)

Libyans and Maurians: Corippus' poetic survey of northern African peoples in the tale of John Troglita (after 548 CE)

Libyans, Assyrians and Arabians: Kleodemos and Josephos on Abraham and Keturah's descendants and their many colonies (second or first century BCE on)

Libyans, Egyptians, Iberians, and Celts: Diodoros on Herakles' civilizing expeditions (mid-first century BCE)

Libyans, Iberians, and Celts: Cicero on controlling "savage" peoples (mid-first century BCE)

Libyans, Maurians and Ausourianians: Ammianus Marcellinus on their savage behaviour and banditry (late fourth century CE)

Libyans: Dionysios of Mytilene and Diodoros on Nasamonians, Marmaridians, and Libyan Amazons (third / mid-first century BCE)

Libyans: Hanno the Carthaginian (fourth century BCE or earlier)

Medes, Assyrians, Baktrians, and others: Herodotos on the mixed composition of the Persian army under Xerxes (fifth century BCE)

Mediterranean peoples: Artemidoros theorizes foreign elements in dreams (second century CE)

Mediterranean peoples: Augustus on his own achievements, conquests and alliances with peoples (14 CE)

Mediterranean peoples: Claudius Ptolemy on astrological effects on peoples (second century CE)

Mediterranean peoples: Dionysios of Alexandria's poetic Guide to the Inhabited World (117-138 CE)

Mediterranean peoples: Maximus of Tyre on images for the gods as ubiquitous among peoples (late second century CE)

Mediterranean peoples: Pausanias, ethnographic interests, and local traditions (mid-second century CE)

Mediterranean peoples: Pliny the Elder on inventors around the world (first century CE)

Mediterranean peoples: Polemon theorizes the meaning of physical features (second / fifth centuries CE)

Mediterranean peoples: Pomponius Mela on peoples of the known world (mid-first century CE)

Mediterranean peoples: Pseudo-Aristotle theorizes the meaning of physical features (third century BCE)

Mediterranean peoples: Pseudo-Skylax (fourth century BCE)

Mediterranean peoples: Pseudo-Skymnos' Voyage Around the Earth for Nikomedes in full (mid-second century BCE)

Mediterranean peoples: Roman coins [part 1] on defeat, capture, and subjugation (first century BCE on)

Mediterranean peoples: Roman coins [part 3] on kneeling in supplication or adoration (first century BCE on)

Mediterranean peoples: Sextus Empiricus engages with ethnographic discourses for philosophical aims (second-third centuries CE)

Mediterranean peoples: Vitruvius on the effects of climate (first century BCE)

Persian and Babylonian wisdom: Pseudo-Demokritos and others on Demokritos' training by Magians and Chaldeans (first century BCE on)

Persian, Egyptian, Indian, and Celtic wisdom: Dio of Prusa on philosophers' roles in leadership (late first century CE)

Phoenicians and Sardinians: Cicero's ethnic invective in defending Marcus Scaurus (mid-first century BCE)

Romans, Egyptians, Persians, and others: Minucius Felix's ethnographic defence of the Christian people (early third century CE)

Scythians and Ethiopians: Agatharchides and Diodoros theorize about the effects of climate (second-first centuries CE)

Thracians, Galatians, Daans, and others: Polybios on the mixed composition of the armies of Ptolemy IV and Antiochos III (second century BCE)

Troglodytes: Graffiti and inscriptions from the Red Sea area thanking Pan / Min for rescue from Cave-dwellers (second century BCE)

Arkadians: Polybios theorizes environment and peoplehood (second century BCE)

Babylonian diasporas: Hippolytos and Epiphanios on legends of migration from Babel (third-fourth centuries CE)

Babylonian diasporas: Josephos and other Judeans on legends of migration from Babel (first-second centuries CE)

Baliaridians and other barbarian peoples off Iberia: Diodoros on their paradoxical customs (mid-first century BCE)

Barbarian peoples: Hellanikos, Nymphodoros, Nikolaos, and others with collections of "barbarian customs" (fifth century BCE on)

Celtiberians, Iberians, and Lusitanians: Diodoros on their customs and military skill (mid-first century BCE)

Celts, Iberians, and Libyans: Polybios on the mixed composition of Hannibal of Carthage's army and on military equipment (second century BCE)

Cretans, Spartans, Carthaginians, and Romans: Polybios on superior and inferior societal organization (second century BCE)

Europeans and Asians: Pseudo-Hippokrates on humoural and environmental theories (fifth century BCE)

Europeans, Asians, and Greeks: Aristotle on hierarchies, slaves, and environmental determinism (fourth century BCE)

Gauls, Kimbrians, Numidians, Indians, and others: Valerius Maximus' collection of "barbarian customs" (early first century CE)

Iapygians and Tarentinians: Klearchos of Soloi (fourth century BCE)

Iberians and others: Avienus on a journey along the southern coast of Spain (mid-fourth century CE)

Iberians: Appian of Alexandria (mid-second century CE)

Iberians: Appian of Alexandria on Viriathus and resistance by Lusitanians (second century CE)

Iberians: Artemidoros, Poseidonios, Strabo, and others (second century BCE to first century CE)

Iberians: Diodoros on Viriathus and the Lusitanians' resistance to Roman rule (mid-first century BCE)

Iberians: Trogus on their extreme courage (first century BCE)

Indians, Ethiopians and others: Pliny the Elder on "unbelievable" peoples (first century CE)

Italian and Roman diasporas: Inscriptional evidence

Judeans, Syrians, and Egyptians: Epiktetos engages with ethnographic discourses for philosophical aims (mid-first century CE)

Libyans, Egyptians, Iberians, and Celts: Diodoros on Herakles' civilizing expeditions (mid-first century BCE)

Libyans, Iberians, and Celts: Cicero on controlling "savage" peoples (mid-first century BCE)

Ligurians: Diodoros on their harsh environment, hard work and noble spirit (mid-first century BCE)

Mediterranean peoples: Artemidoros theorizes foreign elements in dreams (second century CE)

Mediterranean peoples: Augustus on his own achievements, conquests and alliances with peoples (14 CE)

Mediterranean peoples: Claudius Ptolemy on astrological effects on peoples (second century CE)

Mediterranean peoples: Dionysios of Alexandria's poetic Guide to the Inhabited World (117-138 CE)

Mediterranean peoples: Maximus of Tyre on images for the gods as ubiquitous among peoples (late second century CE)

Mediterranean peoples: Pausanias, ethnographic interests, and local traditions (mid-second century CE)

Mediterranean peoples: Polemon theorizes the meaning of physical features (second / fifth centuries CE)

Mediterranean peoples: Pomponius Mela on peoples of the known world (mid-first century CE)

Mediterranean peoples: Pseudo-Skylax (fourth century BCE)

Mediterranean peoples: Pseudo-Skymnos' Voyage Around the Earth for Nikomedes in full (mid-second century BCE)

Mediterranean peoples: Roman coins [part 1] on defeat, capture, and subjugation (first century BCE on)

Mediterranean peoples: Roman coins [part 2] on humiliated captives kneeling or on the ground (first century BCE on)

Mediterranean peoples: Roman coins [part 3] on kneeling in supplication or adoration (first century BCE on)

Mediterranean peoples: Sextus Empiricus engages with ethnographic discourses for philosophical aims (second-third centuries CE)

Parthians, Celts and Iberians or Germans: Scenes on the breastplate of the "Augustus of Prima Porta" (early first century CE)

People on an idyllic island in the Atlantic off Libya: Diodoros on their natural resources and on Carthaginian colonization plans (mid-first century BCE)

Romans: Diodoros on Herakles' journey to Rome before Rome (mid-first century BCE)

Romans: Dionysios on Roman origins and legends of Greek and Pelasgian migrations to Italy (late first century BCE)

Romans: Dionysios on the supposed Roman refusal of barbarian and Phrygian customs (late first century BCE)

Sikelians, Sikanians, Sardinians and Iolaeians: Diodoros on ancient migrations and local customs on Sicily (mid-first century BCE)

Tyrrhenians: Theopompos on the Etruscans' supposed sexual deviance and freedom (mid-fourth century BCE)

Western peoples beyond the pillars of Herakles (and up): Lucian's "A True Story" and ethnographic fiction (late second century CE)

(d) Eastern peoples

Amalekites: Josephos and Philo on a prototypical arch-enemy people (first century CE)

Arabians and Aramaians: Poseidonios on relations between eastern peoples (first century BCE)

Arabians and Judeans: Jubilees, Molon, and Josephos on identifying the Ishmaelites (second century BCE on)

Arabians: Agatharchides and Diodoros on peoples of Arabia Felix on the eastern coast of the Red Sea (second-first centuries BCE)

Arabians: Ammianus Marcellinus on the customs of Saracens (late fourth century CE)

Armenians / Parthians: Statue of the client king Tiridates I in the Louvre (66 CE)

Asian Albanians, Iberians, Mardians and others: Demodamas and Pliny the Elder on peoples in the Caucasus region and further east (third century BCE / first century CE)

Assyrian / Babylonian wisdom: Sibyl of Babylon on the superiority of the Judean people (second century BCE)

Assyrian and Egyptian wisdom: Platonic author on Greek perfection of barbarian astral observation (late-fourth century BCE)

Assyrians, Chaldeans, Egyptians, Celts, and others: The Cicero brothers on the nature and effectiveness of divination (mid-first century BCE)

Assyrians, Medes and Persians: Ktesias on Persian Matters via Diodoros and Photios (early fourth century BCE)

Assyrians: Trogus on the achievements of Ninos and Semiramis and on the extreme effeminacy of Sardanapalus (first century BCE)

Babylonian / Persian wisdom: Philodemos, Seneca, and others on Chaldeans / Magians at Plato's death (first century BCE on)

Babylonian diasporas: Hippolytos and Epiphanios on legends of migration from Babel (third-fourth centuries CE)

Babylonian diasporas: Josephos and other Judeans on legends of migration from Babel (first-second centuries CE)

Babylonian wisdom: Gellius on Favorinus' speech against Chaldean astrology (mid-second century CE)

Babylonian wisdom: Lucian's Menippos visits Mithrobarzanes the Chaldean / Magian wise man (late second century CE)

Baktrians, Sogdians, and some "completely barbarous" eastern peoples: Strabo (early first century CE)

Barbaria's inhabitants, Arabians, and Indians: Anonymous author on trade and peoples on the Erythraian sea all the way to eastern India (mid-first century CE)

Barbarian and Judean wisdom: Clement of Alexandria [V] on the sources of Plato's thought (late second century CE)

Barbarian peoples: Caesarius of Nazianzos' and George the Monk's collection of extraordinary customs (sixth / ninth centuries CE)

Barbarian peoples: Hellanikos, Nymphodoros, Nikolaos, and others with collections of "barbarian customs" (fifth century BCE on)

Barbarian wisdom: Celsus and Origen of Alexandria (second-third centuries CE)

Barbarian wisdom: Clement of Alexandria [VI] on barbarian and Hebrew philosophy (late second century CE)

Barbarian wisdom: Poseidonios on inventors of the golden age (first century BCE)

Britons, Armenians, Bessians, and others: Reliefs of subjugated peoples at Aphrodisias (first century CE)

Celtic, Indian, and Assyrian wisdom: Polyhistor on Pythagoras' education by wise barbarians (first century BCE)

Celts, Persians, and Amazons: Smaller statues of fighting and dying "barbarians" associated with Attalos of Pergamon (third-second century BCE / second century CE)

Chaldeans, Greeks, Egyptians, and Judeans: Aristides of Athens (second century CE)

Colchians, Phrygians, and others: Vitruvius theorizes development from primitives to civilized peoples (first century BCE)

Daans, Kadousians, Hyrkanians, and Sakians: Strabo on peoples east of the Caspian Sea (first century CE)

Eastern and northern peoples: Bardaisan of Edessa's Book of the Laws of Countries and the Pseudo-Clementines on astrology and peoples (second-third centuries CE)

Egyptian and Persian wisdom: Plutarch on the "barbarian-lover" Herodotos (early second century CE)

Egyptian perspectives: Isidoros' hymns in praise of the goddess Hermouthis and legendary pharaohs (early first century BCE)

Egyptian wisdom: Cicero, Diodoros and Valerius Maximus on Pythagoras' and Plato's supposed journeys to Egypt (first centuries BCE and CE)

Egyptian, Phoenician, and Phrygian wisdom: Ephoros on inventors (mid-fourth century BCE)

Egyptians, Chaldeans, and Phoenicians: Julius Africanus on competitive chronologies (ca. 222 CE)

Egyptians: Cicero on superstition and animal-worship (mid-first century BCE)

Egyptians: Josephos on the envy of an inferior people (last-first century CE)

Ethiopians and Arabians: Nonnosos on Saracens and on a hairy people (sixth century CE)

Europeans and Asians: Pseudo-Hippokrates on humoural and environmental theories (fifth century BCE)

Europeans, Asians, and Greeks: Aristotle on hierarchies, slaves, and environmental determinism (fourth century BCE)

Gauls, Kimbrians, Numidians, Indians, and others: Valerius Maximus' collection of "barbarian customs" (early first century CE)

Huns and Alans: Ammianus Marcellinus on "savage" nomadic threats (late fourth century CE)

Iberians, Albanians and others of the Caucasus area: Strabo (early first century CE)

Ichthyophagians: Nearchos and Agatharchides on Fish-eaters around the Arabian Sea (fourth-first centuries BCE)

Idumean diasporas: Inscriptions and papyri (second century BCE-third century CE)

Indian and Judean wisdom: Klearchos citing Aristotle (fourth century BCE)

Indian wisdom: Alexander Polyhistor and Clement of Alexandria (VII) on the Brahmans and naked sages (first century BCE / late second century CE)

Indian wisdom: Apuleius on the amazing naked philosophers and Pythagoras' journeys (mid-second century CE)

Indian wisdom: Cicero and Plutarch on Alexander, the naked philosophers, and Kalanos (early second century CE)

Indian wisdom: Naked philosophers and wise diviners in the Alexander Romance (fourth century CE and earlier)

Indians and peoples on the way: Diodoros on Alexander's conquests (mid-first century BCE)

Indians, Ethiopians and others: Pliny the Elder on "unbelievable" peoples (first century CE)

Indians, Ethiopians, and Celts: Dio of Prusa critiques foreign imports and luxury (late first century CE)

Indians, Ethiopians, Celts, and Scythians: Ephoros on a four-fold division of the known world (mid-fourth century BCE)

Indians, Taprobanians, and Serians: Pliny the Elder on numerous peoples and customs in India and beyond (first century CE)

Indians: Bardaisan of Edessa on Indian ambassadors' tales and the Brahmans (early third century CE)

Indians: Curtius Rufus on the environment and the peoples (first century CE)

Indians: Diodoros on environment, customs and social organization (mid-first century BCE)

Indians: Greek representations of conquest on coins with Alexander of Macedon and Demetrios of Baktria wearing elephant skins (fourth-second century BCE)

Indians: Ktesias on Indian Matters via Photios, Pliny the Elder, and Aelian (early fourth century BCE)

Indians: Nearchos, Megasthenes, and Arrian (fourth century BCE-second century CE)

Indians: Phylarchos on roots for sexual restraint (early second century BCE)

Isaurians: Ammianus Marcellinus on their incursions and banditry (late fourth century CE)

Itureans among Arabians: Strabo and Josephos on a supposed bandit-people (first century CE)

Judean and Israelite diasporas: Inscriptional evidence (second century BCE-third century CE)

Judean diasporas: Differing perspectives on violent clashes between Judeans and Greeks in Libya and Egypt under Trajan, ca. 115-117 CE (second-fourth centuries CE)

Judean diasporas: Josephos on conflicts in Babylonia, ca. 40-66 CE (late first century CE)

Judean diasporas: Josephos on tensions with Greeks in Syria, the Decapolis, and Alexandria ca. 59-66 CE (late first century CE)

Judean diasporas: Philo on conflicts with Greeks at Alexandria and on rebellious Egyptians (mid-first century CE)

Judean wisdom: Anonymous on Abraham's contributions (before the mid-first century BCE)

Judean wisdom: Aristoboulos on Moses and the Judean god as source for Plato and Pythagoras (mid-second century BCE)

Judean wisdom: Artapanos on contributions by Abraham, Joseph, and Moses (second century BCE)

Judean wisdom: Eupolemos on contributions by Abraham and Moses (before the mid-first century BCE)

Judean wisdom: Josephos on Abraham's dissemination of astrological knowledge (late-first century CE)

Judean wisdom: Josephos on Solomon as the ultimate wise man, controller of lower spirits, and healer (late-first century CE)

Judean wisdom: Josephos' Against Apion in full (late first century CE)

Judean wisdom: Philo on the superiority of Moses and Judean ancestral customs (first century CE)

Judean wisdom: Philo on the Therapeutists' lifestyle (first century CE)

Judean wisdom: Pseudo-Clement on a journey to Peter the Judean sage (third century CE and on)

Judean wisdom: Pseudo-Clementines on Abraham the astrologer and legends of migration (second-fourth centuries CE)

Judean wisdom: Tatian the Assyrian on the priority of Moses' "barbarian wisdom" (second century CE)

Judean wisdom: Testament of Solomon on Solomon's superiority in controlling lower spirits and in healing (first-third century CE)

Judean wisdom: Theophrastos on Judean philosophers (fourth century BCE)

Judean, Persian, and Indian wisdom: Philo on the freedom of Essenes and Kalanos (early first century CE)

Judeans and Celts: Various authors on Claudius' actions against foreigners in the 40s CE (second / third centuries CE

Judeans and Thracians: Hermippos of Smyrna on their influence on Pythagoras (early second century BCE)

Judeans, "Asiatics", and Greeks: Cicero's ethnic invective aimed at eastern witnesses against Flaccus (mid-first century BCE)

Judeans, Egyptians, and Magians: Various authors on Tiberius' actions against foreign practices 17-19 CE (first-third centuries CE)

Judeans, Syrians, and Egyptians: Epiktetos engages with ethnographic discourses for philosophical aims (mid-first century CE)

Judeans, Syrians, Celts, Scythians and others: Plutarch on the "barbarian" origins of fearing the gods, or "superstition" (early second century CE)

Judeans, Syrians, Indians, and others: Porphyry of Tyre on abstinence from meat (third century CE)

Judeans: Agatharchides of Knidos on the Sabbath (second century BCE)

Judeans: Kleomedes denigrates Epicurus and Judeans (second century CE)

Judeans: Manetho, Chairemon, and Lysimachos on an alternative Exodus (third century BCE on)

Judeans: Mnaseas, Poseidonios, Apollonios Molon, Diodoros, Apion, and Damokritos on the statue of a donkey and on human sacrifice (second century BCE and on)

Judeans: Pliny the Elder and Julius Solinus on the Essenes beside the Dead Sea (first / third centuries CE)

Judeans: Poseidonios (?) and Strabo on decline after Moses (first century CE)

Judeans: Pseudo-Hekataios' On Judeans (pre-first century CE)

Judeans: Tacitus on Judean origins and customs (second century CE)

Karmanians, Ichthyophagians, and others: Nearchos, Onesikritos, Juba, and Pliny on the area around the Persian Gulf and Red Sea (fourth century BCE-first century CE)

Kolchians, Heniochians, Drillians, and others: Arrian on his journey along the Black Sea coast near the Caucasus mountains (ca. 131-132 CE)

Libyan perspectives: Apuleius self-identifies as a barbarian and Numidian / Gaetulian (mid-second century CE)

Libyans, Assyrians and Arabians: Kleodemos and Josephos on Abraham and Keturah's descendants and their many colonies (second or first century BCE on)

Libyans: Dionysios of Mytilene and Diodoros on Nasamonians, Marmaridians, and Libyan Amazons (third / mid-first century BCE)

Lycians, Egyptians, and Celts: Pseudo-Plutarch on the effeminacy of grief (third-fourth centuries CE)

Lydians, Maionians, Arimians, and Solymians: Strabo on a variety of peoples in Lydia, Phrygia and Pisidia (early first century CE)

Lydians: Xanthos of Lydia on kings and luxurious customs (mid-fifth century BCE)

Mardians among Persians: Curtius Rufus on Alexander's conquest of an uncivilized cave people (first century CE)

Medes, Assyrians, Baktrians, and others: Herodotos on the mixed composition of the Persian army under Xerxes (fifth century BCE)

Medes: Diodoros on Datis and legends of an Athenian-Median connection (mid-first century BCE)

Mediterranean peoples: Artemidoros theorizes foreign elements in dreams (second century CE)

Mediterranean peoples: Augustus on his own achievements, conquests and alliances with peoples (14 CE)

Mediterranean peoples: Claudius Ptolemy on astrological effects on peoples (second century CE)

Mediterranean peoples: Diodoros, Pliny and Plutarch on Pompey's subjugation of peoples of the world (mid-first century BCE on)

Mediterranean peoples: Dionysios of Alexandria's poetic Guide to the Inhabited World (117-138 CE)

Mediterranean peoples: Maximus of Tyre on images for the gods as ubiquitous among peoples (late second century CE)

Mediterranean peoples: Ovid on identifying personified peoples in art to impress a girl (early first century CE)

Mediterranean peoples: Pausanias, ethnographic interests, and local traditions (mid-second century CE)

Mediterranean peoples: Pliny the Elder on inventors around the world (first century CE)

Mediterranean peoples: Polemon theorizes the meaning of physical features (second / fifth centuries CE)

Mediterranean peoples: Pomponius Mela on peoples of the known world (mid-first century CE)

Mediterranean peoples: Pseudo-Skylax (fourth century BCE)

Mediterranean peoples: Pseudo-Skymnos' Voyage Around the Earth for Nikomedes in full (mid-second century BCE)

Mediterranean peoples: Roman coins [part 1] on defeat, capture, and subjugation (first century BCE on)

Mediterranean peoples: Roman coins [part 2] on humiliated captives kneeling or on the ground (first century BCE on)

Mediterranean peoples: Roman coins [part 3] on kneeling in supplication or adoration (first century BCE on)

Mediterranean peoples: Sextus Empiricus engages with ethnographic discourses for philosophical aims (second-third centuries CE)

Mediterranean peoples: Vitruvius on the effects of climate (first century BCE)

Midianites and Moabites / Arabians: Josephos and Philo on intermixing and the dangers of acculturation (first century CE)

Mysians, Galatians, Pisidians, and others: Strabo on relations among Anatolian peoples (early first century CE)

Panchaians: Euhemeros and Diodoros on a noble people worshipping Zeus on a utopian island (fourth / first century BCE)

Parapamisadians: Curtius Rufus on peoples east of Baktria (first century CE)

Parthians and Scythians: Julius Africanus on barbarian military techniques (early third century CE)

Parthians, Celts and Iberians or Germans: Scenes on the breastplate of the "Augustus of Prima Porta" (early first century CE)

Parthians, Libyans, Egyptians and others: Acts of the Apostles on legends of Judean migration (early second century CE)

Parthians, Medes, and Babylonians: Pliny the Elder (first century CE)

Parthians: Curtius Rufus on their Scythian origins (first century CE)

Parthians: Kneeling colossal support statues in eastern garb (first century CE)

Parthians: Panamara inscription on Zeus' miraculous actions against invading Parthians (ca. 39 BCE)

Parthians: Poseidonios on royal banquets (first century BCE)

Parthians: Scenes from the Arch of Septimius Severus (early third century CE)

Parthians: Trogus on the origins and developments of an empire (first century BCE)

Persian / Hyperborean wisdom: Anonymous author on Gobryas the Magian and the bronze tablets about death and judgment (first century BCE)

Persian and Babylonian wisdom: Pseudo-Demokritos and others on Demokritos' training by Magians and Chaldeans (first century BCE on)

Persian wisdom: Aristoxenos of Tarentum on Pythagoras and Zoroaster (late fourth century BCE)

Persian wisdom: Celsus and Origen on Magians and on Moses and Jesus as howlers of chants (second-third centuries CE)

Persian wisdom: Euboulos and Porphyry of Tyre on Zoroaster and the cave (third century CE)

Persian wisdom: Eudemos of Rhodes on Magians (fourth century BCE)

Persian wisdom: Lactantius and others on the Oracles of Hystaspes the Mede (third century CE)

Persian wisdom: Plutarch's story about Kleombrotos' journeys (early second century CE)

Persian wisdom: Theopompos of Chios and Plutarch on Magians and Zoroaster (fourth century BCE and later)

Persian, Babylonian, and Indian wisdom: Pseudo-Lucian on long-living sages and peoples (third century CE and earlier)

Persian, Babylonian, and Scythian wisdom: Diogenes of Laertes refutes Magian and Chaldean origins for Greek philosophy (early third century CE)

Persian, Egyptian, Indian, and Celtic wisdom: Dio of Prusa on philosophers' roles in leadership (late first century CE)

Persians and Medes: Douris of Samos, Herakleides of Kyme, Klearchos of Soloi, and others on royal banquets (fifth-fourth centuries BCE)

Persians and neighbouring eastern peoples: Ammianus Marcellinus on Persian territories and lifestyles (late fourth century CE)

Persians and Thessalians: Lucan compares Thessalian women's techniques to Magian ones (mid-first century CE)

Persians, Hyrkanians, Armenians, Derbikians and others: Curtius Rufus on the mixed composition of the army of Darius III (first century CE)

Persians, Spartans, and Athenians: Platonic author on the superiority of the Persians (fourth century BCE)

Persians, Thracians, and Amazons: Isocrates on Athenian superiority and barbarian weakness (fourth century BCE)

Persians: Acts of Archelaos on Mani's foreignness (early fourth century CE)

Persians: Aeschylus on "barbarian" hierarchy, luxury, and emotionalism (472 BCE)

Persians: Agathias on the divergent customs of Zoroaster's Magians (sixth century CE and earlier)

Persians: Apion of Alexandria on Pases the Magian (first century CE)

Persians: Cattulus' poem smearing Magians as incestuous (early first century BCE)

Persians: Curtius Rufus on military processions and royal luxury (first century CE)

Persians: Derveni papyrus on the activities of Magians (ca. 400 BCE)

Persians: Diodoros on expansionism and arrogance of Persian kings (mid-first century BCE)

Persians: Emperor Diocletian on strange and monstrous Manicheans (ca. 300 CE)

Persians: Hippokratic author on the "sacred" disease and Magian attempts at healing (ca. 400 BCE)

Persians: Matthew and Luke-Acts on two contrasting approaches to Magians (late first century CE)

Persians: Maximus of Tyre on "barbarizing" and the excesses of royal pleasure (late second century CE)

Persians: Plato on Persian decline into effeminacy and tyranny (early fourth century BCE)

Persians: Pliny on the dissemination of Magian skill to the peoples of the world (first century CE)

Persians: Trogus, Diodoros, and Curtius Rufus on Alexander of Macedon's decline into eastern ways (first century BCE on)

Persians: Varro on Pythagoras' and Numa's adoption of Persian forms of divination (first century BCE / early fifth century CE)

Persians: Vitruvius theorizes about Greek depictions of enemies in architectural contexts (first century BCE)

Persians: Xanthos on the Magians' supposed incest and on Zoroaster's date (mid-fifth century BCE)

Phoenician diasporas: Timaios of Tauromenion, Trogus, and Appian on the founding of Carthage and on child sacrifice (first century BCE)

Phoenician perspectives: Philo of Byblos on "Phoenician Matters" (early second century CE)

Phoenician wisdom: Ampelius on Mochos of Sidon (early-third century CE)

Phoenician wisdom: Damascius on Eudemos of Rhodes and Mochos of Sidon (fourth century BCE)

Phoenician wisdom: Strabo and Poseidonios on Mochos of Sidon (first century BCE)

Phoenician, Egyptian and Babylonian wisdom: Porphyry of Tyre and Antonius Diogenes on Pythagoras (third century CE)

Phoenician, Egyptian and Persian wisdom: Iamblichos of Chalkis on Pythagoras (fourth century CE)

Phoenicians and Sardinians: Cicero's ethnic invective in defending Marcus Scaurus (mid-first century BCE)

Phoenicians: Gospel of Mark on Jesus and a Syro-Phoenician woman (late first century CE)

Phoenicians: Herodotos on customs and colonizing efforts (fifth century BCE)

Phrygians: Diodoros on Battakes the priest of the great Mother visiting Rome (mid-first century BCE)

Phrygians: Euripides' cowardly and inferior easterner via the slave character in Orestes (408 BCE)

Romans, Egyptians, Persians, and others: Minucius Felix's ethnographic defence of the Christian people (early third century CE)

Romans: Dionysios on Roman origins and legends of Greek and Pelasgian migrations to Italy (late first century BCE)

Samaritans and Judeans: Belonging to Israel in the Gospels (first century CE)

Scythians, Amazons, and Persians: Isocrates on the superiority of the Athenian people (early fourth century BCE)

Serians (Chinese), Ottorokorians and others: Pliny the Elder on the savage silk people (first century CE)

Sogdians: Curtius Rufus on Alexander's assessment of their noble and courageous character (first century CE)

Spartans and Judeans: First Maccabees' and Josephos' claims about kinship ties (ca. 100 BCE / ca. 90s CE)

Syrian and Phoenician diasporas: Inscriptional and archeological evidence

Syrian diasporas: Diodoros and Florus on Eunous of Apameia's leadership of the slave rebellion on Sicily (mid-first century BCE / second century CE)

Syrian perspectives: Lucian of Samosata on The Syrian Goddess in full (mid-second century CE)

Syrian perspectives: Lucian self-identifies as "barbarian" and "Assyrian" (mid-second century CE)

Syrians: Apuleius on "effeminate" priests of Atargatis (late second century CE)

Thracians and other Black Sea peoples: Ammianus Marcellinus on their "savage" character and on Roman control (late fourth century CE)

Thracians, Galatians, Daans, and others: Polybios on the mixed composition of the armies of Ptolemy IV and Antiochos III (second century BCE)

Trojans, Lelegians, and Kilikians: Homer and Strabo on legendary peoples and migrations in the Troad (early first century CE)

Abians (subset of Scythians)

Scythian wisdom: Curtius Rufus on the Scythian elder's speech about Alexander the bandit (first century CE)

Adrestians (among Indians)

Indians and peoples on the way: Diodoros on Alexander's conquests (mid-first century BCE)

Aiolians / Aeolians (broad subset of Greeks)

Babylonian diasporas: Josephos and other Judeans on legends of migration from Babel (first-second centuries CE)

Judeans, "Asiatics", and Greeks: Cicero's ethnic invective aimed at eastern witnesses against Flaccus (mid-first century BCE)

Pelasgian diasporas: Hekataios of Miletos and Herodotos on legends of migration, language, and influence (mid-fifth century BCE)

Aitolians / Aetolians (in Greece)

Aitolians: Ephoros on their origins and invincibility (mid-fourth century BCE)

Aitolians: Thucydides on barbarous Greeks (late fifth century BCE)

Barbarians and Greeks: Thucydides theorizes the shift from barbarian banditry to settled civilization (late fifth century BCE)

Alans (Halani)

Huns and Alans: Ammianus Marcellinus on "savage" nomadic threats (late fourth century CE)

Thracians and other Black Sea peoples: Ammianus Marcellinus on their "savage" character and on Roman control (late fourth century CE)

Albanians of the Caucasus area

Asian Albanians, Iberians, Mardians and others: Demodamas and Pliny the Elder on peoples in the Caucasus region and further east (third century BCE / first century CE)

Iberians, Albanians and others of the Caucasus area: Strabo (early first century CE)

Mediterranean peoples: Diodoros, Pliny and Plutarch on Pompey's subjugation of peoples of the world (mid-first century BCE on)

Alexandrians (in Egypt)

Egyptian diasporas: Inscriptional evidence

Allobrogians (subset of "Germans" or Celts)

Celts and Ligurians: Strabo on peoples south of the Alps (early first century CE)

Celts: Appian of Alexandria on their character and on ambassadorial relations with Romans (second century CE)

Celts: Cicero on Gauls and the link between imperial conquest and negative stereotypes (mid-first century BCE)

Celts: Cicero's ethnic invective against Gauls in defending Fonteius (mid-first century BCE)

Celts: Strabo on peoples northwest of the Alps (early first century CE)

Celts: Timagenes of Alexandria and Ammianus Marcellinus on Celtic origins and customs (first century BCE / fourth century CE)

Amalekites (associated with Canaanites / Phoenicians / inhabitants south of Judah)

Amalekites: Josephos and Philo on a prototypical arch-enemy people (first century CE)

Amazons (often considered Scythians)

Amazons, Tibarenians, and Mossynoikians: Apollonios of Rhodes on a voyage to the Kolchians (third century BCE)

Amazons: Curtius Rufus on Alexander's relationship with Thalestris (first century CE)

Amazons: Greek artistic depictions of a female warrior people (fourth century BCE to second century CE)

Amazons: Strabo on their customs and northern location (late first century CE)

Barbarian peoples: Caesarius of Nazianzos' and George the Monk's collection of extraordinary customs (sixth / ninth centuries CE)

Barbarian peoples: Hellanikos, Nymphodoros, Nikolaos, and others with collections of "barbarian customs" (fifth century BCE on)

Britons, Armenians, Bessians, and others: Reliefs of subjugated peoples at Aphrodisias (first century CE)

Celts, Persians, and Amazons: Smaller statues of fighting and dying "barbarians" associated with Attalos of Pergamon (third-second century BCE / second century CE)

Eastern and northern peoples: Bardaisan of Edessa's Book of the Laws of Countries and the Pseudo-Clementines on astrology and peoples (second-third centuries CE)

Getians, Scythians, and Goths: Jordanes on their supposed origins and achievements (mid-sixth century CE)

Libyans: Dionysios of Mytilene and Diodoros on competing claims about the god Dionysos (third / mid-first century BCE)

Libyans: Dionysios of Mytilene and Diodoros on Nasamonians, Marmaridians, and Libyan Amazons (third / mid-first century BCE)

Mediterranean peoples: Pausanias, ethnographic interests, and local traditions (mid-second century CE)

Mysians, Galatians, Pisidians, and others: Strabo on relations among Anatolian peoples (early first century CE)

Persians, Thracians, and Amazons: Isocrates on Athenian superiority and barbarian weakness (fourth century BCE)

Sarmatians and others: Pliny the Elder on peoples of northwestern Asia (first century CE)

Scythians and other northern peoples: Ephoros (mid-fourth century BCE)

Scythians and other Pontic peoples: Herodotos on the "most ignorant peoples of all" (fifth century BCE)

Scythians, Amazons, and Hyperboreans: Diodoros on some northerners (mid-first century BCE)

Scythians, Amazons, and Persians: Isocrates on the superiority of the Athenian people (early fourth century BCE)

Scythians: Trogus on Scythian superiority (first century BCE)

Thracians and other Black Sea peoples: Ammianus Marcellinus on their "savage" character and on Roman control (late fourth century CE)

Aquitanians

Colchians, Phrygians, and others: Vitruvius theorizes development from primitives to civilized peoples (first century BCE)

Arabians

Arabians / Nabateans: Diodoros on Nabatean customs and freedom (mid-first century BCE)

Arabians and Aramaians: Poseidonios on relations between eastern peoples (first century BCE)

Arabians and Judeans: Jubilees, Molon, and Josephos on identifying the Ishmaelites (second century BCE on)

Arabians: Agatharchides and Diodoros on peoples of Arabia Felix on the eastern coast of the Red Sea (second-first centuries BCE)

Arabians: Herodotos on deities and lifestyle (late fifth century BCE)

Arabians: Pseudo-Nilus on barbarian bandits and Saracens in the Sinai desert (early fifth century CE)

Assyrian / Babylonian wisdom: Sibyl of Babylon on the superiority of the Judean people (second century BCE)

Babylonians and Assyrians: Herodotos on legendary queens and outstanding customs (mid-fifth century BCE)

Barbaria's inhabitants, Arabians, and Indians: Anonymous author on trade and peoples on the Erythraian sea all the way to eastern India (mid-first century CE)

Eastern and northern peoples: Bardaisan of Edessa's Book of the Laws of Countries and the Pseudo-Clementines on astrology and peoples (second-third centuries CE)

Egyptians: Herodotos on customs and legendary kings (fifth century BCE)

Ethiopians and Arabians: Nonnosos on Saracens and on a hairy people (sixth century CE)

Ethnic diversity in Alexandria: Dio of Prusa on the cross-roads of the world (late first century CE)

Ethnic diversity in Egypt: Inscriptional and papyrological evidence

Indian wisdom: Apuleius on the amazing naked philosophers and Pythagoras' journeys (mid-second century CE)

Itureans among Arabians: Strabo and Josephos on a supposed bandit-people (first century CE)

Judean wisdom: Artapanos on contributions by Abraham, Joseph, and Moses (second century BCE)

Judean wisdom: Pseudo-Clementines on Abraham the astrologer and legends of migration (second-fourth centuries CE)

Libyans, Assyrians and Arabians: Kleodemos and Josephos on Abraham and Keturah's descendants and their many colonies (second or first century BCE on)

Libyans: Dionysios of Mytilene and Diodoros on competing claims about the god Dionysos (third / mid-first century BCE)

Medes, Assyrians, Baktrians, and others: Herodotos on the mixed composition of the Persian army under Xerxes (fifth century BCE)

Mediterranean peoples: Augustus on his own achievements, conquests and alliances with peoples (14 CE)

Mediterranean peoples: Maximus of Tyre on images for the gods as ubiquitous among peoples (late second century CE)

Midianites and Moabites / Arabians: Josephos and Philo on intermixing and the dangers of acculturation (first century CE)

Panchaians: Euhemeros and Diodoros on a noble people worshipping Zeus on a utopian island (fourth / first century BCE)

Parthians, Libyans, Egyptians and others: Acts of the Apostles on legends of Judean migration (early second century CE)

Phoenician, Egyptian and Babylonian wisdom: Porphyry of Tyre and Antonius Diogenes on Pythagoras (third century CE)

Thracians, Galatians, Daans, and others: Polybios on the mixed composition of the armies of Ptolemy IV and Antiochos III (second century BCE)

Arachosians

Peoples of Arachosia and Ariana: Pliny the Elder on peoples between Baktria and India (first century CE)

Arachosians (in northeastern Persia)

Parapamisadians: Curtius Rufus on peoples east of Baktria (first century CE)

Persians and neighbouring eastern peoples: Ammianus Marcellinus on Persian territories and lifestyles (late fourth century CE)

Persians, Hyrkanians, Armenians, Derbikians and others: Curtius Rufus on the mixed composition of the army of Darius III (first century CE)

Arianians

Barbarians and Greeks: Eratosthenes challenges the dichotomy (third century BCE)

Peoples of Arachosia and Ariana: Pliny the Elder on peoples between Baktria and India (first century CE)

Arians

Daans, Kadousians, Hyrkanians, and Sakians: Strabo on peoples east of the Caspian Sea (first century CE)

Persian, Babylonian, and Indian wisdom: Pseudo-Lucian on long-living sages and peoples (third century CE and earlier)

Persians and neighbouring eastern peoples: Ammianus Marcellinus on Persian territories and lifestyles (late fourth century CE)

Arimaspians

Asian Albanians, Iberians, Mardians and others: Demodamas and Pliny the Elder on peoples in the Caucasus region and further east (third century BCE / first century CE)

Daans, Kadousians, Hyrkanians, and Sakians: Strabo on peoples east of the Caspian Sea (first century CE)

Indians and peoples on the way: Diodoros on Alexander's conquests (mid-first century BCE)

Indians, Ethiopians and others: Pliny the Elder on "unbelievable" peoples (first century CE)

Kimmerians and Kolchians: Herodotos on other Pontic peoples (mid-fifth century BCE)

Mediterranean peoples: Pausanias, ethnographic interests, and local traditions (mid-second century CE)

Mediterranean peoples: Pomponius Mela on peoples of the known world (mid-first century CE)

Parapamisadians: Curtius Rufus on peoples east of Baktria (first century CE)

Scythians and other Pontic peoples: Herodotos on the "most ignorant peoples of all" (fifth century BCE)

Scythians, Amazons, and Hyperboreans: Diodoros on some northerners (mid-first century BCE)

Arimians (in Asia Minor)

Lydians, Maionians, Arimians, and Solymians: Strabo on a variety of peoples in Lydia, Phrygia and Pisidia (early first century CE)

Arkadians (in Greece)

Arkadians: Polybios theorizes environment and peoplehood (second century BCE)

Pelasgian diasporas: Ephoros on legends of migration (mid-fourth century BCE)

Pelasgian diasporas: Hekataios of Miletos and Herodotos on legends of migration, language, and influence (mid-fifth century BCE)

Romans: Dionysios on Roman origins and legends of Greek and Pelasgian migrations to Italy (late first century BCE)

Armenians

Arabians and Aramaians: Poseidonios on relations between eastern peoples (first century BCE)

Armenians / Parthians: Statue of the client king Tiridates I in the Louvre (66 CE)

Babylonians and Assyrians: Herodotos on legendary queens and outstanding customs (mid-fifth century BCE)

Britons, Armenians, Bessians, and others: Reliefs of subjugated peoples at Aphrodisias (first century CE)

Ethnic diversity in Libya / Africa: Sallust on legends of migration (mid-first century BCE)

Medes, Assyrians, Baktrians, and others: Herodotos on the mixed composition of the Persian army under Xerxes (fifth century BCE)

Mediterranean peoples: Augustus on his own achievements, conquests and alliances with peoples (14 CE)

Mediterranean peoples: Diodoros, Pliny and Plutarch on Pompey's subjugation of peoples of the world (mid-first century BCE on)

Mediterranean peoples: Ovid on identifying personified peoples in art to impress a girl (early first century CE)

Mediterranean peoples: Roman coins [part 1] on defeat, capture, and subjugation (first century BCE on)

Mediterranean peoples: Roman coins [part 3] on kneeling in supplication or adoration (first century BCE on)

Parthians: Trogus on the origins and developments of an empire (first century BCE)

Persians, Hyrkanians, Armenians, Derbikians and others: Curtius Rufus on the mixed composition of the army of Darius III (first century CE)

Asians / Asiatics (general)

Baktrians, Sogdians, and some "completely barbarous" eastern peoples: Strabo (early first century CE)

Cappadocians: Strabo on their temple-states and supposed desire for subservience (early first century CE)

Daans, Kadousians, Hyrkanians, and Sakians: Strabo on peoples east of the Caspian Sea (first century CE)

Europeans and Asians: Pseudo-Hippokrates on humoural and environmental theories (fifth century BCE)

Europeans, Asians, and Greeks: Aristotle on hierarchies, slaves, and environmental determinism (fourth century BCE)

Iberians, Albanians and others of the Caucasus area: Strabo (early first century CE)

Judeans, "Asiatics", and Greeks: Cicero's ethnic invective aimed at eastern witnesses against Flaccus (mid-first century BCE)

Maiotians, Bosporians, Kaukasians, and other Pontic peoples: Strabo on northern Asia (early first century CE)

Mediterranean peoples: Diodoros, Pliny and Plutarch on Pompey's subjugation of peoples of the world (mid-first century BCE on)

Parthians, Libyans, Egyptians and others: Acts of the Apostles on legends of Judean migration (early second century CE)

Thracians, Galatians, Daans, and others: Polybios on the mixed composition of the armies of Ptolemy IV and Antiochos III (second century BCE)

Athenians

Aitolians: Thucydides on barbarous Greeks (late fifth century BCE)

Barbarians and Greeks: Thucydides theorizes the shift from barbarian banditry to settled civilization (late fifth century BCE)

Cretans, Spartans, Carthaginians, and Romans: Polybios on superior and inferior societal organization (second century BCE)

Egyptian and Ethiopian diasporas: Diodoros on competing legends of migration and colonization (mid-first century BCE)

Egyptian wisdom: Plato on Solon, the Egyptian priest, and Atlantis (mid-fourth century BCE)

Ethnic diversity in Alexandria: Dio of Prusa on the cross-roads of the world (late first century CE)

Judeans, "Asiatics", and Greeks: Cicero's ethnic invective aimed at eastern witnesses against Flaccus (mid-first century BCE)

Medes: Diodoros on Datis and legends of an Athenian-Median connection (mid-first century BCE)

Pelasgian diasporas: Hekataios of Miletos and Herodotos on legends of migration, language, and influence (mid-fifth century BCE)

Persians, Spartans, and Athenians: Platonic author on the superiority of the Persians (fourth century BCE)

Scythians: Lucian on Anacharsis and Solon's dialogue about the superiority of Greek customs (mid-second century CE)

Thracians, Getians, Paionians, and others: Herodotos (mid-fifth century BCE)

Atlantians (imagined people)

Atlantians: Dionysios of Mytilene and Diodoros on supposed Atlantian stories about the earliest kings / gods (third / mid-first century BCE)

Ausourianians / Ausurians / Austurians

Libyans and Ausourianians: Synesios on years of incursions into Cyrenaica (early fifth century CE)

Libyans and Maurians: Corippus' poetic survey of northern African peoples in the tale of John Troglita (after 548 CE)

Libyans, Maurians and Ausourianians: Ammianus Marcellinus on their savage behaviour and banditry (late fourth century CE)

Axumites (associated with Ethiopians)

Axumite perspectives: Inscription by the king of Axum on the Ethiopian and Arabian peoples he conquered (late-second or early-third century CE)

Barbaria's inhabitants, Arabians, and Indians: Anonymous author on trade and peoples on the Erythraian sea all the way to eastern India (mid-first century CE)

Babylonians / Chaldeans

Arabians: Herodotos on deities and lifestyle (late fifth century BCE)

Assyrian / Babylonian wisdom: Sibyl of Babylon on the superiority of the Judean people (second century BCE)

Assyrians, Chaldeans, Egyptians, Celts, and others: The Cicero brothers on the nature and effectiveness of divination (mid-first century BCE)

Assyrians, Medes and Persians: Ktesias on Persian Matters via Diodoros and Photios (early fourth century BCE)

Babylonian / Persian wisdom: Philodemos, Seneca, and others on Chaldeans / Magians at Plato's death (first century BCE on)

Babylonian and Persian wisdom: Kleitarchos on Chaldeans and Magians (late fourth-third centuries BCE)

Babylonian and Persian wisdom: Various authors on reception and expulsion of Chaldeans, Magians, and other foreign experts at Rome (first century CE on)

Babylonian diasporas: Hippolytos and Epiphanios on legends of migration from Babel (third-fourth centuries CE)

Babylonian diasporas: Josephos and other Judeans on legends of migration from Babel (first-second centuries CE)

Babylonian perspectives: Bel-re’ushu / Berossos on the origins of civilization (late fourth century BCE)

Babylonian wisdom: Diodoros on Chaldeans' astrology and divination (mid-first century BCE)

Babylonian wisdom: Gellius on Favorinus' speech against Chaldean astrology (mid-second century CE)

Babylonian wisdom: Lucian's Menippos visits Mithrobarzanes the Chaldean / Magian wise man (late second century CE)

Babylonian wisdom: Philo on Abraham's migration away from Chaldean astrology (early first century CE)

Babylonians and Assyrians: Herodotos on legendary queens and outstanding customs (mid-fifth century BCE)

Barbarian and Judean wisdom: Clement of Alexandria [V] on the sources of Plato's thought (late second century CE)

Barbarian peoples: Caesarius of Nazianzos' and George the Monk's collection of extraordinary customs (sixth / ninth centuries CE)

Barbarian peoples: Hellanikos, Nymphodoros, Nikolaos, and others with collections of "barbarian customs" (fifth century BCE on)

Barbarian wisdom: Celsus and Origen of Alexandria (second-third centuries CE)

Barbarian wisdom: Clement of Alexandria [VI] on barbarian and Hebrew philosophy (late second century CE)

Barbarian wisdom: Cornutus on early humanity's Stoic understanding of the cosmos (mid-first century CE)

Celtic, Indian, and Assyrian wisdom: Polyhistor on Pythagoras' education by wise barbarians (first century BCE)

Chaldeans, Greeks, Egyptians, and Judeans: Aristides of Athens (second century CE)

Eastern and northern peoples: Bardaisan of Edessa's Book of the Laws of Countries and the Pseudo-Clementines on astrology and peoples (second-third centuries CE)

Egyptian and Ethiopian diasporas: Diodoros on competing legends of migration and colonization (mid-first century BCE)

Egyptian wisdom: Plutarch on wise Egyptian priests and on Isis and Osiris (early second century CE)

Egyptian wisdom: Vettius Valens and others on Petosiris and pharaoh Nechepsos as astrologers (first-fifth centuries CE)

Egyptians, Chaldeans, and Phoenicians: Julius Africanus on competitive chronologies (ca. 222 CE)

Egyptians: Diodoros on the origins of civilization and on Egyptian views (mid-first century BCE)

Egyptians: Herodotos on customs and legendary kings (fifth century BCE)

Indian wisdom: Apuleius on the amazing naked philosophers and Pythagoras' journeys (mid-second century CE)

Indians, Ethiopians, and Celts: Dio of Prusa critiques foreign imports and luxury (late first century CE)

Israelites, Egyptians, Idumeans, Scythians, and others: Origen on ethnic hierarchies and their spiritual equivalents (mid-third century CE)

Judean diasporas: Josephos on conflicts in Babylonia, ca. 40-66 CE (late first century CE)

Judean wisdom: Josephos on Abraham's dissemination of astrological knowledge (late-first century CE)

Judean wisdom: Josephos on Solomon as the ultimate wise man, controller of lower spirits, and healer (late-first century CE)

Judean wisdom: Josephos' Against Apion in full (late first century CE)

Judean wisdom: Tatian the Assyrian on the priority of Moses' "barbarian wisdom" (second century CE)

Judean wisdom: Testament of Solomon on Solomon's superiority in controlling lower spirits and in healing (first-third century CE)

Judean, Indian, Babylonian, and Egyptian wisdom: Numenius the Platonic philosopher (mid-second century CE)

Judeans, Egyptians, and Magians: Various authors on Tiberius' actions against foreign practices 17-19 CE (first-third centuries CE)

Judeans: Hekataios, pseudo-Hekataios and Diodoros on Judean origins and migration with the exodus (first century BCE)

Judeans: Poseidonios (?) and Strabo on decline after Moses (first century CE)

Medes, Assyrians, Baktrians, and others: Herodotos on the mixed composition of the Persian army under Xerxes (fifth century BCE)

Mediterranean peoples: Pausanias, ethnographic interests, and local traditions (mid-second century CE)

Mediterranean peoples: Pliny the Elder on inventors around the world (first century CE)

Parthians, Medes, and Babylonians: Pliny the Elder (first century CE)

Persian and Babylonian wisdom: Pseudo-Demokritos and others on Demokritos' training by Magians and Chaldeans (first century BCE on)

Persian diasporas: Pseudo-Clement, Eusebios, Epiphanios, and Basil on the Magusaeans and their customs (third century CE on)

Persian wisdom: Ammianus Marcellinus on Zoroaster, Hystaspes, and the Magians (late fourth century CE)

Persian wisdom: Aristoxenos of Tarentum on Pythagoras and Zoroaster (late fourth century BCE)

Persian wisdom: Celsus and Origen on Magians and on Moses and Jesus as howlers of chants (second-third centuries CE)

Persian wisdom: Lactantius and others on the Oracles of Hystaspes the Mede (third century CE)

Persian, Babylonian, and Indian wisdom: Pseudo-Lucian on long-living sages and peoples (third century CE and earlier)

Persian, Babylonian, and Scythian wisdom: Diogenes of Laertes refutes Magian and Chaldean origins for Greek philosophy (early third century CE)

Persians, Babylonians, and Egyptians: Pseudo-Clementines on Zoroaster and the origins of Magian skill (second-fourth centuries CE)

Persians: Acts of Archelaos on Mani's foreignness (early fourth century CE)

Persians: Clement of Alexandria [IV] on the elements among Greek philosophers and Persian Magians (late second century CE)

Persians: Curtius Rufus on military processions and royal luxury (first century CE)

Persians: Diodoros on expansionism and arrogance of Persian kings (mid-first century BCE)

Persians: Emperor Diocletian on strange and monstrous Manicheans (ca. 300 CE)

Persians: Suda on Zoroaster and on expertise in Magian practice, howling chants, and potions (tenth century CE)

Phoenician, Egyptian and Babylonian wisdom: Porphyry of Tyre and Antonius Diogenes on Pythagoras (third century CE)

Phoenician, Egyptian and Persian wisdom: Iamblichos of Chalkis on Pythagoras (fourth century CE)

Romans, Egyptians, Persians, and others: Minucius Felix's ethnographic defence of the Christian people (early third century CE)

Romans: Rabbis on four successive imperial powers – Babylonians, Medes, Greeks, Romans (fifth century CE and earlier)

Baktrians / Bactrians

Asian Albanians, Iberians, Mardians and others: Demodamas and Pliny the Elder on peoples in the Caucasus region and further east (third century BCE / first century CE)

Assyrians, Medes and Persians: Ktesias on Persian Matters via Diodoros and Photios (early fourth century BCE)

Assyrians: Trogus on the achievements of Ninos and Semiramis and on the extreme effeminacy of Sardanapalus (first century BCE)

Babylonian diasporas: Josephos and other Judeans on legends of migration from Babel (first-second centuries CE)

Baktrians, Sogdians, and some "completely barbarous" eastern peoples: Strabo (early first century CE)

Barbarian peoples: Caesarius of Nazianzos' and George the Monk's collection of extraordinary customs (sixth / ninth centuries CE)

Celtic, Indian, and Assyrian wisdom: Polyhistor on Pythagoras' education by wise barbarians (first century BCE)

Eastern and northern peoples: Bardaisan of Edessa's Book of the Laws of Countries and the Pseudo-Clementines on astrology and peoples (second-third centuries CE)

Ethnic diversity in Alexandria: Dio of Prusa on the cross-roads of the world (late first century CE)

Indians: Aelian on Indian views and customs about animals (late second century CE)

Indians: Herodotos on eastern peoples at the ends of the earth (mid-fifth century BCE)

Judeans, Syrians, Indians, and others: Porphyry of Tyre on abstinence from meat (third century CE)

Medes, Assyrians, Baktrians, and others: Herodotos on the mixed composition of the Persian army under Xerxes (fifth century BCE)

Parthians: Strabo on Scythian origins and military success (early first century CE)

Parthians: Trogus on the origins and developments of an empire (first century BCE)

Persian wisdom: Ammianus Marcellinus on Zoroaster, Hystaspes, and the Magians (late fourth century CE)

Persian wisdom: Lactantius and others on the Oracles of Hystaspes the Mede (third century CE)

Persian, Babylonian, and Indian wisdom: Pseudo-Lucian on long-living sages and peoples (third century CE and earlier)

Persians and neighbouring eastern peoples: Ammianus Marcellinus on Persian territories and lifestyles (late fourth century CE)

Persians, Hyrkanians, Armenians, Derbikians and others: Curtius Rufus on the mixed composition of the army of Darius III (first century CE)

Scythians: Trogus on Scythian superiority (first century BCE)

Baliaridians (off Iberia)

Baliaridians and other barbarian peoples off Iberia: Diodoros on their paradoxical customs (mid-first century BCE)

Barbaria inhabitants

Barbaria's inhabitants, Arabians, and Indians: Anonymous author on trade and peoples on the Erythraian sea all the way to eastern India (mid-first century CE)

Belgians

Celts: Appian of Alexandria on their character and on ambassadorial relations with Romans (second century CE)

Bessians (subset of Thracians)

Britons, Armenians, Bessians, and others: Reliefs of subjugated peoples at Aphrodisias (first century CE)

Thracians, Getians, Paionians, and others: Herodotos (mid-fifth century BCE)

Bisaltians (subset of Thracians)

Thracians: Charon of Lampsakos on relations between Bisaltians and Greek Kardians (mid-fifth century BCE)

Bithynians (in Asia Minor)

Bithynians, Mariandynians, Paphlagonians, and others: Strabo on temple-states and peoples near his Pontic homeland (early first century CE)

Medes, Assyrians, Baktrians, and others: Herodotos on the mixed composition of the Persian army under Xerxes (fifth century BCE)

Mediterranean peoples: Diodoros, Pliny and Plutarch on Pompey's subjugation of peoples of the world (mid-first century BCE on)

Mediterranean peoples: Roman coins [part 2] on humiliated captives kneeling or on the ground (first century BCE on)

Mysians, Galatians, Pisidians, and others: Strabo on relations among Anatolian peoples (early first century CE)

Thracians, Getians, Paionians, and others: Herodotos (mid-fifth century BCE)

Boians (subset of Celts)

Celts: Appian of Alexandria on their character and on ambassadorial relations with Romans (second century CE)

Boiotians / Boeotians (in Greece)

Barbarian peoples: Hellanikos, Nymphodoros, Nikolaos, and others with collections of "barbarian customs" (fifth century BCE on)

Boiotians: Ephoros on the superiority of Boiotia and on a Phoenician connection (mid-fourth century BCE)

Ethnic diversity in Egypt: Inscriptional and papyrological evidence

Phoenician diasporas: Ephoros on Kadmos and legends of migration to Boiotia (mid-fourth century BCE)

Thracians, Galatians, Daans, and others: Polybios on the mixed composition of the armies of Ptolemy IV and Antiochos III (second century BCE)

Britons / Britannians

Barbarian peoples: Caesarius of Nazianzos' and George the Monk's collection of extraordinary customs (sixth / ninth centuries CE)

Britons and Iernians (Irish): Julius Caesar, Pytheas, and Strabo on customs including eating human flesh (early first century CE)

Britons, Armenians, Bessians, and others: Reliefs of subjugated peoples at Aphrodisias (first century CE)

Britons: Diodoros on a simple way of life (mid-first century BCE)

Britons: Julius Caesar (mid-first century BCE)

Britons: Tacitus (late first century CE)

Celts: Pliny the Elder on medicine, rites and Magian skill among Druids (first century CE)

Eastern and northern peoples: Bardaisan of Edessa's Book of the Laws of Countries and the Pseudo-Clementines on astrology and peoples (second-third centuries CE)

Iberians and others: Avienus on a journey along the southern coast of Spain (mid-fourth century CE)

Mediterranean peoples: Augustus on his own achievements, conquests and alliances with peoples (14 CE)

Mediterranean peoples: Pomponius Mela on peoples of the known world (mid-first century CE)

Mediterranean peoples: Roman coins [part 2] on humiliated captives kneeling or on the ground (first century BCE on)

Persians: Pliny on the dissemination of Magian skill to the peoples of the world (first century CE)

Cappadocians (in eastern Anatolia)

Assyrian / Babylonian wisdom: Sibyl of Babylon on the superiority of the Judean people (second century BCE)

Cappadocians: Strabo on their temple-states and supposed desire for subservience (early first century CE)

Mediterranean peoples: Diodoros, Pliny and Plutarch on Pompey's subjugation of peoples of the world (mid-first century BCE on)

Carians (in Asia Minor)

Assyrian / Babylonian wisdom: Sibyl of Babylon on the superiority of the Judean people (second century BCE)

Barbarians and Greeks: Thucydides theorizes the shift from barbarian banditry to settled civilization (late fifth century BCE)

Carians: Strabo on long-term interactions with Greeks and on "Carianizing" (early first century CE)

Cretans: Diodoros on Cretan (Greek) contributions to civilization (mid-first century BCE)

Ethnic diversity in Egypt: Inscriptional and papyrological evidence

Lydians: Herodotos on king Croesus and Lydian customs (mid-fifth century BCE)

Mediterranean peoples: Pliny the Elder on inventors around the world (first century CE)

Mysians, Galatians, Pisidians, and others: Strabo on relations among Anatolian peoples (early first century CE)

Carthaginians

Barbarians and Greeks: Eratosthenes challenges the dichotomy (third century BCE)

Carthaginians: Appian of Alexandria (mid-second century CE)

Celts, Iberians, and Libyans: Polybios on the mixed composition of Hannibal of Carthage's army and on military equipment (second century BCE)

Cretans, Spartans, Carthaginians, and Romans: Polybios on superior and inferior societal organization (second century BCE)

Egyptians, Taurians, and Celts: Cicero's Philus engages in ethnographic discourses for philosophical aims (mid-first century BCE)

Greek diasporas and indigenous Iberians and Celts: Herodotos, Aristotle, Trogus and others on tales of Phokaian colonization (mid-fifth century BCE on)

Iberians: Trogus on their extreme courage (first century BCE)

Judeans, Syrians, Celts, Scythians and others: Plutarch on the "barbarian" origins of fearing the gods, or "superstition" (early second century CE)

Libyans: Herodotos on customs and colonization (fifth century BCE)

Mediterranean peoples: Pausanias, ethnographic interests, and local traditions (mid-second century CE)

Mediterranean peoples: Sextus Empiricus engages with ethnographic discourses for philosophical aims (second-third centuries CE)

Phoenician diasporas: Timaios of Tauromenion, Trogus, and Appian on the founding of Carthage and on child sacrifice (first century BCE)

Romans, Egyptians, Persians, and others: Minucius Felix's ethnographic defence of the Christian people (early third century CE)

Sikelians, Sikanians, Sardinians and Iolaeians: Diodoros on ancient migrations and local customs on Sicily (mid-first century BCE)

Celts / Gauls / Galatians

Assyrian / Babylonian wisdom: Sibyl of Babylon on the superiority of the Judean people (second century BCE)

Assyrians, Chaldeans, Egyptians, Celts, and others: The Cicero brothers on the nature and effectiveness of divination (mid-first century BCE)

Babylonian diasporas: Josephos and other Judeans on legends of migration from Babel (first-second centuries CE)

Barbarian peoples: Caesarius of Nazianzos' and George the Monk's collection of extraordinary customs (sixth / ninth centuries CE)

Barbarian peoples: Hellanikos, Nymphodoros, Nikolaos, and others with collections of "barbarian customs" (fifth century BCE on)

Barbarian wisdom: Clement of Alexandria [VI] on barbarian and Hebrew philosophy (late second century CE)

Barbarian wisdom: Cornutus on early humanity's Stoic understanding of the cosmos (mid-first century CE)

Britons and Iernians (Irish): Julius Caesar, Pytheas, and Strabo on customs including eating human flesh (early first century CE)

Britons: Julius Caesar (mid-first century BCE)

Britons: Tacitus (late first century CE)

Celtiberians, Iberians, and Lusitanians: Diodoros on their customs and military skill (mid-first century BCE)

Celtic diasporas: Galatian mercenaries settled at Alexandria in Egypt (ca. 250-200 BCE)

Celtic, Indian, and Assyrian wisdom: Polyhistor on Pythagoras' education by wise barbarians (first century BCE)

Celts and Germans: Diodoros, Dionysios, Strabo, and Dio on distinguishing them (first centuries BCE and CE)

Celts and Germans: Plutarch’s ethnographic digressions in the Lives (early second century CE)

Celts and Ligurians: Strabo on peoples south of the Alps (early first century CE)

Celts, Ethiopians and peoples in the middle: Polybios, Poseidonios, and Strabo on climate zones (mid-second century on)

Celts, Iberians, and Libyans: Polybios on the mixed composition of Hannibal of Carthage's army and on military equipment (second century BCE)

Celts, Persians, and Amazons: Smaller statues of fighting and dying "barbarians" associated with Attalos of Pergamon (third-second century BCE / second century CE)

Celts: Anyte and Parthenios on wife abductions during the Galatian invasion (third-first century BCE)

Celts: Appian of Alexandria on their character and on ambassadorial relations with Romans (second century CE)

Celts: Cicero on Gauls and the link between imperial conquest and negative stereotypes (mid-first century BCE)

Celts: Cicero's ethnic invective against Gauls in defending Fonteius (mid-first century BCE)

Celts: Dio Cassius on spirited and untrustworthy Galatians (early third century CE)

Celts: Diodoros on Galatian origins, "savage" customs and invasions of Italy and Greece (mid-first century BCE)

Celts: Ephoros (mid-fourth century BCE)

Celts: Inhabitants of Myrina with images of Galatian warriors (second century BCE)

Celts: Julius Caesar on Druids and supposed human sacrifice among Gauls (mid-first century BCE)

Celts: Kyzikos monument with Herakles clubbing a Galatian (278/277 BCE)

Celts: Livy on legends of fourth century BCE migrations and an invasion of Rome (late first century BCE)

Celts: Livy on the Galatian invasion of Asia Minor and the Roman army's subsequent victory, ca. 189 BCE (late first century BCE)

Celts: Phylarchos and Poseidonios on banqueting and violent customs (first century BCE)

Celts: Pliny the Elder on medicine, rites and Magian skill among Druids (first century CE)

Celts: Pliny the Elder on three Roman subdivisions of Gaul (first century CE)

Celts: Polybios on the Celtic encounter with Rome and on his method in dealing with distant peoples (second century BCE)

Celts: Priene inscription on Galatian "impiety" and "savagery" during the invasion (ca. 278-270 BCE)

Celts: Statues of dying Gauls / Galatians associated with Attalos I of Pergamon (late third century BCE / second century CE)

Celts: Strabo on peoples northwest of the Alps (early first century CE)

Celts: Thyatira inscription for a son rescued by the god Apollo out from under "the mob of Galatians" (276 BCE)

Celts: Timagenes of Alexandria and Ammianus Marcellinus on Celtic origins and customs (first century BCE / fourth century CE)

Celts: Trogus on Gallic invasions and character (first century BCE)

Colchians, Phrygians, and others: Vitruvius theorizes development from primitives to civilized peoples (first century BCE)

Eastern and northern peoples: Bardaisan of Edessa's Book of the Laws of Countries and the Pseudo-Clementines on astrology and peoples (second-third centuries CE)

Egyptians, Taurians, and Celts: Cicero's Philus engages in ethnographic discourses for philosophical aims (mid-first century BCE)

Ethnic diversity in Egypt: Inscriptional and papyrological evidence

Gauls and Germans: Scenes from the Triumphal Arch of Orange (late first century BCE)

Gauls, Kimbrians, Numidians, Indians, and others: Valerius Maximus' collection of "barbarian customs" (early first century CE)

Germans and Sarmatians: Josephos on impulsive and violent northerners (late first century CE)

Germans: Appian of Alexandria on large, savage and spirited Germans (second century CE)

Germans: Tacitus' Germania in full (late first century CE)

Greek diasporas and indigenous Iberians and Celts: Herodotos, Aristotle, Trogus and others on tales of Phokaian colonization (mid-fifth century BCE on)

Iberians: Appian of Alexandria (mid-second century CE)

Iberians: Artemidoros, Poseidonios, Strabo, and others (second century BCE to first century CE)

Indians, Ethiopians, and Celts: Dio of Prusa critiques foreign imports and luxury (late first century CE)

Indians, Ethiopians, Celts, and Scythians: Ephoros on a four-fold division of the known world (mid-fourth century BCE)

Judeans and Celts: Various authors on Claudius' actions against foreigners in the 40s CE (second / third centuries CE

Judeans, Syrians, Celts, Scythians and others: Plutarch on the "barbarian" origins of fearing the gods, or "superstition" (early second century CE)

Libyans, Egyptians, Iberians, and Celts: Diodoros on Herakles' civilizing expeditions (mid-first century BCE)

Libyans, Iberians, and Celts: Cicero on controlling "savage" peoples (mid-first century BCE)

Lycians, Egyptians, and Celts: Pseudo-Plutarch on the effeminacy of grief (third-fourth centuries CE)

Mediterranean peoples: Maximus of Tyre on images for the gods as ubiquitous among peoples (late second century CE)

Mediterranean peoples: Pausanias, ethnographic interests, and local traditions (mid-second century CE)

Mediterranean peoples: Polemon theorizes the meaning of physical features (second / fifth centuries CE)

Mediterranean peoples: Roman coins [part 1] on defeat, capture, and subjugation (first century BCE on)

Mediterranean peoples: Roman coins [part 2] on humiliated captives kneeling or on the ground (first century BCE on)

Mediterranean peoples: Roman coins [part 3] on kneeling in supplication or adoration (first century BCE on)

Mediterranean peoples: Sextus Empiricus engages with ethnographic discourses for philosophical aims (second-third centuries CE)

Parthians, Celts and Iberians or Germans: Scenes on the breastplate of the "Augustus of Prima Porta" (early first century CE)

Persian, Babylonian, and Scythian wisdom: Diogenes of Laertes refutes Magian and Chaldean origins for Greek philosophy (early third century CE)

Persian, Egyptian, Indian, and Celtic wisdom: Dio of Prusa on philosophers' roles in leadership (late first century CE)

Persians: Pliny on the dissemination of Magian skill to the peoples of the world (first century CE)

Romans, Egyptians, Persians, and others: Minucius Felix's ethnographic defence of the Christian people (early third century CE)

Thracians, Galatians, Daans, and others: Polybios on the mixed composition of the armies of Ptolemy IV and Antiochos III (second century BCE)

Chattians (subset of Germans)

Babylonian and Persian wisdom: Various authors on reception and expulsion of Chaldeans, Magians, and other foreign experts at Rome (first century CE on)

Germans, Suebians, Marcomannians, and Kimbrians: Poseidonios and Strabo on customs and rumours about the tides (first century BCE)

Chorasmians (perhaps near Baktrians)

Persian, Babylonian, and Indian wisdom: Pseudo-Lucian on long-living sages and peoples (third century CE and earlier)

Christians / Jesus adherents

Chaldeans, Greeks, Egyptians, and Judeans: Aristides of Athens (second century CE)

Eastern and northern peoples: Bardaisan of Edessa's Book of the Laws of Countries and the Pseudo-Clementines on astrology and peoples (second-third centuries CE)

Greeks, Barbarians, Judeans, and Christians: Eusebios' framing of a way of life (early fourth century CE)

Judeans and others: The Gospel of Philip (before the fourth century CE)

Persians: Acts of Archelaos on Mani's foreignness (early fourth century CE)

Romans, Egyptians, Persians, and others: Minucius Felix's ethnographic defence of the Christian people (early third century CE)

Cilicians (in Asia Minor)

Assyrians, Chaldeans, Egyptians, Celts, and others: The Cicero brothers on the nature and effectiveness of divination (mid-first century BCE)

Babylonian diasporas: Josephos and other Judeans on legends of migration from Babel (first-second centuries CE)

Cilicians: Plutarch on foreign "pirates" threatening Roman ways (early-second century CE)

Cilicians: Roman authorities, Cicero, and Florus on a population of "pirates" (100-67 BCE)

Egyptians, Lydians, Cilicians, and other peoples: Kratinos, Aristophanes, Suetonius and others on "Egyptianizing" and other ethnicizing stereotypes (sixth century BCE on)

Ethnic diversity in Alexandria: Dio of Prusa on the cross-roads of the world (late first century CE)

Ethnic diversity in Egypt: Inscriptional and papyrological evidence

Medes, Assyrians, Baktrians, and others: Herodotos on the mixed composition of the Persian army under Xerxes (fifth century BCE)

Mediterranean peoples: Diodoros, Pliny and Plutarch on Pompey's subjugation of peoples of the world (mid-first century BCE on)

Mediterranean peoples: Sextus Empiricus engages with ethnographic discourses for philosophical aims (second-third centuries CE)

Mysians, Galatians, Pisidians, and others: Strabo on relations among Anatolian peoples (early first century CE)

Syrian diasporas: Diodoros and Florus on Eunous of Apameia's leadership of the slave rebellion on Sicily (mid-first century BCE / second century CE)

Thracians, Galatians, Daans, and others: Polybios on the mixed composition of the armies of Ptolemy IV and Antiochos III (second century BCE)

Corinthians

Egyptians, Lydians, Cilicians, and other peoples: Kratinos, Aristophanes, Suetonius and others on "Egyptianizing" and other ethnicizing stereotypes (sixth century BCE on)

Corsicans

Cretans / Kretans

Assyrian / Babylonian wisdom: Sibyl of Babylon on the superiority of the Judean people (second century BCE)

Barbarians and Greeks: Thucydides theorizes the shift from barbarian banditry to settled civilization (late fifth century BCE)

Carians: Strabo on long-term interactions with Greeks and on "Carianizing" (early first century CE)

Cretans, Spartans, Carthaginians, and Romans: Polybios on superior and inferior societal organization (second century BCE)

Cretans: Athenians and Rhodians on suppressing supposed bandit peoples (fifth-third centuries BCE)

Cretans: Diodoros on Cretan (Greek) contributions to civilization (mid-first century BCE)

Cretans: Ephoros on civic organization and customs (mid-fourth century BCE)

Cretans: Stereotypes in the letter to Titus (early second century CE)

Egyptian diasporas: Manetho, Josephos and others on legends of migration concerning Hyksos and Judeans (third century BCE and on)

Egyptians, Lydians, Cilicians, and other peoples: Kratinos, Aristophanes, Suetonius and others on "Egyptianizing" and other ethnicizing stereotypes (sixth century BCE on)

Judeans, Syrians, Indians, and others: Porphyry of Tyre on abstinence from meat (third century CE)

Libyans, Egyptians, Iberians, and Celts: Diodoros on Herakles' civilizing expeditions (mid-first century BCE)

Lydians: Herodotos on king Croesus and Lydian customs (mid-fifth century BCE)

Panchaians: Euhemeros and Diodoros on a noble people worshipping Zeus on a utopian island (fourth / first century BCE)

Parthians, Libyans, Egyptians and others: Acts of the Apostles on legends of Judean migration (early second century CE)

Scythians: Lucian on Anacharsis and Solon's dialogue about the superiority of Greek customs (mid-second century CE)

Sikelians, Sikanians, Sardinians and Iolaeians: Diodoros on ancient migrations and local customs on Sicily (mid-first century BCE)

Taurians and Greeks: Clement of Alexandria [III] on human sacrifice (late second century CE)

Thracians, Galatians, Daans, and others: Polybios on the mixed composition of the armies of Ptolemy IV and Antiochos III (second century BCE)

Cyrenaians (in Libya)

Greek diasporas and indigenous Libyans: Herodotos on tales of colonization (mid-fifth century BCE)

Libyans: Herodotos on customs and colonization (fifth century BCE)

Medes, Assyrians, Baktrians, and others: Herodotos on the mixed composition of the Persian army under Xerxes (fifth century BCE)

Scythians and other Pontic peoples: Herodotos on the "most ignorant peoples of all" (fifth century BCE)

Daans (subset of Scythians)

Daans, Kadousians, Hyrkanians, and Sakians: Strabo on peoples east of the Caspian Sea (first century CE)

Parthians: Strabo on Scythian origins and military success (early first century CE)

Persians, Hyrkanians, Armenians, Derbikians and others: Curtius Rufus on the mixed composition of the army of Darius III (first century CE)

Thracians and other Black Sea peoples: Ammianus Marcellinus on their "savage" character and on Roman control (late fourth century CE)

Thracians, Galatians, Daans, and others: Polybios on the mixed composition of the armies of Ptolemy IV and Antiochos III (second century BCE)

Dardanians

Assyrian / Babylonian wisdom: Sibyl of Babylon on the superiority of the Judean people (second century BCE)

Barbarian peoples: Hellanikos, Nymphodoros, Nikolaos, and others with collections of "barbarian customs" (fifth century BCE on)

Celts: Trogus on Gallic invasions and character (first century BCE)

Illyrians, Pannonians, and other peoples: Strabo (early first century CE)

Illyrians: Appian of Alexandria (mid-second century CE)

Northern peoples: Inscriptions on barbarians as bandits (second-third centuries CE)

Trojans, Lelegians, and Kilikians: Homer and Strabo on legendary peoples and migrations in the Troad (early first century CE)

Trojans, Teukrians, and Dardanians: Diodoros on their origins (mid-first century BCE)

Derbikians

Assyrians, Medes and Persians: Ktesias on Persian Matters via Diodoros and Photios (early fourth century BCE)

Baktrians, Sogdians, and some "completely barbarous" eastern peoples: Strabo (early first century CE)

Barbarian peoples: Hellanikos, Nymphodoros, Nikolaos, and others with collections of "barbarian customs" (fifth century BCE on)

Judeans, Syrians, Indians, and others: Porphyry of Tyre on abstinence from meat (third century CE)

Mediterranean peoples: Pomponius Mela on peoples of the known world (mid-first century CE)

Parthians: Strabo on Scythian origins and military success (early first century CE)

Persians, Hyrkanians, Armenians, Derbikians and others: Curtius Rufus on the mixed composition of the army of Darius III (first century CE)

Dorians (Greeks)

Carians: Strabo on long-term interactions with Greeks and on "Carianizing" (early first century CE)

Cretans: Diodoros on Cretan (Greek) contributions to civilization (mid-first century BCE)

Egyptians, Lydians, Cilicians, and other peoples: Kratinos, Aristophanes, Suetonius and others on "Egyptianizing" and other ethnicizing stereotypes (sixth century BCE on)

Judeans, "Asiatics", and Greeks: Cicero's ethnic invective aimed at eastern witnesses against Flaccus (mid-first century BCE)

Medes, Assyrians, Baktrians, and others: Herodotos on the mixed composition of the Persian army under Xerxes (fifth century BCE)

Pelasgian diasporas: Hekataios of Miletos and Herodotos on legends of migration, language, and influence (mid-fifth century BCE)

Drillians (in the Caucasus region)

Kolchians, Heniochians, Drillians, and others: Arrian on his journey along the Black Sea coast near the Caucasus mountains (ca. 131-132 CE)

Egyptians

Arabians and Judeans: Jubilees, Molon, and Josephos on identifying the Ishmaelites (second century BCE on)

Assyrian / Babylonian wisdom: Sibyl of Babylon on the superiority of the Judean people (second century BCE)

Assyrian and Egyptian wisdom: Platonic author on Greek perfection of barbarian astral observation (late-fourth century BCE)

Assyrian wisdom: The Kyranides on a journey to learn from a foreign inscription (fourth century CE or earlier)

Assyrians, Chaldeans, Egyptians, Celts, and others: The Cicero brothers on the nature and effectiveness of divination (mid-first century BCE)

Babylonian diasporas: Josephos and other Judeans on legends of migration from Babel (first-second centuries CE)

Babylonians and Assyrians: Herodotos on legendary queens and outstanding customs (mid-fifth century BCE)

Barbaria's inhabitants, Arabians, and Indians: Anonymous author on trade and peoples on the Erythraian sea all the way to eastern India (mid-first century CE)

Barbarian and Judean wisdom: Clement of Alexandria [V] on the sources of Plato's thought (late second century CE)

Barbarian wisdom: Celsus and Origen of Alexandria (second-third centuries CE)

Barbarian wisdom: Clement of Alexandria [VI] on barbarian and Hebrew philosophy (late second century CE)

Barbarians and Greeks: Eratosthenes challenges the dichotomy (third century BCE)

Chaldeans, Greeks, Egyptians, and Judeans: Aristides of Athens (second century CE)

Egyptian / Persian / Judean wisdom: Judean legends of Jannes and Jambres as Magians in the Exodus account (third century CE and earlier)

Egyptian and Ethiopian diasporas: Diodoros on competing legends of migration and colonization (mid-first century BCE)

Egyptian and Persian wisdom: Plutarch on the "barbarian-lover" Herodotos (early second century CE)

Egyptian diasporas: Herodotos on legends about Kolchians and customs of circumcision (mid-fifth century BCE)

Egyptian diasporas: Inscriptional evidence

Egyptian diasporas: Manetho, Josephos and others on legends of migration concerning Hyksos and Judeans (third century BCE and on)

Egyptian perspectives: Chairemon on Egyptian temple functionaries (first century CE)

Egyptian perspectives: Isidoros' hymns in praise of the goddess Hermouthis and legendary pharaohs (early first century BCE)

Egyptian perspectives: Manetho on "Egyptian Matters" (early third century BCE)

Egyptian perspectives: Memphites on the goddess Isis and the origins of civilization among Egyptians (first century BCE on)

Egyptian perspectives: Oracles of the Lamb and the Potter on Greco-Macedonians and other foreigners (third-second centuries BCE)

Egyptian wisdom: Alexander Romance on king Nektanebos the astrologer and diviner (fourth century CE and earlier)

Egyptian wisdom: Apuleius on Zatchlas the Egyptian prophet who calls up the dead (late second century CE)

Egyptian wisdom: Cicero, Diodoros and Valerius Maximus on Pythagoras' and Plato's supposed journeys to Egypt (first centuries BCE and CE)

Egyptian wisdom: Lucian's story about Eukrates and Pankrates (late second century CE)

Egyptian wisdom: Plato on Solon, the Egyptian priest, and Atlantis (mid-fourth century BCE)

Egyptian wisdom: Plato's Socrates on the discoveries of the Egyptian god Thoth (fourth century BCE)

Egyptian wisdom: Plutarch on wise Egyptian priests and on Isis and Osiris (early second century CE)

Egyptian wisdom: Thessalos on king Nechepsos and an Egyptian priest (first or second century CE)

Egyptian, Phoenician, and Phrygian wisdom: Ephoros on inventors (mid-fourth century BCE)

Egyptians and Canaanites: Wisdom of Solomon on worship of animals and images (first century BCE)

Egyptians, Chaldeans, and Phoenicians: Julius Africanus on competitive chronologies (ca. 222 CE)

Egyptians, Lydians, Cilicians, and other peoples: Kratinos, Aristophanes, Suetonius and others on "Egyptianizing" and other ethnicizing stereotypes (sixth century BCE on)

Egyptians, Taurians, and Celts: Cicero's Philus engages in ethnographic discourses for philosophical aims (mid-first century BCE)

Egyptians: Achilles Tatius and Dio Cassius on man-eating cowherds / bandits (second-third century CE)

Egyptians: Aelian on Egyptian views and customs about animals and animal-worship (late second century CE)

Egyptians: Ammianus on their "dark" complexion and insubordinate behaviour (late fourth century CE)

Egyptians: Attic vase paintings, Isocrates and others on king Bousiris and human sacrifice (fifth century BCE on)

Egyptians: Cicero on superstition and animal-worship (mid-first century BCE)

Egyptians: Clement of Alexandria [II] on Egyptian animal worship as less offensive than Greek customs (late second century CE)

Egyptians: Dio Cassius' speech by Octavian on the "effeminate" Antony (early third century CE)

Egyptians: Diodoros on the origins of civilization and on Egyptian views (mid-first century BCE)

Egyptians: Hekataios of Miletos on encountering Theban priests (late sixth century BCE)

Egyptians: Herodotos on customs and legendary kings (fifth century BCE)

Egyptians: Josephos on animal worship (late first century CE)

Egyptians: Josephos on the envy of an inferior people (last-first century CE)

Egyptians: Lykeas of Naukratis on Egyptian kings and meals (first century CE or earlier)

Egyptians: The Judean tale of Joseph and Aseneth on rejecting Egyptian gods and on intermarriage (ca. first century CE)

Ethiopians: Diodoros on their claims, appearance, and customs (mid-first century BCE)

Ethiopians: Herodotos on southern peoples at the ends of the earth (mid-fifth century BCE)

Ethnic diversity in Alexandria: Dio of Prusa on the cross-roads of the world (late first century CE)

Greek diasporas and indigenous Libyans: Herodotos on tales of colonization (mid-fifth century BCE)

Indian wisdom: Apuleius on the amazing naked philosophers and Pythagoras' journeys (mid-second century CE)

Indian wisdom: Philostratos on Apollonios of Tyana's journeys to barbarian lands (early third century CE)

Indians: Herodotos on eastern peoples at the ends of the earth (mid-fifth century BCE)

Israelites, Egyptians, Idumeans, Scythians, and others: Origen on ethnic hierarchies and their spiritual equivalents (mid-third century CE)

Judean diasporas: Differing perspectives on violent clashes between Judeans and Greeks in Libya and Egypt under Trajan, ca. 115-117 CE (second-fourth centuries CE)

Judean diasporas: Philo on conflicts with Greeks at Alexandria and on rebellious Egyptians (mid-first century CE)

Judean wisdom: Eupolemos on contributions by Abraham and Moses (before the mid-first century BCE)

Judean wisdom: Josephos on Abraham's dissemination of astrological knowledge (late-first century CE)

Judean wisdom: Josephos on Solomon as the ultimate wise man, controller of lower spirits, and healer (late-first century CE)

Judean wisdom: Josephos' Against Apion in full (late first century CE)

Judean wisdom: Pseudo-Clement on a journey to Peter the Judean sage (third century CE and on)

Judean, Indian, Babylonian, and Egyptian wisdom: Numenius the Platonic philosopher (mid-second century CE)

Judeans, Egyptians, and Magians: Various authors on Tiberius' actions against foreign practices 17-19 CE (first-third centuries CE)

Judeans, Egyptians, and others: Seneca on the "superstitions" of foreigners (mid-first century CE)

Judeans, Syrians, and Egyptians: Epiktetos engages with ethnographic discourses for philosophical aims (mid-first century CE)

Judeans, Syrians, Celts, Scythians and others: Plutarch on the "barbarian" origins of fearing the gods, or "superstition" (early second century CE)

Judeans, Syrians, Indians, and others: Porphyry of Tyre on abstinence from meat (third century CE)

Judeans: Hekataios, pseudo-Hekataios and Diodoros on Judean origins and migration with the exodus (first century BCE)

Judeans: Tacitus on Judean origins and customs (second century CE)

Libyan perspectives: Juba of Numidia on ethnographic matters (late first century BCE)

Libyans, Egyptians, Iberians, and Celts: Diodoros on Herakles' civilizing expeditions (mid-first century BCE)

Libyans: Dionysios of Mytilene and Diodoros on competing claims about the god Dionysos (third / mid-first century BCE)

Libyans: Herodotos on customs and colonization (fifth century BCE)

Lycians, Egyptians, and Celts: Pseudo-Plutarch on the effeminacy of grief (third-fourth centuries CE)

Mediterranean peoples: Maximus of Tyre on images for the gods as ubiquitous among peoples (late second century CE)

Mediterranean peoples: Pausanias, ethnographic interests, and local traditions (mid-second century CE)

Mediterranean peoples: Pliny the Elder on inventors around the world (first century CE)

Mediterranean peoples: Polemon theorizes the meaning of physical features (second / fifth centuries CE)

Mediterranean peoples: Pomponius Mela on peoples of the known world (mid-first century CE)

Mediterranean peoples: Pseudo-Aristotle theorizes the meaning of physical features (third century BCE)

Mediterranean peoples: Roman coins [part 1] on defeat, capture, and subjugation (first century BCE on)

Mediterranean peoples: Sextus Empiricus engages with ethnographic discourses for philosophical aims (second-third centuries CE)

Parthians: Arrian on their Scythian origins (second century CE)

Persian and Babylonian wisdom: Pseudo-Demokritos and others on Demokritos' training by Magians and Chaldeans (first century BCE on)

Persian wisdom: Aelian on the Magians' predictions about the savage Artaxerxes III (late second century)

Persian wisdom: Celsus and Origen on Magians and on Moses and Jesus as howlers of chants (second-third centuries CE)

Persian, Babylonian, and Indian wisdom: Pseudo-Lucian on long-living sages and peoples (third century CE and earlier)

Persian, Egyptian, Indian, and Celtic wisdom: Dio of Prusa on philosophers' roles in leadership (late first century CE)

Persians and Medes: Herodotos on customs (mid-fifth century BCE)

Persians and Thessalians: Lucan compares Thessalian women's techniques to Magian ones (mid-first century CE)

Persians, Babylonians, and Egyptians: Pseudo-Clementines on Zoroaster and the origins of Magian skill (second-fourth centuries CE)

Phoenician perspectives: Philo of Byblos on "Phoenician Matters" (early second century CE)

Phoenician, Egyptian and Babylonian wisdom: Porphyry of Tyre and Antonius Diogenes on Pythagoras (third century CE)

Phoenician, Egyptian and Persian wisdom: Iamblichos of Chalkis on Pythagoras (fourth century CE)

Phoenicians: Herodotos on customs and colonizing efforts (fifth century BCE)

Romans, Egyptians, Persians, and others: Minucius Felix's ethnographic defence of the Christian people (early third century CE)

Scythians: Lucian on a competition between Toxaris and Mnesippos about ethnic superiority (mid-second century CE)

Eleians (in Greece)

Aitolians: Ephoros on their origins and invincibility (mid-fourth century BCE)

Ethiopians / Kushites / Nubians

Arabians: Ammianus Marcellinus on the customs of Saracens (late fourth century CE)

Assyrian / Babylonian wisdom: Sibyl of Babylon on the superiority of the Judean people (second century BCE)

Axumite perspectives: Inscription by the king of Axum on the Ethiopian and Arabian peoples he conquered (late-second or early-third century CE)

Babylonian diasporas: Josephos and other Judeans on legends of migration from Babel (first-second centuries CE)

Barbaria's inhabitants, Arabians, and Indians: Anonymous author on trade and peoples on the Erythraian sea all the way to eastern India (mid-first century CE)

Barbarian peoples: Hellanikos, Nymphodoros, Nikolaos, and others with collections of "barbarian customs" (fifth century BCE on)

Celts, Ethiopians and peoples in the middle: Polybios, Poseidonios, and Strabo on climate zones (mid-second century on)

Egyptian and Ethiopian diasporas: Diodoros on competing legends of migration and colonization (mid-first century BCE)

Egyptians, Ethiopians, Indians and others: Depictions of "pygmies" in Greek and Roman art (fifth century BCE-first century CE)

Egyptians: Herodotos on customs and legendary kings (fifth century BCE)

Ethiopians and Arabians: Nonnosos on Saracens and on a hairy people (sixth century CE)

Ethiopians and Thracians: Xenophon of Kolophon theorizes human representations of gods (sixth century BCE)

Ethiopians or Nubians: Athenian-style pottery depictions of darker-skinned subjects (sixth-fifth centuries BCE)

Ethiopians or Nubians: Pottery from Athens and Greek cities of Italy depicting a darker-skinned youth devoured by a crocodile (fifth-fourth centuries BCE)

Ethiopians, Nubians, and Egyptians: Christian authors picturing darker-skinned peoples as "demons" (second century CE on)

Ethiopians: Agatharchides and Diodoros on lifestyles and diets in the extreme south (second-first centuries BCE)

Ethiopians: Alexander Polyhistor on Memnonians as wild and war-like (mid-first century BCE)

Ethiopians: Artapanos and Josephos on Moses, intermarriage, and the Kushites (second century BCE-first century CE)

Ethiopians: Diodoros on their claims, appearance, and customs (mid-first century BCE)

Ethiopians: Herodotos on southern peoples at the ends of the earth (mid-fifth century BCE)

Ethiopians: Palladios and others on Abba Moses the former bandit with darker skin (fourth-fifth centuries CE)

Ichthyophagians: Nearchos and Agatharchides on Fish-eaters around the Arabian Sea (fourth-first centuries BCE)

Indian wisdom: Philostratos on Apollonios of Tyana's journeys to barbarian lands (early third century CE)

Indians, Ethiopians and others: Pliny the Elder on "unbelievable" peoples (first century CE)

Indians, Ethiopians, Celts, and Scythians: Ephoros on a four-fold division of the known world (mid-fourth century BCE)

Indians: Herodotos on eastern peoples at the ends of the earth (mid-fifth century BCE)

Indians: Palladios and George on naked philosophers or Brahmans (fourth / ninth centuries CE)

Judean wisdom: Eupolemos on contributions by Abraham and Moses (before the mid-first century BCE)

Libyans: Hanno the Carthaginian (fourth century BCE or earlier)

Libyans: Herodotos on customs and colonization (fifth century BCE)

Medes, Assyrians, Baktrians, and others: Herodotos on the mixed composition of the Persian army under Xerxes (fifth century BCE)

Mediterranean peoples: Augustus on his own achievements, conquests and alliances with peoples (14 CE)

Mediterranean peoples: Claudius Ptolemy on astrological effects on peoples (second century CE)

Mediterranean peoples: Pausanias, ethnographic interests, and local traditions (mid-second century CE)

Mediterranean peoples: Pomponius Mela on peoples of the known world (mid-first century CE)

Mediterranean peoples: Pseudo-Aristotle theorizes the meaning of physical features (third century BCE)

Persian and Babylonian wisdom: Pseudo-Demokritos and others on Demokritos' training by Magians and Chaldeans (first century BCE on)

Phoenicians: Herodotos on customs and colonizing efforts (fifth century BCE)

Scythians and Ethiopians: Agatharchides and Diodoros theorize about the effects of climate (second-first centuries CE)

Etruscans (in Italy)

Assyrians, Chaldeans, Egyptians, Celts, and others: The Cicero brothers on the nature and effectiveness of divination (mid-first century BCE)

Europeans (general)

Europeans, Asians, and Greeks: Aristotle on hierarchies, slaves, and environmental determinism (fourth century BCE)

Mediterranean peoples: Pomponius Mela on peoples of the known world (mid-first century CE)

Eusebeians (imaginary)

Eusebeians and Machimians in an alternative world: Theopompos on pious and war-like peoples (mid-fourth century BCE)

Gaitulians / Gaetulians (in northern Africa)

Babylonian diasporas: Josephos and other Judeans on legends of migration from Babel (first-second centuries CE)

Libyan perspectives: Apuleius self-identifies as a barbarian and Numidian / Gaetulian (mid-second century CE)

Mediterranean peoples: Pomponius Mela on peoples of the known world (mid-first century CE)

Persians: Apuleius of Madaura's defence against the charge of harmful Magian actions (ca. 158 CE)

Galatians in Asia Minor

Mediterranean peoples: Diodoros, Pliny and Plutarch on Pompey's subjugation of peoples of the world (mid-first century BCE on)

Garamantians (in northern Africa)

Libyans / Africans: Tacitus on Tacfarinas and resistance by Numidians, Maurians, and Musulamians (early second century CE)

Mediterranean peoples: Pomponius Mela on peoples of the known world (mid-first century CE)

Gedrosians

Indians and peoples on the way: Diodoros on Alexander's conquests (mid-first century BCE)

Gelians (on the Caspian Sea)

Asian Albanians, Iberians, Mardians and others: Demodamas and Pliny the Elder on peoples in the Caucasus region and further east (third century BCE / first century CE)

Eastern and northern peoples: Bardaisan of Edessa's Book of the Laws of Countries and the Pseudo-Clementines on astrology and peoples (second-third centuries CE)

Georgians

Getians, Dacians, and Scythians: Strabo (early first century CE)

Germanic peoples (broad category)

Barbarian wisdom: Clement of Alexandria [VI] on barbarian and Hebrew philosophy (late second century CE)

Celts and Germans: Diodoros, Dionysios, Strabo, and Dio on distinguishing them (first centuries BCE and CE)

Celts and Germans: Plutarch’s ethnographic digressions in the Lives (early second century CE)

Celts: Appian of Alexandria on their character and on ambassadorial relations with Romans (second century CE)

Celts: Cicero on Gauls and the link between imperial conquest and negative stereotypes (mid-first century BCE)

Celts: Ephoros (mid-fourth century BCE)

Celts: Strabo on peoples northwest of the Alps (early first century CE)

Eastern and northern peoples: Bardaisan of Edessa's Book of the Laws of Countries and the Pseudo-Clementines on astrology and peoples (second-third centuries CE)

Gauls and Germans: Scenes from the Triumphal Arch of Orange (late first century BCE)

Gauls, Kimbrians, Numidians, Indians, and others: Valerius Maximus' collection of "barbarian customs" (early first century CE)

Germans and Sarmatians: Josephos on impulsive and violent northerners (late first century CE)

Germans and Scythians: Seneca on enduring hardships and on anger (first century CE)

Germans, Suebians, Marcomannians, and Kimbrians: Poseidonios and Strabo on customs and rumours about the tides (first century BCE)

Germans: Appian of Alexandria on large, savage and spirited Germans (second century CE)

Germans: Julius Caesar (mid-first century BCE)

Germans: Philo of Alexandria on fighting the tides (first century CE)

Germans: Tacitus' Germania in full (late first century CE)

Judeans and Celts: Various authors on Claudius' actions against foreigners in the 40s CE (second / third centuries CE

Judeans, Africans, and Germans: Columella on the limits of environmental theory (first century CE)

Mediterranean peoples: Augustus on his own achievements, conquests and alliances with peoples (14 CE)

Mediterranean peoples: Pomponius Mela on peoples of the known world (mid-first century CE)

Mediterranean peoples: Roman coins [part 1] on defeat, capture, and subjugation (first century BCE on)

Mediterranean peoples: Roman coins [part 3] on kneeling in supplication or adoration (first century BCE on)

Mediterranean peoples: Sextus Empiricus engages with ethnographic discourses for philosophical aims (second-third centuries CE)

Northern peoples: Inscriptions on barbarians as bandits (second-third centuries CE)

Parthians, Celts and Iberians or Germans: Scenes on the breastplate of the "Augustus of Prima Porta" (early first century CE)

Romans, Egyptians, Persians, and others: Minucius Felix's ethnographic defence of the Christian people (early third century CE)

Sarmatians, Marcomannians, Quadians, and Iazygians: Reliefs on Marcus Aurelius' column including women and children (176-193 CE)

Getians / Dacians (northern Thracians)

Britons, Armenians, Bessians, and others: Reliefs of subjugated peoples at Aphrodisias (first century CE)

Dacians and Istrians: Trogus on peoples west of the Black Sea (first century BCE)

Dacians and Sarmatians: Reliefs on Trajan's Column celebrating subjugation (early second century CE)

Dacians and Sarmatians: Reliefs on Trajan's Trophy at Adamclisi, Romania (early second century CE)

Dacians: Frieze of Trajan's conquest reused on the so-called Arch of Constantine (likely 107 CE or after)

Getians, Dacians, and Scythians: Strabo (early first century CE)

Getians, Scythians, and Goths: Jordanes on their supposed origins and achievements (mid-sixth century CE)

Getians: Hellanikos and others on Zamolxis (fifth century BCE on)

Judean wisdom: Josephos on philosophical sects among Judeans (late-first century CE)

Mediterranean peoples: Artemidoros theorizes foreign elements in dreams (second century CE)

Mediterranean peoples: Pausanias, ethnographic interests, and local traditions (mid-second century CE)

Mediterranean peoples: Pomponius Mela on peoples of the known world (mid-first century CE)

Mediterranean peoples: Roman coins [part 1] on defeat, capture, and subjugation (first century BCE on)

Northern peoples: Antonios Diogenes' "Wonders Beyond Thule" and ethnographic fiction (second century CE / ninth century CE)

Northern peoples: Inscriptions on barbarians as bandits (second-third centuries CE)

Scythians and Getians: Dio of Prusa on inter-ethnic encounters at Olbia and on Getian Matters (late first century CE)

Scythians and other Pontic peoples: Herodotos on the "most ignorant peoples of all" (fifth century BCE)

Scythians, Germans, and others: Pliny the Elder on peoples on the western and northern coasts of the Black Sea (first century CE)

Thracians and other Black Sea peoples: Ammianus Marcellinus on their "savage" character and on Roman control (late fourth century CE)

Thracians, Getians, Paionians, and others: Herodotos (mid-fifth century BCE)

Thracians: Diodoros on Dromichaites and Kotys as wise Thracian kings (mid-first century BCE)

Gorgons (mythical)

Libyans: Dionysios of Mytilene and Diodoros on Nasamonians, Marmaridians, and Libyan Amazons (third / mid-first century BCE)

Mediterranean peoples: Pausanias, ethnographic interests, and local traditions (mid-second century CE)

Goths (Ostrogoths and Visigoths)

Getians, Scythians, and Goths: Jordanes on their supposed origins and achievements (mid-sixth century CE)

Sarmatians, Huns, and Goths: Olympiodoros of Thebes on statues as protection against invasions (early fifth century CE)

Thracians and other Black Sea peoples: Ammianus Marcellinus on their "savage" character and on Roman control (late fourth century CE)

Greeks (broad category)

Aitolians: Ephoros on their origins and invincibility (mid-fourth century BCE)

Aitolians: Thucydides on barbarous Greeks (late fifth century BCE)

Assyrian / Babylonian wisdom: Sibyl of Babylon on the superiority of the Judean people (second century BCE)

Assyrians, Chaldeans, Egyptians, Celts, and others: The Cicero brothers on the nature and effectiveness of divination (mid-first century BCE)

Barbarian and Judean wisdom: Clement of Alexandria [V] on the sources of Plato's thought (late second century CE)

Barbarian peoples: Hellanikos, Nymphodoros, Nikolaos, and others with collections of "barbarian customs" (fifth century BCE on)

Barbarian wisdom: Cornutus on early humanity's Stoic understanding of the cosmos (mid-first century CE)

Barbarian wisdom: The Thunder, Perfect Mind (before the fourth century CE)

Barbarians and Greeks: Dionysios theorizes the blurry lines (late first century BCE)

Barbarians and Greeks: Thucydides theorizes the shift from barbarian banditry to settled civilization (late fifth century BCE)

Boiotians: Ephoros on the superiority of Boiotia and on a Phoenician connection (mid-fourth century BCE)

Carians: Strabo on long-term interactions with Greeks and on "Carianizing" (early first century CE)

Celts: Priene inscription on Galatian "impiety" and "savagery" during the invasion (ca. 278-270 BCE)

Celts: Trogus on Gallic invasions and character (first century BCE)

Chaldeans, Greeks, Egyptians, and Judeans: Aristides of Athens (second century CE)

Christians, Judeans, and Greeks: Christians as a descent group in the Epistle to Diognetos (second or third century CE)

Cretans: Ephoros on civic organization and customs (mid-fourth century BCE)

Cretans: Stereotypes in the letter to Titus (early second century CE)

Eastern and northern peoples: Bardaisan of Edessa's Book of the Laws of Countries and the Pseudo-Clementines on astrology and peoples (second-third centuries CE)

Egyptian and Ethiopian diasporas: Diodoros on competing legends of migration and colonization (mid-first century BCE)

Egyptian perspectives: Isidoros' hymns in praise of the goddess Hermouthis and legendary pharaohs (early first century BCE)

Egyptian perspectives: Memphites on the goddess Isis and the origins of civilization among Egyptians (first century BCE on)

Egyptian perspectives: Oracles of the Lamb and the Potter on Greco-Macedonians and other foreigners (third-second centuries BCE)

Egyptian wisdom: Plato on Solon, the Egyptian priest, and Atlantis (mid-fourth century BCE)

Egyptians, Lydians, Cilicians, and other peoples: Kratinos, Aristophanes, Suetonius and others on "Egyptianizing" and other ethnicizing stereotypes (sixth century BCE on)

Egyptians, Taurians, and Celts: Cicero's Philus engages in ethnographic discourses for philosophical aims (mid-first century BCE)

Egyptians: Attic vase paintings, Isocrates and others on king Bousiris and human sacrifice (fifth century BCE on)

Egyptians: Clement of Alexandria [II] on Egyptian animal worship as less offensive than Greek customs (late second century CE)

Egyptians: Diodoros on the origins of civilization and on Egyptian views (mid-first century BCE)

Egyptians: Hekataios of Miletos on encountering Theban priests (late sixth century BCE)

Egyptians: Herodotos on customs and legendary kings (fifth century BCE)

Ethnic diversity in Alexandria: Dio of Prusa on the cross-roads of the world (late first century CE)

Europeans, Asians, and Greeks: Aristotle on hierarchies, slaves, and environmental determinism (fourth century BCE)

Greek diasporas and indigenous Iberians and Celts: Herodotos, Aristotle, Trogus and others on tales of Phokaian colonization (mid-fifth century BCE on)

Greeks and Judeans: "Hellenizing" and "Judaizing" in 2 Maccabees (first century BCE)

Greeks and other peoples: Paul's Judean stereotypes about non-Judeans (mid-first century CE)

Greeks, Barbarians, Judeans, and Christians: Eusebios' framing of a way of life (early fourth century CE)

Hyperboreans: Herodotos, Hekataios, Diodoros, and others on a legendary northern people (four century BCE to third century CE)

Indian wisdom: Josephos integrates Indians into Eleazar's Masada speech (late first century CE)

Indian wisdom: Philostratos on Apollonios of Tyana's journeys to barbarian lands (early third century CE)

Judean diasporas: Differing perspectives on violent clashes between Judeans and Greeks in Libya and Egypt under Trajan, ca. 115-117 CE (second-fourth centuries CE)

Judean diasporas: Josephos on conflicts in Babylonia, ca. 40-66 CE (late first century CE)

Judean diasporas: Josephos on tensions with Greeks in Syria, the Decapolis, and Alexandria ca. 59-66 CE (late first century CE)

Judean diasporas: Josephos' citation of documents on Asia Minor and Libya under Julius Caesar and Augustus (late first century CE)

Judean diasporas: Philo on conflicts with Greeks at Alexandria and on rebellious Egyptians (mid-first century CE)

Judean wisdom: Philo on the Therapeutists' lifestyle (first century CE)

Judeans, Syrians, Indians, and others: Porphyry of Tyre on abstinence from meat (third century CE)

Judeans: Hekataios, pseudo-Hekataios and Diodoros on Judean origins and migration with the exodus (first century BCE)

Libyans: Herodotos on customs and colonization (fifth century BCE)

Mediterranean peoples: Artemidoros theorizes foreign elements in dreams (second century CE)

Mediterranean peoples: Claudius Ptolemy on astrological effects on peoples (second century CE)

Mediterranean peoples: Maximus of Tyre on images for the gods as ubiquitous among peoples (late second century CE)

Mediterranean peoples: Pausanias, ethnographic interests, and local traditions (mid-second century CE)

Mediterranean peoples: Pliny the Elder on inventors around the world (first century CE)

Mediterranean peoples: Polemon theorizes the meaning of physical features (second / fifth centuries CE)

Mediterranean peoples: Sextus Empiricus engages with ethnographic discourses for philosophical aims (second-third centuries CE)

Parthians and Scythians: Julius Africanus on barbarian military techniques (early third century CE)

Parthians, Libyans, Egyptians and others: Acts of the Apostles on legends of Judean migration (early second century CE)

Parthians: Panamara inscription on Zeus' miraculous actions against invading Parthians (ca. 39 BCE)

Pelasgian diasporas: Ephoros on legends of migration (mid-fourth century BCE)

Persians and Medes: Herodotos on customs (mid-fifth century BCE)

Persians, Spartans, and Athenians: Platonic author on the superiority of the Persians (fourth century BCE)

Persians, Thracians, and Amazons: Isocrates on Athenian superiority and barbarian weakness (fourth century BCE)

Romans, Egyptians, Persians, and others: Minucius Felix's ethnographic defence of the Christian people (early third century CE)

Romans: Dionysios on Roman origins and legends of Greek and Pelasgian migrations to Italy (late first century BCE)

Romans: Dionysios on the supposed Roman refusal of barbarian and Phrygian customs (late first century BCE)

Romans: Rabbis on four successive imperial powers – Babylonians, Medes, Greeks, Romans (fifth century CE and earlier)

Scythian wisdom: Letters of Anacharsis (mid-third century BCE)

Scythians and Ethiopians: Agatharchides and Diodoros theorize about the effects of climate (second-first centuries CE)

Scythians, Amazons, and Persians: Isocrates on the superiority of the Athenian people (early fourth century BCE)

Scythians: Clement of Alexandria [I] on the example of Anacharsis (late second century CE)

Scythians: Lucian on Anacharsis and Solon's dialogue about the superiority of Greek customs (mid-second century CE)

Scythians: Lucian on Toxaris' and Anacharsis' differing encounters with Greeks (late second century CE)

Sicilians and other Greeks: Cicero's praise for Sicilians in the prosecution of Verres (mid-first century BCE)

Sikelians, Sikanians, Phoenicians and Greeks: Thucydides on settlement of Sicily (late fifth century BCE)

Syrian perspectives: Lucian of Samosata on The Syrian Goddess in full (mid-second century CE)

Taurians and Greeks: Clement of Alexandria [III] on human sacrifice (late second century CE)

Thracians, Galatians, Daans, and others: Polybios on the mixed composition of the armies of Ptolemy IV and Antiochos III (second century BCE)

Thracians: Charon of Lampsakos on relations between Bisaltians and Greek Kardians (mid-fifth century BCE)

Thracians: Greeks and Thracians honouring the Thracian goddess Bendis (fifth-third centuries BCE)

Helvetians (a subset of "Germans")

Celts: Appian of Alexandria on their character and on ambassadorial relations with Romans (second century CE)

Celts: Cicero on Gauls and the link between imperial conquest and negative stereotypes (mid-first century BCE)

Celts: Julius Caesar on Druids and supposed human sacrifice among Gauls (mid-first century BCE)

Northern peoples: Inscriptions on barbarians as bandits (second-third centuries CE)

Heniochians (in the Caucasus region)

Asian Albanians, Iberians, Mardians and others: Demodamas and Pliny the Elder on peoples in the Caucasus region and further east (third century BCE / first century CE)

Kolchians, Heniochians, Drillians, and others: Arrian on his journey along the Black Sea coast near the Caucasus mountains (ca. 131-132 CE)

Thracians and other Black Sea peoples: Ammianus Marcellinus on their "savage" character and on Roman control (late fourth century CE)

Huns

Getians, Scythians, and Goths: Jordanes on their supposed origins and achievements (mid-sixth century CE)

Huns and Alans: Ammianus Marcellinus on "savage" nomadic threats (late fourth century CE)

Sarmatians, Huns, and Goths: Olympiodoros of Thebes on statues as protection against invasions (early fifth century CE)

Hyksos (in Egypt)

Egyptian perspectives: Manetho on "Egyptian Matters" (early third century BCE)

Hyperboreans

Hyperboreans: Herodotos, Hekataios, Diodoros, and others on a legendary northern people (four century BCE to third century CE)

Mediterranean peoples: Pausanias, ethnographic interests, and local traditions (mid-second century CE)

Mediterranean peoples: Pomponius Mela on peoples of the known world (mid-first century CE)

Persian / Hyperborean wisdom: Anonymous author on Gobryas the Magian and the bronze tablets about death and judgment (first century BCE)

Scythians, Amazons, and Hyperboreans: Diodoros on some northerners (mid-first century BCE)

Hyrkanians / Hyrcanians

Assyrians, Medes and Persians: Ktesias on Persian Matters via Diodoros and Photios (early fourth century BCE)

Daans, Kadousians, Hyrkanians, and Sakians: Strabo on peoples east of the Caspian Sea (first century CE)

Mediterranean peoples: Pomponius Mela on peoples of the known world (mid-first century CE)

Parthians: Strabo on Scythian origins and military success (early first century CE)

Persians and neighbouring eastern peoples: Ammianus Marcellinus on Persian territories and lifestyles (late fourth century CE)

Persians, Hyrkanians, Armenians, Derbikians and others: Curtius Rufus on the mixed composition of the army of Darius III (first century CE)

Iamians (subset of Scythians)

Scythians: Alexander Polyhistor on Iamians and just Abians (mid-first century BCE)

Iapygians (in southern Italy)

Iapygians and Tarentinians: Klearchos of Soloi (fourth century BCE)

Romans: Dionysios on Roman origins and legends of Greek and Pelasgian migrations to Italy (late first century BCE)

Iazygians (subset of Germans)

Northern peoples: Inscriptions on barbarians as bandits (second-third centuries CE)

Sarmatians, Marcomannians, Quadians, and Iazygians: Reliefs on Marcus Aurelius' column including women and children (176-193 CE)

Iberians (in Spain)

Babylonian diasporas: Josephos and other Judeans on legends of migration from Babel (first-second centuries CE)

Baliaridians and other barbarian peoples off Iberia: Diodoros on their paradoxical customs (mid-first century BCE)

Barbarian peoples: Hellanikos, Nymphodoros, Nikolaos, and others with collections of "barbarian customs" (fifth century BCE on)

Barbarian wisdom: Cornutus on early humanity's Stoic understanding of the cosmos (mid-first century CE)

Britons and Iernians (Irish): Julius Caesar, Pytheas, and Strabo on customs including eating human flesh (early first century CE)

Celtiberians, Iberians, and Lusitanians: Diodoros on their customs and military skill (mid-first century BCE)

Celts, Iberians, and Libyans: Polybios on the mixed composition of Hannibal of Carthage's army and on military equipment (second century BCE)

Colchians, Phrygians, and others: Vitruvius theorizes development from primitives to civilized peoples (first century BCE)

Ethnic diversity in Libya / Africa: Sallust on legends of migration (mid-first century BCE)

Gauls, Kimbrians, Numidians, Indians, and others: Valerius Maximus' collection of "barbarian customs" (early first century CE)

Greek diasporas and indigenous Iberians and Celts: Herodotos, Aristotle, Trogus and others on tales of Phokaian colonization (mid-fifth century BCE on)

Greek diasporas and indigenous Libyans: Herodotos on tales of colonization (mid-fifth century BCE)

Iapygians and Tarentinians: Klearchos of Soloi (fourth century BCE)

Iberians and others: Avienus on a journey along the southern coast of Spain (mid-fourth century CE)

Iberians: Appian of Alexandria (mid-second century CE)

Iberians: Appian of Alexandria on Viriathus and resistance by Lusitanians (second century CE)

Iberians: Artemidoros, Poseidonios, Strabo, and others (second century BCE to first century CE)

Iberians: Diodoros on Viriathus and the Lusitanians' resistance to Roman rule (mid-first century BCE)

Iberians: Trogus on their extreme courage (first century BCE)

Indians, Ethiopians, and Celts: Dio of Prusa critiques foreign imports and luxury (late first century CE)

Libyans, Egyptians, Iberians, and Celts: Diodoros on Herakles' civilizing expeditions (mid-first century BCE)

Libyans, Iberians, and Celts: Cicero on controlling "savage" peoples (mid-first century BCE)

Maiotians, Bosporians, Kaukasians, and other Pontic peoples: Strabo on northern Asia (early first century CE)

Mediterranean peoples: Diodoros, Pliny and Plutarch on Pompey's subjugation of peoples of the world (mid-first century BCE on)

Mediterranean peoples: Pausanias, ethnographic interests, and local traditions (mid-second century CE)

Mediterranean peoples: Roman coins [part 2] on humiliated captives kneeling or on the ground (first century BCE on)

Mediterranean peoples: Roman coins [part 3] on kneeling in supplication or adoration (first century BCE on)

Parthians, Celts and Iberians or Germans: Scenes on the breastplate of the "Augustus of Prima Porta" (early first century CE)

Sikelians, Sikanians, Phoenicians and Greeks: Thucydides on settlement of Sicily (late fifth century BCE)

Iberians of the Caucasus area

Asian Albanians, Iberians, Mardians and others: Demodamas and Pliny the Elder on peoples in the Caucasus region and further east (third century BCE / first century CE)

Iberians, Albanians and others of the Caucasus area: Strabo (early first century CE)

Mediterranean peoples: Diodoros, Pliny and Plutarch on Pompey's subjugation of peoples of the world (mid-first century BCE on)

Ichthyophagians (Fish-eaters)

Arabians: Agatharchides and Diodoros on peoples of Arabia Felix on the eastern coast of the Red Sea (second-first centuries BCE)

Barbaria's inhabitants, Arabians, and Indians: Anonymous author on trade and peoples on the Erythraian sea all the way to eastern India (mid-first century CE)

Celts, Ethiopians and peoples in the middle: Polybios, Poseidonios, and Strabo on climate zones (mid-second century on)

Ethiopians: Herodotos on southern peoples at the ends of the earth (mid-fifth century BCE)

Ichthyophagians: Nearchos and Agatharchides on Fish-eaters around the Arabian Sea (fourth-first centuries BCE)

Indians: Aelian on Indian views and customs about animals (late second century CE)

Judeans, Syrians, Indians, and others: Porphyry of Tyre on abstinence from meat (third century CE)

Karmanians, Ichthyophagians, and others: Nearchos, Onesikritos, Juba, and Pliny on the area around the Persian Gulf and Red Sea (fourth century BCE-first century CE)

Libyans: Aelian on Libyan views and customs about animals (late second century CE)

Libyans: Dionysios of Mytilene and Diodoros on Nasamonians, Marmaridians, and Libyan Amazons (third / mid-first century BCE)

Mediterranean peoples: Pausanias, ethnographic interests, and local traditions (mid-second century CE)

Mediterranean peoples: Pomponius Mela on peoples of the known world (mid-first century CE)

Idumeans / Edomites

Arabians and Judeans: Jubilees, Molon, and Josephos on identifying the Ishmaelites (second century BCE on)

Ethnic diversity in Egypt: Inscriptional and papyrological evidence

Idumean diasporas: Inscriptions and papyri (second century BCE-third century CE)

Idumeans and Judeans: Ptolemy the historian on the difference (late first century BCE)

Idumeans: Josephos on the Edomites' origins and relations with Judeans (late first century CE)

Israelites, Egyptians, Idumeans, Scythians, and others: Origen on ethnic hierarchies and their spiritual equivalents (mid-third century CE)

Iernians / Hiernians (inhabitants of Ireland)

Britons and Iernians (Irish): Julius Caesar, Pytheas, and Strabo on customs including eating human flesh (early first century CE)

Iberians and others: Avienus on a journey along the southern coast of Spain (mid-fourth century CE)

Mediterranean peoples: Pomponius Mela on peoples of the known world (mid-first century CE)

Illyrians (north of Greece)

Babylonians and Assyrians: Herodotos on legendary queens and outstanding customs (mid-fifth century BCE)

Barbarian peoples: Hellanikos, Nymphodoros, Nikolaos, and others with collections of "barbarian customs" (fifth century BCE on)

Getians, Dacians, and Scythians: Strabo (early first century CE)

Illyrians, Pannonians, and other peoples: Strabo (early first century CE)

Illyrians: Appian of Alexandria (mid-second century CE)

Illyrians: Theopompos on banquets (mid-fourth century BCE)

Thracians, Getians, Paionians, and others: Herodotos (mid-fifth century BCE)

Indians / Brahmans

Assyrians, Medes and Persians: Ktesias on Persian Matters via Diodoros and Photios (early fourth century BCE)

Babylonian diasporas: Josephos and other Judeans on legends of migration from Babel (first-second centuries CE)

Barbaria's inhabitants, Arabians, and Indians: Anonymous author on trade and peoples on the Erythraian sea all the way to eastern India (mid-first century CE)

Barbarian peoples: Caesarius of Nazianzos' and George the Monk's collection of extraordinary customs (sixth / ninth centuries CE)

Barbarian wisdom: Clement of Alexandria [VI] on barbarian and Hebrew philosophy (late second century CE)

Barbarians and Greeks: Eratosthenes challenges the dichotomy (third century BCE)

Celtic, Indian, and Assyrian wisdom: Polyhistor on Pythagoras' education by wise barbarians (first century BCE)

Eastern and northern peoples: Bardaisan of Edessa's Book of the Laws of Countries and the Pseudo-Clementines on astrology and peoples (second-third centuries CE)

Egyptians, Ethiopians, Indians and others: Depictions of "pygmies" in Greek and Roman art (fifth century BCE-first century CE)

Ethiopians: Artapanos and Josephos on Moses, intermarriage, and the Kushites (second century BCE-first century CE)

Ethiopians: Herodotos on southern peoples at the ends of the earth (mid-fifth century BCE)

Ethnic diversity in Alexandria: Dio of Prusa on the cross-roads of the world (late first century CE)

Gauls, Kimbrians, Numidians, Indians, and others: Valerius Maximus' collection of "barbarian customs" (early first century CE)

Ichthyophagians: Nearchos and Agatharchides on Fish-eaters around the Arabian Sea (fourth-first centuries BCE)

Indian and Judean wisdom: Klearchos citing Aristotle (fourth century BCE)

Indian wisdom: Alexander Polyhistor and Clement of Alexandria (VII) on the Brahmans and naked sages (first century BCE / late second century CE)

Indian wisdom: Apuleius on the amazing naked philosophers and Pythagoras' journeys (mid-second century CE)

Indian wisdom: Cicero and Plutarch on Alexander, the naked philosophers, and Kalanos (early second century CE)

Indian wisdom: Josephos integrates Indians into Eleazar's Masada speech (late first century CE)

Indian wisdom: Naked philosophers and wise diviners in the Alexander Romance (fourth century CE and earlier)

Indian wisdom: Nearchos, Megasthenes, and Arrian on the sages Dandamis and Kalanos (fourth century BCE-second century CE)

Indian wisdom: Philostratos on Apollonios of Tyana's journeys to barbarian lands (early third century CE)

Indians and peoples on the way: Diodoros on Alexander's conquests (mid-first century BCE)

Indians, Ethiopians and others: Pliny the Elder on "unbelievable" peoples (first century CE)

Indians, Ethiopians, and Celts: Dio of Prusa critiques foreign imports and luxury (late first century CE)

Indians, Ethiopians, Celts, and Scythians: Ephoros on a four-fold division of the known world (mid-fourth century BCE)

Indians, Taprobanians, and Serians: Pliny the Elder on numerous peoples and customs in India and beyond (first century CE)

Indians: Aelian on Indian views and customs about animals (late second century CE)

Indians: Bardaisan of Edessa on Indian ambassadors' tales and the Brahmans (early third century CE)

Indians: Curtius Rufus on the environment and the peoples (first century CE)

Indians: Dio of Prusa on the Indians' superior mode of life (late first century CE)

Indians: Diodoros on environment, customs and social organization (mid-first century BCE)

Indians: Greek representations of conquest on coins with Alexander of Macedon and Demetrios of Baktria wearing elephant skins (fourth-second century BCE)

Indians: Herodotos on eastern peoples at the ends of the earth (mid-fifth century BCE)

Indians: Hierokles on visiting the Brahmans (fifth century CE or earlier)

Indians: Iamboulos and Diodoros on a utopian island beyond India (mid-first century BCE)

Indians: Ktesias on Indian Matters via Photios, Pliny the Elder, and Aelian (early fourth century BCE)

Indians: Nearchos, Megasthenes, and Arrian (fourth century BCE-second century CE)

Indians: Palladios and George on naked philosophers or Brahmans (fourth / ninth centuries CE)

Indians: Phylarchos on roots for sexual restraint (early second century BCE)

Judean, Indian, Babylonian, and Egyptian wisdom: Numenius the Platonic philosopher (mid-second century CE)

Judean, Persian, and Indian wisdom: Philo on the freedom of Essenes and Kalanos (early first century CE)

Judeans, Syrians, Indians, and others: Porphyry of Tyre on abstinence from meat (third century CE)

Judeans: Poseidonios (?) and Strabo on decline after Moses (first century CE)

Libyan perspectives: Juba of Numidia on ethnographic matters (late first century BCE)

Libyans: Dionysios of Mytilene and Diodoros on competing claims about the god Dionysos (third / mid-first century BCE)

Libyans: Herodotos on customs and colonization (fifth century BCE)

Medes, Assyrians, Baktrians, and others: Herodotos on the mixed composition of the Persian army under Xerxes (fifth century BCE)

Mediterranean peoples: Maximus of Tyre on images for the gods as ubiquitous among peoples (late second century CE)

Mediterranean peoples: Pausanias, ethnographic interests, and local traditions (mid-second century CE)

Mediterranean peoples: Sextus Empiricus engages with ethnographic discourses for philosophical aims (second-third centuries CE)

Panchaians: Euhemeros and Diodoros on a noble people worshipping Zeus on a utopian island (fourth / first century BCE)

Persian and Babylonian wisdom: Pseudo-Demokritos and others on Demokritos' training by Magians and Chaldeans (first century BCE on)

Persian wisdom: Ammianus Marcellinus on Zoroaster, Hystaspes, and the Magians (late fourth century CE)

Persian, Babylonian, and Scythian wisdom: Diogenes of Laertes refutes Magian and Chaldean origins for Greek philosophy (early third century CE)

Persian, Egyptian, Indian, and Celtic wisdom: Dio of Prusa on philosophers' roles in leadership (late first century CE)

Persian, Indian, and Judean wisdom: Klearchos of Soloi on Magian precedence (fourth century BCE)

Romans: Dionysios on Roman origins and legends of Greek and Pelasgian migrations to Italy (late first century BCE)

Insubrians (subset of Celts)

Celts: Dio Cassius on spirited and untrustworthy Galatians (early third century CE)

Iolaeians (supposed descendants of Herakles)

Sikelians, Sikanians, Sardinians and Iolaeians: Diodoros on ancient migrations and local customs on Sicily (mid-first century BCE)

Ionians (in Asia Minor)

Babylonian diasporas: Josephos and other Judeans on legends of migration from Babel (first-second centuries CE)

Carians: Strabo on long-term interactions with Greeks and on "Carianizing" (early first century CE)

Cretans: Diodoros on Cretan (Greek) contributions to civilization (mid-first century BCE)

Egyptians: Herodotos on customs and legendary kings (fifth century BCE)

Judeans, "Asiatics", and Greeks: Cicero's ethnic invective aimed at eastern witnesses against Flaccus (mid-first century BCE)

Lydians: Herodotos on king Croesus and Lydian customs (mid-fifth century BCE)

Medes, Assyrians, Baktrians, and others: Herodotos on the mixed composition of the Persian army under Xerxes (fifth century BCE)

Mediterranean peoples: Polemon theorizes the meaning of physical features (second / fifth centuries CE)

Pelasgian diasporas: Hekataios of Miletos and Herodotos on legends of migration, language, and influence (mid-fifth century BCE)

Isaurians (in Asia Minor)

Isaurians: Ammianus Marcellinus on their incursions and banditry (late fourth century CE)

Isaurians: Diodoros on their bravery and noble death (mid-first century BCE)

Istrians

Dacians and Istrians: Trogus on peoples west of the Black Sea (first century BCE)

Italic peoples (broad category)

Persians: Pliny on the dissemination of Magian skill to the peoples of the world (first century CE)

Romans: Dionysios on Roman origins and legends of Greek and Pelasgian migrations to Italy (late first century BCE)

Tyrrhenians: Diodoros on Etruscan inventions, lifestyle, and decline (mid-first century BCE)

Itureans (subset of Arabians)

Arabians and Judeans: Jubilees, Molon, and Josephos on identifying the Ishmaelites (second century BCE on)

Indian wisdom: Apuleius on the amazing naked philosophers and Pythagoras' journeys (mid-second century CE)

Itureans among Arabians: Strabo and Josephos on a supposed bandit-people (first century CE)

Judeans / Jews / Israelites / Hebrews

Arabians and Judeans: Jubilees, Molon, and Josephos on identifying the Ishmaelites (second century BCE on)

Babylonian diasporas: Hippolytos and Epiphanios on legends of migration from Babel (third-fourth centuries CE)

Babylonian diasporas: Josephos and other Judeans on legends of migration from Babel (first-second centuries CE)

Babylonian wisdom: Philo on Abraham's migration away from Chaldean astrology (early first century CE)

Barbarian and Judean wisdom: Clement of Alexandria [V] on the sources of Plato's thought (late second century CE)

Barbarian wisdom: Celsus and Origen of Alexandria (second-third centuries CE)

Barbarian wisdom: Clement of Alexandria [VI] on barbarian and Hebrew philosophy (late second century CE)

Canaanites / non-Judean peoples: Jubilees on the Dinah story and intermarriage (mid-second century BCE)

Chaldeans, Greeks, Egyptians, and Judeans: Aristides of Athens (second century CE)

Christians, Judeans, and Greeks: Christians as a descent group in the Epistle to Diognetos (second or third century CE)

Eastern and northern peoples: Bardaisan of Edessa's Book of the Laws of Countries and the Pseudo-Clementines on astrology and peoples (second-third centuries CE)

Egyptian / Persian / Judean wisdom: Judean legends of Jannes and Jambres as Magians in the Exodus account (third century CE and earlier)

Egyptian and Ethiopian diasporas: Diodoros on competing legends of migration and colonization (mid-first century BCE)

Egyptian diasporas: Manetho, Josephos and others on legends of migration concerning Hyksos and Judeans (third century BCE and on)

Egyptians, Chaldeans, and Phoenicians: Julius Africanus on competitive chronologies (ca. 222 CE)

Egyptians: Diodoros on the origins of civilization and on Egyptian views (mid-first century BCE)

Egyptians: Josephos on animal worship (late first century CE)

Egyptians: Josephos on the envy of an inferior people (last-first century CE)

Egyptians: The Judean tale of Joseph and Aseneth on rejecting Egyptian gods and on intermarriage (ca. first century CE)

Ethiopians: Artapanos and Josephos on Moses, intermarriage, and the Kushites (second century BCE-first century CE)

Ethnic diversity in Egypt: Inscriptional and papyrological evidence

Greeks and Judeans: "Hellenizing" and "Judaizing" in 2 Maccabees (first century BCE)

Greeks, Barbarians, Judeans, and Christians: Eusebios' framing of a way of life (early fourth century CE)

Idumeans and Judeans: Ptolemy the historian on the difference (late first century BCE)

Idumeans: Josephos on the Edomites' origins and relations with Judeans (late first century CE)

Indian and Judean wisdom: Klearchos citing Aristotle (fourth century BCE)

Indian wisdom: Apuleius on the amazing naked philosophers and Pythagoras' journeys (mid-second century CE)

Indian wisdom: Josephos integrates Indians into Eleazar's Masada speech (late first century CE)

Israelites, Egyptians, Idumeans, Scythians, and others: Origen on ethnic hierarchies and their spiritual equivalents (mid-third century CE)

Judean and Israelite diasporas: Inscriptional evidence (second century BCE-third century CE)

Judean diasporas: Differing perspectives on violent clashes between Judeans and Greeks in Libya and Egypt under Trajan, ca. 115-117 CE (second-fourth centuries CE)

Judean diasporas: Josephos on conflicts in Babylonia, ca. 40-66 CE (late first century CE)

Judean diasporas: Josephos on tensions with Greeks in Syria, the Decapolis, and Alexandria ca. 59-66 CE (late first century CE)

Judean diasporas: Josephos' citation of documents on Asia Minor and Libya under Julius Caesar and Augustus (late first century CE)

Judean diasporas: Philo on conflicts with Greeks at Alexandria and on rebellious Egyptians (mid-first century CE)

Judean wisdom: Anonymous on Abraham's contributions (before the mid-first century BCE)

Judean wisdom: Aristoboulos on Moses and the Judean god as source for Plato and Pythagoras (mid-second century BCE)

Judean wisdom: Artapanos on contributions by Abraham, Joseph, and Moses (second century BCE)

Judean wisdom: Eupolemos on contributions by Abraham and Moses (before the mid-first century BCE)

Judean wisdom: Josephos on Abraham's dissemination of astrological knowledge (late-first century CE)

Judean wisdom: Josephos on philosophical sects among Judeans (late-first century CE)

Judean wisdom: Josephos' Against Apion in full (late first century CE)

Judean wisdom: Josephos' self-presentation as the optimum wise Judean (late-first century CE)

Judean wisdom: Philo on the superiority of Moses and Judean ancestral customs (first century CE)

Judean wisdom: Philo on the Therapeutists' lifestyle (first century CE)

Judean wisdom: Pseudo-Clement on a journey to Peter the Judean sage (third century CE and on)

Judean wisdom: Pseudo-Clementines on Abraham the astrologer and legends of migration (second-fourth centuries CE)

Judean wisdom: Tatian the Assyrian on the priority of Moses' "barbarian wisdom" (second century CE)

Judean wisdom: Testament of Solomon on Solomon's superiority in controlling lower spirits and in healing (first-third century CE)

Judean wisdom: Theophrastos on Judean philosophers (fourth century BCE)

Judean, Indian, Babylonian, and Egyptian wisdom: Numenius the Platonic philosopher (mid-second century CE)

Judean, Persian, and Indian wisdom: Philo on the freedom of Essenes and Kalanos (early first century CE)

Judeans and Celts: Various authors on Claudius' actions against foreigners in the 40s CE (second / third centuries CE

Judeans and others: The Gospel of Philip (before the fourth century CE)

Judeans and Thracians: Hermippos of Smyrna on their influence on Pythagoras (early second century BCE)

Judeans, Africans, and Germans: Columella on the limits of environmental theory (first century CE)

Judeans, Egyptians, and Magians: Various authors on Tiberius' actions against foreign practices 17-19 CE (first-third centuries CE)

Judeans, Egyptians, and others: Seneca on the "superstitions" of foreigners (mid-first century CE)

Judeans, Syrians, and Egyptians: Epiktetos engages with ethnographic discourses for philosophical aims (mid-first century CE)

Judeans, Syrians, Celts, Scythians and others: Plutarch on the "barbarian" origins of fearing the gods, or "superstition" (early second century CE)

Judeans, Syrians, Indians, and others: Porphyry of Tyre on abstinence from meat (third century CE)

Judeans: Agatharchides of Knidos on the Sabbath (second century BCE)

Judeans: Dio Cassius and Roman elite attitudes (early third century CE)

Judeans: Hekataios, pseudo-Hekataios and Diodoros on Judean origins and migration with the exodus (first century BCE)

Judeans: Kleomedes denigrates Epicurus and Judeans (second century CE)

Judeans: Mnaseas, Poseidonios, Apollonios Molon, Diodoros, Apion, and Damokritos on the statue of a donkey and on human sacrifice (second century BCE and on)

Judeans: Pliny the Elder and Julius Solinus on the Essenes beside the Dead Sea (first / third centuries CE)

Judeans: Pseudo-Hekataios' On Judeans (pre-first century CE)

Judeans: Reliefs on the Arch for Titus depicting temple treasures and defeat (late first century CE)

Judeans: Tacitus on Judean origins and customs (second century CE)

Judeans: Trogus on contributions of Joseph and Moses and on the exodus (first century BCE)

Libyans, Assyrians and Arabians: Kleodemos and Josephos on Abraham and Keturah's descendants and their many colonies (second or first century BCE on)

Mediterranean peoples: Diodoros, Pliny and Plutarch on Pompey's subjugation of peoples of the world (mid-first century BCE on)

Mediterranean peoples: Roman coins [part 1] on defeat, capture, and subjugation (first century BCE on)

Mediterranean peoples: Roman coins [part 2] on humiliated captives kneeling or on the ground (first century BCE on)

Mediterranean peoples: Roman coins [part 3] on kneeling in supplication or adoration (first century BCE on)

Mediterranean peoples: Sextus Empiricus engages with ethnographic discourses for philosophical aims (second-third centuries CE)

Midianites and Moabites / Arabians: Josephos and Philo on intermixing and the dangers of acculturation (first century CE)

Persian wisdom: Celsus and Origen on Magians and on Moses and Jesus as howlers of chants (second-third centuries CE)

Persian wisdom: Celsus on mysteries of Mithras as a source of ancient wisdom (mid-second century CE)

Persian, Indian, and Judean wisdom: Klearchos of Soloi on Magian precedence (fourth century BCE)

Persians: Pliny on the dissemination of Magian skill to the peoples of the world (first century CE)

Phoenician, Egyptian and Babylonian wisdom: Porphyry of Tyre and Antonius Diogenes on Pythagoras (third century CE)

Romans, Egyptians, Persians, and others: Minucius Felix's ethnographic defence of the Christian people (early third century CE)

Samaritans and Judeans: Belonging to Israel in the Gospels (first century CE)

Samaritans: Josephos on Cuthean origins and relations with Judeans over centuries (late first century CE)

Spartans and Judeans: First Maccabees' and Josephos' claims about kinship ties (ca. 100 BCE / ca. 90s CE)

Kadousians / Cadusians

Asian Albanians, Iberians, Mardians and others: Demodamas and Pliny the Elder on peoples in the Caucasus region and further east (third century BCE / first century CE)

Assyrians, Medes and Persians: Ktesias on Persian Matters via Diodoros and Photios (early fourth century BCE)

Daans, Kadousians, Hyrkanians, and Sakians: Strabo on peoples east of the Caspian Sea (first century CE)

Mediterranean peoples: Pomponius Mela on peoples of the known world (mid-first century CE)

Thracians, Galatians, Daans, and others: Polybios on the mixed composition of the armies of Ptolemy IV and Antiochos III (second century BCE)

Kilikians in Homer's terms (legendary people in northwestern Asia Minor)

Trojans, Lelegians, and Kilikians: Homer and Strabo on legendary peoples and migrations in the Troad (early first century CE)

Kimbrians (Germanic)

Celts and Germans: Plutarch’s ethnographic digressions in the Lives (early second century CE)

Celts: Appian of Alexandria on their character and on ambassadorial relations with Romans (second century CE)

Gauls, Kimbrians, Numidians, Indians, and others: Valerius Maximus' collection of "barbarian customs" (early first century CE)

Germans, Suebians, Marcomannians, and Kimbrians: Poseidonios and Strabo on customs and rumours about the tides (first century BCE)

Mediterranean peoples: Augustus on his own achievements, conquests and alliances with peoples (14 CE)

Kimmerians / Cimmerians (subset of Scythians)

Babylonian diasporas: Josephos and other Judeans on legends of migration from Babel (first-second centuries CE)

Kimmerians and Kolchians: Herodotos on other Pontic peoples (mid-fifth century BCE)

Lydians, Maionians, Arimians, and Solymians: Strabo on a variety of peoples in Lydia, Phrygia and Pisidia (early first century CE)

Maiotians, Bosporians, Kaukasians, and other Pontic peoples: Strabo on northern Asia (early first century CE)

Mediterranean peoples: Pomponius Mela on peoples of the known world (mid-first century CE)

Northern peoples: Antonios Diogenes' "Wonders Beyond Thule" and ethnographic fiction (second century CE / ninth century CE)

Scythians: Lucian on a competition between Toxaris and Mnesippos about ethnic superiority (mid-second century CE)

Thracians and other Black Sea peoples: Ammianus Marcellinus on their "savage" character and on Roman control (late fourth century CE)

Kolchians (in the Caucasus mountains)

Amazons, Tibarenians, and Mossynoikians: Apollonios of Rhodes on a voyage to the Kolchians (third century BCE)

Barbarian peoples: Hellanikos, Nymphodoros, Nikolaos, and others with collections of "barbarian customs" (fifth century BCE on)

Egyptian diasporas: Herodotos on legends about Kolchians and customs of circumcision (mid-fifth century BCE)

Egyptians: Diodoros on the origins of civilization and on Egyptian views (mid-first century BCE)

Egyptians: Herodotos on customs and legendary kings (fifth century BCE)

Ethiopians: Herodotos on southern peoples at the ends of the earth (mid-fifth century BCE)

Judeans: Hekataios, pseudo-Hekataios and Diodoros on Judean origins and migration with the exodus (first century BCE)

Kimmerians and Kolchians: Herodotos on other Pontic peoples (mid-fifth century BCE)

Kolchians, Heniochians, Drillians, and others: Arrian on his journey along the Black Sea coast near the Caucasus mountains (ca. 131-132 CE)

Maiotians, Bosporians, Kaukasians, and other Pontic peoples: Strabo on northern Asia (early first century CE)

Medes, Assyrians, Baktrians, and others: Herodotos on the mixed composition of the Persian army under Xerxes (fifth century BCE)

Mediterranean peoples: Diodoros, Pliny and Plutarch on Pompey's subjugation of peoples of the world (mid-first century BCE on)

Persians and Medes: Herodotos on customs (mid-fifth century BCE)

Scythian and Thracian diasporas: Inscriptional evidence

Thracians and other Black Sea peoples: Ammianus Marcellinus on their "savage" character and on Roman control (late fourth century CE)

Kolchians / Colchians (eastern coast of the Black Sea)

Taurians and Kolchians: Diodoros on the origins of human sacrifice in the Black Sea area (mid-first century BCE)

Thracians and other Black Sea peoples: Ammianus Marcellinus on their "savage" character and on Roman control (late fourth century CE)

Kostobokians

Northern peoples: Inscriptions on barbarians as bandits (second-third centuries CE)

Kynaitheans (in Arkadia Greece)

Arkadians: Polybios theorizes environment and peoplehood (second century BCE)

Kyprians / Cyprians

Babylonian diasporas: Josephos and other Judeans on legends of migration from Babel (first-second centuries CE)

Medes, Assyrians, Baktrians, and others: Herodotos on the mixed composition of the Persian army under Xerxes (fifth century BCE)

Kyrnians

Sikelians, Sikanians, Sardinians and Iolaeians: Diodoros on ancient migrations and local customs on Sicily (mid-first century BCE)

Lelegians (legendary)

Carians: Strabo on long-term interactions with Greeks and on "Carianizing" (early first century CE)

Trojans, Lelegians, and Kilikians: Homer and Strabo on legendary peoples and migrations in the Troad (early first century CE)

Libyans / Africans

Assyrian / Babylonian wisdom: Sibyl of Babylon on the superiority of the Judean people (second century BCE)

Babylonian diasporas: Josephos and other Judeans on legends of migration from Babel (first-second centuries CE)

Barbarian peoples: Hellanikos, Nymphodoros, Nikolaos, and others with collections of "barbarian customs" (fifth century BCE on)

Barbarian wisdom: Cornutus on early humanity's Stoic understanding of the cosmos (mid-first century CE)

Celts, Iberians, and Libyans: Polybios on the mixed composition of Hannibal of Carthage's army and on military equipment (second century BCE)

Egyptian and Ethiopian diasporas: Diodoros on competing legends of migration and colonization (mid-first century BCE)

Egyptians, Ethiopians, Indians and others: Depictions of "pygmies" in Greek and Roman art (fifth century BCE-first century CE)

Egyptians: Attic vase paintings, Isocrates and others on king Bousiris and human sacrifice (fifth century BCE on)

Egyptians: Herodotos on customs and legendary kings (fifth century BCE)

Ethiopians or Nubians: Athenian-style pottery depictions of darker-skinned subjects (sixth-fifth centuries BCE)

Ethiopians or Nubians: Pottery from Athens and Greek cities of Italy depicting a darker-skinned youth devoured by a crocodile (fifth-fourth centuries BCE)

Ethiopians: Herodotos on southern peoples at the ends of the earth (mid-fifth century BCE)

Ethnic diversity in Libya / Africa: Sallust on legends of migration (mid-first century BCE)

Greek diasporas and indigenous Libyans: Herodotos on tales of colonization (mid-fifth century BCE)

Judeans, Africans, and Germans: Columella on the limits of environmental theory (first century CE)

Judeans: Poseidonios (?) and Strabo on decline after Moses (first century CE)

Libyan perspectives: Cornelius Fronto self-identifies as a "barbarian" and Libyan nomad (mid-second century CE)

Libyan perspectives: Juba of Numidia on ethnographic matters (late first century BCE)

Libyans / Africans: Ancient and modern composite statue of "The Moor"

Libyans / Africans: Pliny the Elder on various peoples and strange customs (first century CE)

Libyans / Africans: Sallust and Punic sources on the geography and peoples (mid-first century BCE)

Libyans and Ausourianians: Synesios on years of incursions into Cyrenaica (early fifth century CE)

Libyans and Maurians: Corippus' poetic survey of northern African peoples in the tale of John Troglita (after 548 CE)

Libyans, Assyrians and Arabians: Kleodemos and Josephos on Abraham and Keturah's descendants and their many colonies (second or first century BCE on)

Libyans, Egyptians, Iberians, and Celts: Diodoros on Herakles' civilizing expeditions (mid-first century BCE)

Libyans, Iberians, and Celts: Cicero on controlling "savage" peoples (mid-first century BCE)

Libyans, Maurians and Ausourianians: Ammianus Marcellinus on their savage behaviour and banditry (late fourth century CE)

Libyans: Aelian on Libyan views and customs about animals (late second century CE)

Libyans: Dionysios of Mytilene and Diodoros on competing claims about the god Dionysos (third / mid-first century BCE)

Libyans: Dionysios of Mytilene and Diodoros on Nasamonians, Marmaridians, and Libyan Amazons (third / mid-first century BCE)

Libyans: Hanno the Carthaginian (fourth century BCE or earlier)

Libyans: Herodotos on customs and colonization (fifth century BCE)

Medes, Assyrians, Baktrians, and others: Herodotos on the mixed composition of the Persian army under Xerxes (fifth century BCE)

Mediterranean peoples: Maximus of Tyre on images for the gods as ubiquitous among peoples (late second century CE)

Mediterranean peoples: Pausanias, ethnographic interests, and local traditions (mid-second century CE)

Mediterranean peoples: Polemon theorizes the meaning of physical features (second / fifth centuries CE)

Mediterranean peoples: Roman coins [part 3] on kneeling in supplication or adoration (first century BCE on)

Mediterranean peoples: Sextus Empiricus engages with ethnographic discourses for philosophical aims (second-third centuries CE)

Parthians, Libyans, Egyptians and others: Acts of the Apostles on legends of Judean migration (early second century CE)

People on an idyllic island in the Atlantic off Libya: Diodoros on their natural resources and on Carthaginian colonization plans (mid-first century BCE)

Phoenician diasporas: Timaios of Tauromenion, Trogus, and Appian on the founding of Carthage and on child sacrifice (first century BCE)

Phoenicians and Sardinians: Cicero's ethnic invective in defending Marcus Scaurus (mid-first century BCE)

Romans, Egyptians, Persians, and others: Minucius Felix's ethnographic defence of the Christian people (early third century CE)

Romans: Dionysios on Roman origins and legends of Greek and Pelasgian migrations to Italy (late first century BCE)

Sikelians, Sikanians, Sardinians and Iolaeians: Diodoros on ancient migrations and local customs on Sicily (mid-first century BCE)

Ligurians

Celts and Ligurians: Strabo on peoples south of the Alps (early first century CE)

Ligurians: Diodoros on their harsh environment, hard work and noble spirit (mid-first century BCE)

Romans: Dionysios on the supposed Roman refusal of barbarian and Phrygian customs (late first century BCE)

Lusitanians (subset of Iberians)

Celtiberians, Iberians, and Lusitanians: Diodoros on their customs and military skill (mid-first century BCE)

Colchians, Phrygians, and others: Vitruvius theorizes development from primitives to civilized peoples (first century BCE)

Iberians: Appian of Alexandria on Viriathus and resistance by Lusitanians (second century CE)

Iberians: Diodoros on Viriathus and the Lusitanians' resistance to Roman rule (mid-first century BCE)

Lycians (in Asia Minor)

Assyrian / Babylonian wisdom: Sibyl of Babylon on the superiority of the Judean people (second century BCE)

Egyptian perspectives: Isidoros' hymns in praise of the goddess Hermouthis and legendary pharaohs (early first century BCE)

Ethnic diversity in Egypt: Inscriptional and papyrological evidence

Gauls, Kimbrians, Numidians, Indians, and others: Valerius Maximus' collection of "barbarian customs" (early first century CE)

Lycians, Egyptians, and Celts: Pseudo-Plutarch on the effeminacy of grief (third-fourth centuries CE)

Lydians, Maionians, Arimians, and Solymians: Strabo on a variety of peoples in Lydia, Phrygia and Pisidia (early first century CE)

Medes, Assyrians, Baktrians, and others: Herodotos on the mixed composition of the Persian army under Xerxes (fifth century BCE)

Mysians, Galatians, Pisidians, and others: Strabo on relations among Anatolian peoples (early first century CE)

Lydians / Maionians (in Asia Minor)

Assyrian / Babylonian wisdom: Sibyl of Babylon on the superiority of the Judean people (second century BCE)

Carians: Strabo on long-term interactions with Greeks and on "Carianizing" (early first century CE)

Egyptians, Lydians, Cilicians, and other peoples: Kratinos, Aristophanes, Suetonius and others on "Egyptianizing" and other ethnicizing stereotypes (sixth century BCE on)

Judeans, "Asiatics", and Greeks: Cicero's ethnic invective aimed at eastern witnesses against Flaccus (mid-first century BCE)

Libyan perspectives: Juba of Numidia on ethnographic matters (late first century BCE)

Lycians, Egyptians, and Celts: Pseudo-Plutarch on the effeminacy of grief (third-fourth centuries CE)

Lydians, Maionians, Arimians, and Solymians: Strabo on a variety of peoples in Lydia, Phrygia and Pisidia (early first century CE)

Lydians: Diodoros on materialistic Croesus, consultation of Anacharsis and other sages, and Persian conquest (mid-first century BCE)

Lydians: Herodotos on king Croesus and Lydian customs (mid-fifth century BCE)

Lydians: Xanthos of Lydia on kings and luxurious customs (mid-fifth century BCE)

Medes, Assyrians, Baktrians, and others: Herodotos on the mixed composition of the Persian army under Xerxes (fifth century BCE)

Mysians, Galatians, Pisidians, and others: Strabo on relations among Anatolian peoples (early first century CE)

Scythian wisdom: Letters of Anacharsis (mid-third century BCE)

Trojans, Lelegians, and Kilikians: Homer and Strabo on legendary peoples and migrations in the Troad (early first century CE)

Macedonians or Greco-Macedonians

Carians: Strabo on long-term interactions with Greeks and on "Carianizing" (early first century CE)

Celts: Trogus on Gallic invasions and character (first century BCE)

Egyptian perspectives: Oracles of the Lamb and the Potter on Greco-Macedonians and other foreigners (third-second centuries BCE)

Egyptian wisdom: Alexander Romance on king Nektanebos the astrologer and diviner (fourth century CE and earlier)

Ethnic diversity in Egypt: Inscriptional and papyrological evidence

Judean diasporas: Josephos on conflicts in Babylonia, ca. 40-66 CE (late first century CE)

Lydians, Maionians, Arimians, and Solymians: Strabo on a variety of peoples in Lydia, Phrygia and Pisidia (early first century CE)

Parthians and Scythians: Julius Africanus on barbarian military techniques (early third century CE)

Pelasgian diasporas: Hekataios of Miletos and Herodotos on legends of migration, language, and influence (mid-fifth century BCE)

Persians: Clement of Alexandria [IV] on the elements among Greek philosophers and Persian Magians (late second century CE)

Persians: Trogus, Diodoros, and Curtius Rufus on Alexander of Macedon's decline into eastern ways (first century BCE on)

Romans: Dionysios on Roman origins and legends of Greek and Pelasgian migrations to Italy (late first century BCE)

Scythian wisdom: Curtius Rufus on the Scythian elder's speech about Alexander the bandit (first century CE)

Thracians and Odrysians: Thucydides on Thracians, power, and violence (late fifth century BCE)

Thracians, Galatians, Daans, and others: Polybios on the mixed composition of the armies of Ptolemy IV and Antiochos III (second century BCE)

Machelonians (in the Caucasus region)

Kolchians, Heniochians, Drillians, and others: Arrian on his journey along the Black Sea coast near the Caucasus mountains (ca. 131-132 CE)

Machimians (imaginary)

Eusebeians and Machimians in an alternative world: Theopompos on pious and war-like peoples (mid-fourth century BCE)

Maiotians

Sarmatians and others: Pliny the Elder on peoples of northwestern Asia (first century CE)

Thracians and other Black Sea peoples: Ammianus Marcellinus on their "savage" character and on Roman control (late fourth century CE)

Marcomannians (subset of Germans)

Germans, Suebians, Marcomannians, and Kimbrians: Poseidonios and Strabo on customs and rumours about the tides (first century BCE)

Mediterranean peoples: Augustus on his own achievements, conquests and alliances with peoples (14 CE)

Northern peoples: Inscriptions on barbarians as bandits (second-third centuries CE)

Sarmatians, Marcomannians, Quadians, and Iazygians: Reliefs on Marcus Aurelius' column including women and children (176-193 CE)

Mardians (in Persian territory)

Asian Albanians, Iberians, Mardians and others: Demodamas and Pliny the Elder on peoples in the Caucasus region and further east (third century BCE / first century CE)

Indians and peoples on the way: Diodoros on Alexander's conquests (mid-first century BCE)

Mardians among Persians: Curtius Rufus on Alexander's conquest of an uncivilized cave people (first century CE)

Mariandynians (in northwestern Anatolia)

Massagetians (subset of Scythians)

Daans, Kadousians, Hyrkanians, and Sakians: Strabo on peoples east of the Caspian Sea (first century CE)

Huns and Alans: Ammianus Marcellinus on "savage" nomadic threats (late fourth century CE)

Judeans, Syrians, Indians, and others: Porphyry of Tyre on abstinence from meat (third century CE)

Kimmerians and Kolchians: Herodotos on other Pontic peoples (mid-fifth century BCE)

Mediterranean peoples: Sextus Empiricus engages with ethnographic discourses for philosophical aims (second-third centuries CE)

Northern peoples: Antonios Diogenes' "Wonders Beyond Thule" and ethnographic fiction (second century CE / ninth century CE)

Persians, Hyrkanians, Armenians, Derbikians and others: Curtius Rufus on the mixed composition of the army of Darius III (first century CE)

Scythians: Lucian on a competition between Toxaris and Mnesippos about ethnic superiority (mid-second century CE)

Thracians and other Black Sea peoples: Ammianus Marcellinus on their "savage" character and on Roman control (late fourth century CE)

Maurians / Moors (in northern Africa)

Eastern and northern peoples: Bardaisan of Edessa's Book of the Laws of Countries and the Pseudo-Clementines on astrology and peoples (second-third centuries CE)

Libyan perspectives: Juba of Numidia on ethnographic matters (late first century BCE)

Libyans / Africans: Ancient and modern composite statue of "The Moor"

Libyans / Africans: Tacitus on Tacfarinas and resistance by Numidians, Maurians, and Musulamians (early second century CE)

Libyans and Ausourianians: Synesios on years of incursions into Cyrenaica (early fifth century CE)

Libyans and Maurians: Corippus' poetic survey of northern African peoples in the tale of John Troglita (after 548 CE)

Libyans, Maurians and Ausourianians: Ammianus Marcellinus on their savage behaviour and banditry (late fourth century CE)

Mediterranean peoples: Pausanias, ethnographic interests, and local traditions (mid-second century CE)

Mediterranean peoples: Pomponius Mela on peoples of the known world (mid-first century CE)

Mediterranean peoples: Roman coins [part 3] on kneeling in supplication or adoration (first century BCE on)

Medes (often interchanged with Persians)

Assyrians, Medes and Persians: Ktesias on Persian Matters via Diodoros and Photios (early fourth century BCE)

Babylonian diasporas: Josephos and other Judeans on legends of migration from Babel (first-second centuries CE)

Babylonians and Assyrians: Herodotos on legendary queens and outstanding customs (mid-fifth century BCE)

Eastern and northern peoples: Bardaisan of Edessa's Book of the Laws of Countries and the Pseudo-Clementines on astrology and peoples (second-third centuries CE)

Egyptian and Persian wisdom: Plutarch on the "barbarian-lover" Herodotos (early second century CE)

Egyptian perspectives: Oracles of the Lamb and the Potter on Greco-Macedonians and other foreigners (third-second centuries BCE)

Ethnic diversity in Libya / Africa: Sallust on legends of migration (mid-first century BCE)

Indians, Ethiopians, and Celts: Dio of Prusa critiques foreign imports and luxury (late first century CE)

Indians: Herodotos on eastern peoples at the ends of the earth (mid-fifth century BCE)

Kimmerians and Kolchians: Herodotos on other Pontic peoples (mid-fifth century BCE)

Lydians: Diodoros on materialistic Croesus, consultation of Anacharsis and other sages, and Persian conquest (mid-first century BCE)

Medes: Diodoros on Datis and legends of an Athenian-Median connection (mid-first century BCE)

Mediterranean peoples: Augustus on his own achievements, conquests and alliances with peoples (14 CE)

Mediterranean peoples: Diodoros, Pliny and Plutarch on Pompey's subjugation of peoples of the world (mid-first century BCE on)

Parthians, Libyans, Egyptians and others: Acts of the Apostles on legends of Judean migration (early second century CE)

Parthians, Medes, and Babylonians: Pliny the Elder (first century CE)

Persian wisdom: Ammianus Marcellinus on Zoroaster, Hystaspes, and the Magians (late fourth century CE)

Persian wisdom: Lactantius and others on the Oracles of Hystaspes the Mede (third century CE)

Persian, Babylonian, and Indian wisdom: Pseudo-Lucian on long-living sages and peoples (third century CE and earlier)

Persians and Medes: Douris of Samos, Herakleides of Kyme, Klearchos of Soloi, and others on royal banquets (fifth-fourth centuries BCE)

Persians and Medes: Herodotos on customs (mid-fifth century BCE)

Persians and Medes: Thucydides on Medizing (late-fifth century BCE)

Persians, Hyrkanians, Armenians, Derbikians and others: Curtius Rufus on the mixed composition of the army of Darius III (first century CE)

Persians: Clement of Alexandria [IV] on the elements among Greek philosophers and Persian Magians (late second century CE)

Persians: Xenophon and an anonymous author on royal customs and Cyrus (early fourth century BCE / second century BCE)

Romans: Dionysios on Roman origins and legends of Greek and Pelasgian migrations to Italy (late first century BCE)

Romans: Rabbis on four successive imperial powers – Babylonians, Medes, Greeks, Romans (fifth century CE and earlier)

Scythians and other Pontic peoples: Herodotos on the "most ignorant peoples of all" (fifth century BCE)

Scythians, Amazons, and Hyperboreans: Diodoros on some northerners (mid-first century BCE)

Mediterranean peoples

Babylonian diasporas: Hippolytos and Epiphanios on legends of migration from Babel (third-fourth centuries CE)

Barbarian peoples: Hellanikos, Nymphodoros, Nikolaos, and others with collections of "barbarian customs" (fifth century BCE on)

Eastern and northern peoples: Bardaisan of Edessa's Book of the Laws of Countries and the Pseudo-Clementines on astrology and peoples (second-third centuries CE)

Medes, Assyrians, Baktrians, and others: Herodotos on the mixed composition of the Persian army under Xerxes (fifth century BCE)

Mediterranean peoples: Augustus on his own achievements, conquests and alliances with peoples (14 CE)

Mediterranean peoples: Claudius Ptolemy on astrological effects on peoples (second century CE)

Mediterranean peoples: Dionysios of Alexandria's poetic Guide to the Inhabited World (117-138 CE)

Mediterranean peoples: Pausanias, ethnographic interests, and local traditions (mid-second century CE)

Mediterranean peoples: Pseudo-Skylax (fourth century BCE)

Mediterranean peoples: Pseudo-Skymnos' Voyage Around the Earth for Nikomedes in full (mid-second century BCE)

Mediterranean peoples: Sextus Empiricus engages with ethnographic discourses for philosophical aims (second-third centuries CE)

Mediterranean peoples: Vitruvius on the effects of climate (first century BCE)

Thracians, Galatians, Daans, and others: Polybios on the mixed composition of the armies of Ptolemy IV and Antiochos III (second century BCE)

Meropians (imaginary)

Eusebeians and Machimians in an alternative world: Theopompos on pious and war-like peoples (mid-fourth century BCE)

Mesopotamians (general category)

Mediterranean peoples: Diodoros, Pliny and Plutarch on Pompey's subjugation of peoples of the world (mid-first century BCE on)

Mediterranean peoples: Ovid on identifying personified peoples in art to impress a girl (early first century CE)

Midianites and Moabites (associated with Arabians)

Midianites and Moabites / Arabians: Josephos and Philo on intermixing and the dangers of acculturation (first century CE)

Mossynoikians (in Pontos)

Amazons, Tibarenians, and Mossynoikians: Apollonios of Rhodes on a voyage to the Kolchians (third century BCE)

Barbarian peoples: Hellanikos, Nymphodoros, Nikolaos, and others with collections of "barbarian customs" (fifth century BCE on)

Mediterranean peoples: Artemidoros theorizes foreign elements in dreams (second century CE)

Mediterranean peoples: Pomponius Mela on peoples of the known world (mid-first century CE)

Mossynoikians in Pontos: Xenophon and others on the "most barbarous" people (early fourth century BCE)

Thracians and other Black Sea peoples: Ammianus Marcellinus on their "savage" character and on Roman control (late fourth century CE)

Musulamians (in northern Africa)

Libyans / Africans: Tacitus on Tacfarinas and resistance by Numidians, Maurians, and Musulamians (early second century CE)

Mysians / Moesians

Carians: Strabo on long-term interactions with Greeks and on "Carianizing" (early first century CE)

Getians, Dacians, and Scythians: Strabo (early first century CE)

Judeans, "Asiatics", and Greeks: Cicero's ethnic invective aimed at eastern witnesses against Flaccus (mid-first century BCE)

Lydians, Maionians, Arimians, and Solymians: Strabo on a variety of peoples in Lydia, Phrygia and Pisidia (early first century CE)

Medes, Assyrians, Baktrians, and others: Herodotos on the mixed composition of the Persian army under Xerxes (fifth century BCE)

Mysians / Moesians: Poseidonios on their identification and customs based on Homer (first century BCE)

Mysians, Galatians, Pisidians, and others: Strabo on relations among Anatolian peoples (early first century CE)

Thracians, Getians, Paionians, and others: Herodotos (mid-fifth century BCE)

Nabateans (subset of Arabians)

Arabians / Nabateans: Diodoros on Nabatean customs and freedom (mid-first century BCE)

Arabians and Judeans: Jubilees, Molon, and Josephos on identifying the Ishmaelites (second century BCE on)

Arabians: Agatharchides and Diodoros on peoples of Arabia Felix on the eastern coast of the Red Sea (second-first centuries BCE)

Arabians: Herodotos on deities and lifestyle (late fifth century BCE)

Barbaria's inhabitants, Arabians, and Indians: Anonymous author on trade and peoples on the Erythraian sea all the way to eastern India (mid-first century CE)

Indian wisdom: Apuleius on the amazing naked philosophers and Pythagoras' journeys (mid-second century CE)

Mediterranean peoples: Diodoros, Pliny and Plutarch on Pompey's subjugation of peoples of the world (mid-first century BCE on)

Mediterranean peoples: Roman coins [part 3] on kneeling in supplication or adoration (first century BCE on)

Nasamonians (Libyans)

Libyans: Herodotos on customs and colonization (fifth century BCE)

Scythians and Getians: Dio of Prusa on inter-ethnic encounters at Olbia and on Getian Matters (late first century CE)

Nervians (subset of Celts or Germans)

Celts: Appian of Alexandria on their character and on ambassadorial relations with Romans (second century CE)

Numidians (in northern Africa)

Celts, Iberians, and Libyans: Polybios on the mixed composition of Hannibal of Carthage's army and on military equipment (second century BCE)

Gauls, Kimbrians, Numidians, Indians, and others: Valerius Maximus' collection of "barbarian customs" (early first century CE)

Libyan perspectives: Apuleius self-identifies as a barbarian and Numidian / Gaetulian (mid-second century CE)

Libyans / Africans: Tacitus on Tacfarinas and resistance by Numidians, Maurians, and Musulamians (early second century CE)

Persians: Apuleius of Madaura's defence against the charge of harmful Magian actions (ca. 158 CE)

Odrysians (in Thrace)

Barbarian wisdom: Clement of Alexandria [VI] on barbarian and Hebrew philosophy (late second century CE)

Mediterranean peoples: Pausanias, ethnographic interests, and local traditions (mid-second century CE)

Thracians and Odrysians: Thucydides on Thracians, power, and violence (late fifth century BCE)

Thracians and other Black Sea peoples: Ammianus Marcellinus on their "savage" character and on Roman control (late fourth century CE)

Thracians: Theopompos on king Kotys I's obsession with banquets (mid-fourth century BCE)

Oreitians (between Gedrosia and India)

Indians and peoples on the way: Diodoros on Alexander's conquests (mid-first century BCE)

Ottorokorians / Attacorians (south of the Serians / Chinese)

Serians (Chinese), Ottorokorians and others: Pliny the Elder on the savage silk people (first century CE)

Ousipetians / Usipetians (subset of Germans)

Celts: Appian of Alexandria on their character and on ambassadorial relations with Romans (second century CE)

Ouxians / Uxians (subset of Persians)

Parthians, Medes, and Babylonians: Pliny the Elder (first century CE)

Paionians

Thracians, Getians, Paionians, and others: Herodotos (mid-fifth century BCE)

Pamphylians (in Asia Minor)

Assyrian / Babylonian wisdom: Sibyl of Babylon on the superiority of the Judean people (second century BCE)

Assyrians, Chaldeans, Egyptians, Celts, and others: The Cicero brothers on the nature and effectiveness of divination (mid-first century BCE)

Isaurians: Ammianus Marcellinus on their incursions and banditry (late fourth century CE)

Panchaians (largely mythical)

Panchaians: Euhemeros and Diodoros on a noble people worshipping Zeus on a utopian island (fourth / first century BCE)

Pannonians (northwest of Greece)

Illyrians, Pannonians, and other peoples: Strabo (early first century CE)

Paphlagonians (in northern Asia Minor)

Babylonian diasporas: Josephos and other Judeans on legends of migration from Babel (first-second centuries CE)

Bithynians, Mariandynians, Paphlagonians, and others: Strabo on temple-states and peoples near his Pontic homeland (early first century CE)

Ethnic diversity in Egypt: Inscriptional and papyrological evidence

Medes, Assyrians, Baktrians, and others: Herodotos on the mixed composition of the Persian army under Xerxes (fifth century BCE)

Mediterranean peoples: Diodoros, Pliny and Plutarch on Pompey's subjugation of peoples of the world (mid-first century BCE on)

Parapanisadians (in the Hindu Kush range)

Indians and peoples on the way: Diodoros on Alexander's conquests (mid-first century BCE)

Parapamisadians: Curtius Rufus on peoples east of Baktria (first century CE)

Persians and neighbouring eastern peoples: Ammianus Marcellinus on Persian territories and lifestyles (late fourth century CE)

Parthians

Armenians / Parthians: Statue of the client king Tiridates I in the Louvre (66 CE)

Assyrians, Medes and Persians: Ktesias on Persian Matters via Diodoros and Photios (early fourth century BCE)

Daans, Kadousians, Hyrkanians, and Sakians: Strabo on peoples east of the Caspian Sea (first century CE)

Eastern and northern peoples: Bardaisan of Edessa's Book of the Laws of Countries and the Pseudo-Clementines on astrology and peoples (second-third centuries CE)

Indian wisdom: Apuleius on the amazing naked philosophers and Pythagoras' journeys (mid-second century CE)

Judean diasporas: Josephos on conflicts in Babylonia, ca. 40-66 CE (late first century CE)

Mediterranean peoples: Augustus on his own achievements, conquests and alliances with peoples (14 CE)

Mediterranean peoples: Roman coins [part 1] on defeat, capture, and subjugation (first century BCE on)

Mediterranean peoples: Roman coins [part 3] on kneeling in supplication or adoration (first century BCE on)

Parthians and Scythians: Julius Africanus on barbarian military techniques (early third century CE)

Parthians, Celts and Iberians or Germans: Scenes on the breastplate of the "Augustus of Prima Porta" (early first century CE)

Parthians, Libyans, Egyptians and others: Acts of the Apostles on legends of Judean migration (early second century CE)

Parthians, Medes, and Babylonians: Pliny the Elder (first century CE)

Parthians: Arrian on their Scythian origins (second century CE)

Parthians: Curtius Rufus on their Scythian origins (first century CE)

Parthians: Kneeling colossal support statues in eastern garb (first century CE)

Parthians: Panamara inscription on Zeus' miraculous actions against invading Parthians (ca. 39 BCE)

Parthians: Poseidonios on royal banquets (first century BCE)

Parthians: Scenes from the Arch of Septimius Severus (early third century CE)

Parthians: Strabo on Scythian origins and military success (early first century CE)

Parthians: Trogus on the origins and developments of an empire (first century BCE)

Persian, Babylonian, and Indian wisdom: Pseudo-Lucian on long-living sages and peoples (third century CE and earlier)

Persians and neighbouring eastern peoples: Ammianus Marcellinus on Persian territories and lifestyles (late fourth century CE)

Persians, Hyrkanians, Armenians, Derbikians and others: Curtius Rufus on the mixed composition of the army of Darius III (first century CE)

Romans: Ammianus Marcellinus on the danger of decline into uncivilized lifestyles (late fourth century CE)

Scythians and Getians: Dio of Prusa on inter-ethnic encounters at Olbia and on Getian Matters (late first century CE)

Pelasgians

Carians: Strabo on long-term interactions with Greeks and on "Carianizing" (early first century CE)

Cretans: Diodoros on Cretan (Greek) contributions to civilization (mid-first century BCE)

Egyptians: Herodotos on customs and legendary kings (fifth century BCE)

Libyans: Dionysios of Mytilene and Diodoros on competing claims about the god Dionysos (third / mid-first century BCE)

Libyans: Herodotos on customs and colonization (fifth century BCE)

Pelasgian diasporas: Ephoros on legends of migration (mid-fourth century BCE)

Pelasgian diasporas: Hekataios of Miletos and Herodotos on legends of migration, language, and influence (mid-fifth century BCE)

Pelasgians: Strabo on a legendary migrating people (early first century CE)

Romans: Dionysios on Roman origins and legends of Greek and Pelasgian migrations to Italy (late first century BCE)

Persians / Iranians / Magians

Arabians: Herodotos on deities and lifestyle (late fifth century BCE)

Asian Albanians, Iberians, Mardians and others: Demodamas and Pliny the Elder on peoples in the Caucasus region and further east (third century BCE / first century CE)

Assyrian / Babylonian wisdom: Sibyl of Babylon on the superiority of the Judean people (second century BCE)

Assyrian wisdom: The Kyranides on a journey to learn from a foreign inscription (fourth century CE or earlier)

Assyrians, Chaldeans, Egyptians, Celts, and others: The Cicero brothers on the nature and effectiveness of divination (mid-first century BCE)

Assyrians, Medes and Persians: Ktesias on Persian Matters via Diodoros and Photios (early fourth century BCE)

Assyrians: Trogus on the achievements of Ninos and Semiramis and on the extreme effeminacy of Sardanapalus (first century BCE)

Babylonian / Persian wisdom: Philodemos, Seneca, and others on Chaldeans / Magians at Plato's death (first century BCE on)

Babylonian and Persian wisdom: Kleitarchos on Chaldeans and Magians (late fourth-third centuries BCE)

Babylonian and Persian wisdom: Various authors on reception and expulsion of Chaldeans, Magians, and other foreign experts at Rome (first century CE on)

Babylonian wisdom: Lucian's Menippos visits Mithrobarzanes the Chaldean / Magian wise man (late second century CE)

Babylonians and Assyrians: Herodotos on legendary queens and outstanding customs (mid-fifth century BCE)

Barbarian peoples: Hellanikos, Nymphodoros, Nikolaos, and others with collections of "barbarian customs" (fifth century BCE on)

Barbarian wisdom: Celsus and Origen of Alexandria (second-third centuries CE)

Barbarian wisdom: Clement of Alexandria [VI] on barbarian and Hebrew philosophy (late second century CE)

Celtic, Indian, and Assyrian wisdom: Polyhistor on Pythagoras' education by wise barbarians (first century BCE)

Celts, Persians, and Amazons: Smaller statues of fighting and dying "barbarians" associated with Attalos of Pergamon (third-second century BCE / second century CE)

Celts: Pliny the Elder on medicine, rites and Magian skill among Druids (first century CE)

Eastern and northern peoples: Bardaisan of Edessa's Book of the Laws of Countries and the Pseudo-Clementines on astrology and peoples (second-third centuries CE)

Egyptian / Persian / Judean wisdom: Judean legends of Jannes and Jambres as Magians in the Exodus account (third century CE and earlier)

Egyptian and Persian wisdom: Plutarch on the "barbarian-lover" Herodotos (early second century CE)

Egyptian perspectives: Oracles of the Lamb and the Potter on Greco-Macedonians and other foreigners (third-second centuries BCE)

Egyptian wisdom: Cicero, Diodoros and Valerius Maximus on Pythagoras' and Plato's supposed journeys to Egypt (first centuries BCE and CE)

Egyptian wisdom: Plutarch on wise Egyptian priests and on Isis and Osiris (early second century CE)

Egyptians, Taurians, and Celts: Cicero's Philus engages in ethnographic discourses for philosophical aims (mid-first century BCE)

Egyptians: Cicero on superstition and animal-worship (mid-first century BCE)

Egyptians: Lykeas of Naukratis on Egyptian kings and meals (first century CE or earlier)

Ethiopians: Herodotos on southern peoples at the ends of the earth (mid-fifth century BCE)

Ethnic diversity in Alexandria: Dio of Prusa on the cross-roads of the world (late first century CE)

Ethnic diversity in Libya / Africa: Sallust on legends of migration (mid-first century BCE)

Indians, Ethiopians, and Celts: Dio of Prusa critiques foreign imports and luxury (late first century CE)

Indians: Herodotos on eastern peoples at the ends of the earth (mid-fifth century BCE)

Judean wisdom: Josephos on Solomon as the ultimate wise man, controller of lower spirits, and healer (late-first century CE)

Judean wisdom: Pseudo-Clementines on Abraham the astrologer and legends of migration (second-fourth centuries CE)

Judean wisdom: Tatian the Assyrian on the priority of Moses' "barbarian wisdom" (second century CE)

Judean wisdom: Testament of Solomon on Solomon's superiority in controlling lower spirits and in healing (first-third century CE)

Judean, Persian, and Indian wisdom: Philo on the freedom of Essenes and Kalanos (early first century CE)

Judeans, Syrians, Indians, and others: Porphyry of Tyre on abstinence from meat (third century CE)

Judeans: Poseidonios (?) and Strabo on decline after Moses (first century CE)

Kimmerians and Kolchians: Herodotos on other Pontic peoples (mid-fifth century BCE)

Libyan perspectives: Apuleius self-identifies as a barbarian and Numidian / Gaetulian (mid-second century CE)

Libyan perspectives: Juba of Numidia on ethnographic matters (late first century BCE)

Libyans: Herodotos on customs and colonization (fifth century BCE)

Lydians: Diodoros on materialistic Croesus, consultation of Anacharsis and other sages, and Persian conquest (mid-first century BCE)

Lydians: Herodotos on king Croesus and Lydian customs (mid-fifth century BCE)

Mardians among Persians: Curtius Rufus on Alexander's conquest of an uncivilized cave people (first century CE)

Medes, Assyrians, Baktrians, and others: Herodotos on the mixed composition of the Persian army under Xerxes (fifth century BCE)

Medes: Diodoros on Datis and legends of an Athenian-Median connection (mid-first century BCE)

Mediterranean peoples: Maximus of Tyre on images for the gods as ubiquitous among peoples (late second century CE)

Mediterranean peoples: Ovid on identifying personified peoples in art to impress a girl (early first century CE)

Mediterranean peoples: Pausanias, ethnographic interests, and local traditions (mid-second century CE)

Mediterranean peoples: Sextus Empiricus engages with ethnographic discourses for philosophical aims (second-third centuries CE)

Parthians and Scythians: Julius Africanus on barbarian military techniques (early third century CE)

Parthians, Medes, and Babylonians: Pliny the Elder (first century CE)

Persian / Hyperborean wisdom: Anonymous author on Gobryas the Magian and the bronze tablets about death and judgment (first century BCE)

Persian and Babylonian wisdom: Pseudo-Demokritos and others on Demokritos' training by Magians and Chaldeans (first century BCE on)

Persian diasporas: Pseudo-Clement, Eusebios, Epiphanios, and Basil on the Magusaeans and their customs (third century CE on)

Persian wisdom: Aelian on the Magians' predictions about the savage Artaxerxes III (late second century)

Persian wisdom: Ammianus Marcellinus on Zoroaster, Hystaspes, and the Magians (late fourth century CE)

Persian wisdom: Aristoxenos of Tarentum on Pythagoras and Zoroaster (late fourth century BCE)

Persian wisdom: Celsus and Origen on Magians and on Moses and Jesus as howlers of chants (second-third centuries CE)

Persian wisdom: Celsus on mysteries of Mithras as a source of ancient wisdom (mid-second century CE)

Persian wisdom: Euboulos and Porphyry of Tyre on Zoroaster and the cave (third century CE)

Persian wisdom: Eudemos of Rhodes on Magians (fourth century BCE)

Persian wisdom: Herakleides of Pontos on the Magian who circumnavigated Libya (mid-fourth century BCE)

Persian wisdom: Lactantius and others on the Oracles of Hystaspes the Mede (third century CE)

Persian wisdom: Plutarch's story about Kleombrotos' journeys (early second century CE)

Persian wisdom: Theopompos of Chios and Plutarch on Magians and Zoroaster (fourth century BCE and later)

Persian, Babylonian, and Indian wisdom: Pseudo-Lucian on long-living sages and peoples (third century CE and earlier)

Persian, Babylonian, and Scythian wisdom: Diogenes of Laertes refutes Magian and Chaldean origins for Greek philosophy (early third century CE)

Persian, Egyptian, Indian, and Celtic wisdom: Dio of Prusa on philosophers' roles in leadership (late first century CE)

Persian, Indian, and Judean wisdom: Klearchos of Soloi on Magian precedence (fourth century BCE)

Persians and Medes: Douris of Samos, Herakleides of Kyme, Klearchos of Soloi, and others on royal banquets (fifth-fourth centuries BCE)

Persians and Medes: Herodotos on customs (mid-fifth century BCE)

Persians and Medes: Thucydides on Medizing (late-fifth century BCE)

Persians and neighbouring eastern peoples: Ammianus Marcellinus on Persian territories and lifestyles (late fourth century CE)

Persians and Thessalians: Lucan compares Thessalian women's techniques to Magian ones (mid-first century CE)

Persians, Babylonians, and Egyptians: Pseudo-Clementines on Zoroaster and the origins of Magian skill (second-fourth centuries CE)

Persians, Hyrkanians, Armenians, Derbikians and others: Curtius Rufus on the mixed composition of the army of Darius III (first century CE)

Persians, Spartans, and Athenians: Platonic author on the superiority of the Persians (fourth century BCE)

Persians, Thracians, and Amazons: Isocrates on Athenian superiority and barbarian weakness (fourth century BCE)

Persians: Acts of Archelaos on Mani's foreignness (early fourth century CE)

Persians: Aeschylus on "barbarian" hierarchy, luxury, and emotionalism (472 BCE)

Persians: Agathias on the divergent customs of Zoroaster's Magians (sixth century CE and earlier)

Persians: Apion of Alexandria on Pases the Magian (first century CE)

Persians: Apuleius of Madaura's defence against the charge of harmful Magian actions (ca. 158 CE)

Persians: Cattulus' poem smearing Magians as incestuous (early first century BCE)

Persians: Clement of Alexandria [IV] on the elements among Greek philosophers and Persian Magians (late second century CE)

Persians: Curtius Rufus on military processions and royal luxury (first century CE)

Persians: Deinon, Chrysippos, and Cicero on their character and customs (third century BCE / mid-first century BCE)

Persians: Derveni papyrus on the activities of Magians (ca. 400 BCE)

Persians: Dio of Prusa on Magians and a supposedly Zoroastrian myth (late first century CE)

Persians: Diodoros on expansionism and arrogance of Persian kings (mid-first century BCE)

Persians: Emperor Diocletian on strange and monstrous Manicheans (ca. 300 CE)

Persians: God Mithras as a Roman representation of a Persian (second century CE)

Persians: Heresy-hunters on Simon Magus and other Magians (second-third centuries CE)

Persians: Hippokratic author on the "sacred" disease and Magian attempts at healing (ca. 400 BCE)

Persians: Irenaeus on Marcus the Valentinian Magian (late second century CE)

Persians: Matthew and Luke-Acts on two contrasting approaches to Magians (late first century CE)

Persians: Maximus of Tyre on "barbarizing" and the excesses of royal pleasure (late second century CE)

Persians: Philo on true Magian skill and its criminal counterfeit (early first century CE)

Persians: Plato on Persian decline into effeminacy and tyranny (early fourth century BCE)

Persians: Suda on Zoroaster and on expertise in Magian practice, howling chants, and potions (tenth century CE)

Persians: Trogus, Diodoros, and Curtius Rufus on Alexander of Macedon's decline into eastern ways (first century BCE on)

Persians: Varro on Pythagoras' and Numa's adoption of Persian forms of divination (first century BCE / early fifth century CE)

Persians: Vitruvius theorizes about Greek depictions of enemies in architectural contexts (first century BCE)

Persians: Xanthos on the Magians' supposed incest and on Zoroaster's date (mid-fifth century BCE)

Persians: Xenophon and an anonymous author on royal customs and Cyrus (early fourth century BCE / second century BCE)

Phoenician, Egyptian and Babylonian wisdom: Porphyry of Tyre and Antonius Diogenes on Pythagoras (third century CE)

Phoenician, Egyptian and Persian wisdom: Iamblichos of Chalkis on Pythagoras (fourth century CE)

Phrygians: Euripides' cowardly and inferior easterner via the slave character in Orestes (408 BCE)

Romans, Egyptians, Persians, and others: Minucius Felix's ethnographic defence of the Christian people (early third century CE)

Romans: Ammianus Marcellinus on the danger of decline into uncivilized lifestyles (late fourth century CE)

Romans: Dionysios on Roman origins and legends of Greek and Pelasgian migrations to Italy (late first century BCE)

Romans: Rabbis on four successive imperial powers – Babylonians, Medes, Greeks, Romans (fifth century CE and earlier)

Scythians and Getians: Dio of Prusa on inter-ethnic encounters at Olbia and on Getian Matters (late first century CE)

Scythians and other Pontic peoples: Herodotos on the "most ignorant peoples of all" (fifth century BCE)

Scythians, Amazons, and Hyperboreans: Diodoros on some northerners (mid-first century BCE)

Scythians, Amazons, and Persians: Isocrates on the superiority of the Athenian people (early fourth century BCE)

Syrian diasporas: Diodoros and Florus on Eunous of Apameia's leadership of the slave rebellion on Sicily (mid-first century BCE / second century CE)

Thracians, Galatians, Daans, and others: Polybios on the mixed composition of the armies of Ptolemy IV and Antiochos III (second century BCE)

Thracians, Getians, Paionians, and others: Herodotos (mid-fifth century BCE)

Phoenicians / Canaanites

Assyrian / Babylonian wisdom: Sibyl of Babylon on the superiority of the Judean people (second century BCE)

Babylonian diasporas: Josephos and other Judeans on legends of migration from Babel (first-second centuries CE)

Baliaridians and other barbarian peoples off Iberia: Diodoros on their paradoxical customs (mid-first century BCE)

Barbarian wisdom: Celsus and Origen of Alexandria (second-third centuries CE)

Barbarian wisdom: Porphyry of Tyre's Neoplatonic perspective (third century CE)

Boiotians: Ephoros on the superiority of Boiotia and on a Phoenician connection (mid-fourth century BCE)

Canaanites / non-Judean peoples: Jubilees on the Dinah story and intermarriage (mid-second century BCE)

Carthaginians: Appian of Alexandria (mid-second century CE)

Celtiberians, Iberians, and Lusitanians: Diodoros on their customs and military skill (mid-first century BCE)

Cretans, Spartans, Carthaginians, and Romans: Polybios on superior and inferior societal organization (second century BCE)

Cretans: Diodoros on Cretan (Greek) contributions to civilization (mid-first century BCE)

Egyptian, Phoenician, and Phrygian wisdom: Ephoros on inventors (mid-fourth century BCE)

Egyptians and Canaanites: Wisdom of Solomon on worship of animals and images (first century BCE)

Egyptians, Chaldeans, and Phoenicians: Julius Africanus on competitive chronologies (ca. 222 CE)

Egyptians: Diodoros on the origins of civilization and on Egyptian views (mid-first century BCE)

Egyptians: Herodotos on customs and legendary kings (fifth century BCE)

Ethiopians: Herodotos on southern peoples at the ends of the earth (mid-fifth century BCE)

Gauls, Kimbrians, Numidians, Indians, and others: Valerius Maximus' collection of "barbarian customs" (early first century CE)

Iberians: Appian of Alexandria (mid-second century CE)

Iberians: Artemidoros, Poseidonios, Strabo, and others (second century BCE to first century CE)

Idumean diasporas: Inscriptions and papyri (second century BCE-third century CE)

Indians: Nearchos, Megasthenes, and Arrian (fourth century BCE-second century CE)

Judean wisdom: Anonymous on Abraham's contributions (before the mid-first century BCE)

Judean wisdom: Eupolemos on contributions by Abraham and Moses (before the mid-first century BCE)

Judean wisdom: Josephos' Against Apion in full (late first century CE)

Judeans, Syrians, Celts, Scythians and others: Plutarch on the "barbarian" origins of fearing the gods, or "superstition" (early second century CE)

Judeans, Syrians, Indians, and others: Porphyry of Tyre on abstinence from meat (third century CE)

Libyans / Africans: Sallust and Punic sources on the geography and peoples (mid-first century BCE)

Libyans: Dionysios of Mytilene and Diodoros on competing claims about the god Dionysos (third / mid-first century BCE)

Libyans: Hanno the Carthaginian (fourth century BCE or earlier)

Medes, Assyrians, Baktrians, and others: Herodotos on the mixed composition of the Persian army under Xerxes (fifth century BCE)

Mediterranean peoples: Claudius Ptolemy on astrological effects on peoples (second century CE)

Mediterranean peoples: Pliny the Elder on inventors around the world (first century CE)

Mediterranean peoples: Pseudo-Skylax (fourth century BCE)

Mediterranean peoples: Pseudo-Skymnos' Voyage Around the Earth for Nikomedes in full (mid-second century BCE)

People on an idyllic island in the Atlantic off Libya: Diodoros on their natural resources and on Carthaginian colonization plans (mid-first century BCE)

Phoenician diasporas: Ephoros on Kadmos and legends of migration to Boiotia (mid-fourth century BCE)

Phoenician diasporas: Timaios of Tauromenion, Trogus, and Appian on the founding of Carthage and on child sacrifice (first century BCE)

Phoenician perspectives: Philo of Byblos on "Phoenician Matters" (early second century CE)

Phoenician wisdom: Damascius on Eudemos of Rhodes and Mochos of Sidon (fourth century BCE)

Phoenician, Egyptian and Babylonian wisdom: Porphyry of Tyre and Antonius Diogenes on Pythagoras (third century CE)

Phoenicians and Sardinians: Cicero's ethnic invective in defending Marcus Scaurus (mid-first century BCE)

Phoenicians: Gospel of Mark on Jesus and a Syro-Phoenician woman (late first century CE)

Phoenicians: Herodotos on customs and colonizing efforts (fifth century BCE)

Scythians and other Pontic peoples: Herodotos on the "most ignorant peoples of all" (fifth century BCE)

Scythians: Lucian on a competition between Toxaris and Mnesippos about ethnic superiority (mid-second century CE)

Sikelians, Sikanians, Phoenicians and Greeks: Thucydides on settlement of Sicily (late fifth century BCE)

Sikelians, Sikanians, Sardinians and Iolaeians: Diodoros on ancient migrations and local customs on Sicily (mid-first century BCE)

Syrian and Phoenician diasporas: Inscriptional and archeological evidence

Syrian perspectives: Lucian of Samosata on The Syrian Goddess in full (mid-second century CE)

Thracians, Getians, Paionians, and others: Herodotos (mid-fifth century BCE)

Phokaians / Phocaeans (from Ionia)

Phrygians (in Asia Minor)

Assyrian / Babylonian wisdom: Sibyl of Babylon on the superiority of the Judean people (second century BCE)

Atlantians: Dionysios of Mytilene and Diodoros on supposed Atlantian stories about the earliest kings / gods (third / mid-first century BCE)

Barbarian peoples: Hellanikos, Nymphodoros, Nikolaos, and others with collections of "barbarian customs" (fifth century BCE on)

Barbarian wisdom: Cornutus on early humanity's Stoic understanding of the cosmos (mid-first century CE)

Colchians, Phrygians, and others: Vitruvius theorizes development from primitives to civilized peoples (first century BCE)

Eastern and northern peoples: Bardaisan of Edessa's Book of the Laws of Countries and the Pseudo-Clementines on astrology and peoples (second-third centuries CE)

Egyptian, Phoenician, and Phrygian wisdom: Ephoros on inventors (mid-fourth century BCE)

Egyptians: Herodotos on customs and legendary kings (fifth century BCE)

Judeans, "Asiatics", and Greeks: Cicero's ethnic invective aimed at eastern witnesses against Flaccus (mid-first century BCE)

Judeans, Egyptians, and others: Seneca on the "superstitions" of foreigners (mid-first century CE)

Libyan perspectives: Juba of Numidia on ethnographic matters (late first century BCE)

Medes, Assyrians, Baktrians, and others: Herodotos on the mixed composition of the Persian army under Xerxes (fifth century BCE)

Mediterranean peoples: Maximus of Tyre on images for the gods as ubiquitous among peoples (late second century CE)

Mediterranean peoples: Roman coins [part 3] on kneeling in supplication or adoration (first century BCE on)

Mysians, Galatians, Pisidians, and others: Strabo on relations among Anatolian peoples (early first century CE)

Parthians, Libyans, Egyptians and others: Acts of the Apostles on legends of Judean migration (early second century CE)

Persians, Hyrkanians, Armenians, Derbikians and others: Curtius Rufus on the mixed composition of the army of Darius III (first century CE)

Phrygians: Alexander Polyhistor, Hermogenes, and others on Phrygian Matters (first century BCE on)

Phrygians: Diodoros on Battakes the priest of the great Mother visiting Rome (mid-first century BCE)

Phrygians: Euripides' cowardly and inferior easterner via the slave character in Orestes (408 BCE)

Romans, Egyptians, Persians, and others: Minucius Felix's ethnographic defence of the Christian people (early third century CE)

Romans: Dionysios on the supposed Roman refusal of barbarian and Phrygian customs (late first century BCE)

Piroustians (subset of Dacians)

Pisidians (in Asia Minor)

Assyrians, Chaldeans, Egyptians, Celts, and others: The Cicero brothers on the nature and effectiveness of divination (mid-first century BCE)

Barbarian peoples: Hellanikos, Nymphodoros, Nikolaos, and others with collections of "barbarian customs" (fifth century BCE on)

Ethnic diversity in Egypt: Inscriptional and papyrological evidence

Isaurians: Ammianus Marcellinus on their incursions and banditry (late fourth century CE)

Medes, Assyrians, Baktrians, and others: Herodotos on the mixed composition of the Persian army under Xerxes (fifth century BCE)

Mysians, Galatians, Pisidians, and others: Strabo on relations among Anatolian peoples (early first century CE)

Quadians (subset of Germans)

Northern peoples: Inscriptions on barbarians as bandits (second-third centuries CE)

Sarmatians, Marcomannians, Quadians, and Iazygians: Reliefs on Marcus Aurelius' column including women and children (176-193 CE)

Rhoxolanians (subset of Sarmatians)

Getians, Dacians, and Scythians: Strabo (early first century CE)

Sarmatians: Tacitus on ferocity and laziness in military situations (early second century CE)

Romans

Assyrians, Chaldeans, Egyptians, Celts, and others: The Cicero brothers on the nature and effectiveness of divination (mid-first century BCE)

Barbarians and Greeks: Dionysios theorizes the blurry lines (late first century BCE)

Barbarians and Greeks: Eratosthenes challenges the dichotomy (third century BCE)

Boiotians: Ephoros on the superiority of Boiotia and on a Phoenician connection (mid-fourth century BCE)

Celtiberians, Iberians, and Lusitanians: Diodoros on their customs and military skill (mid-first century BCE)

Celts: Appian of Alexandria on their character and on ambassadorial relations with Romans (second century CE)

Celts: Polybios on the Celtic encounter with Rome and on his method in dealing with distant peoples (second century BCE)

Cretans, Spartans, Carthaginians, and Romans: Polybios on superior and inferior societal organization (second century BCE)

Eastern and northern peoples: Bardaisan of Edessa's Book of the Laws of Countries and the Pseudo-Clementines on astrology and peoples (second-third centuries CE)

Germans: Appian of Alexandria on large, savage and spirited Germans (second century CE)

Greek diasporas: Aristoxenos of Tarentum on barbarizing to Tyrrhenian ways (fourth century BCE)

Iberians: Trogus on their extreme courage (first century BCE)

Italian and Roman diasporas: Inscriptional evidence

Judean diasporas: Josephos' citation of documents on Asia Minor and Libya under Julius Caesar and Augustus (late first century CE)

Judeans and others: The Gospel of Philip (before the fourth century CE)

Judeans, Syrians, and Egyptians: Epiktetos engages with ethnographic discourses for philosophical aims (mid-first century CE)

Mediterranean peoples: Artemidoros theorizes foreign elements in dreams (second century CE)

Parthians and Scythians: Julius Africanus on barbarian military techniques (early third century CE)

Parthians: Arrian on their Scythian origins (second century CE)

People on an idyllic island in the Atlantic off Libya: Diodoros on their natural resources and on Carthaginian colonization plans (mid-first century BCE)

Persians: Varro on Pythagoras' and Numa's adoption of Persian forms of divination (first century BCE / early fifth century CE)

Phoenician diasporas: Timaios of Tauromenion, Trogus, and Appian on the founding of Carthage and on child sacrifice (first century BCE)

Phrygians: Diodoros on Battakes the priest of the great Mother visiting Rome (mid-first century BCE)

Romans, Egyptians, Persians, and others: Minucius Felix's ethnographic defence of the Christian people (early third century CE)

Romans: Ammianus Marcellinus on the danger of decline into uncivilized lifestyles (late fourth century CE)

Romans: Diodoros on Herakles' journey to Rome before Rome (mid-first century BCE)

Romans: Dionysios on Roman origins and legends of Greek and Pelasgian migrations to Italy (late first century BCE)

Romans: Dionysios on the supposed Roman refusal of barbarian and Phrygian customs (late first century BCE)

Romans: Rabbis on four successive imperial powers – Babylonians, Medes, Greeks, Romans (fifth century CE and earlier)

Sikelians, Sikanians, Sardinians and Iolaeians: Diodoros on ancient migrations and local customs on Sicily (mid-first century BCE)

Tyrrhenians: Diodoros on Etruscan inventions, lifestyle, and decline (mid-first century BCE)

Sabaians (subset of Arabians)

Arabians: Agatharchides and Diodoros on peoples of Arabia Felix on the eastern coast of the Red Sea (second-first centuries BCE)

Mediterranean peoples: Augustus on his own achievements, conquests and alliances with peoples (14 CE)

Sakians (subset of Scythians)

Asian Albanians, Iberians, Mardians and others: Demodamas and Pliny the Elder on peoples in the Caucasus region and further east (third century BCE / first century CE)

Assyrians, Medes and Persians: Ktesias on Persian Matters via Diodoros and Photios (early fourth century BCE)

Daans, Kadousians, Hyrkanians, and Sakians: Strabo on peoples east of the Caspian Sea (first century CE)

Mediterranean peoples: Pomponius Mela on peoples of the known world (mid-first century CE)

Persian, Babylonian, and Indian wisdom: Pseudo-Lucian on long-living sages and peoples (third century CE and earlier)

Persians and neighbouring eastern peoples: Ammianus Marcellinus on Persian territories and lifestyles (late fourth century CE)

Scythian wisdom: Curtius Rufus on the Scythian elder's speech about Alexander the bandit (first century CE)

Salyians (subset of Celts or Germans)

Celts: Appian of Alexandria on their character and on ambassadorial relations with Romans (second century CE)

Samaritans / Samarians

Samaritans and Judeans: Belonging to Israel in the Gospels (first century CE)

Samaritans: Josephos on Cuthean origins and relations with Judeans over centuries (late first century CE)

Saracens / Sarakenians (in Arabia)

Arabians: Ammianus Marcellinus on the customs of Saracens (late fourth century CE)

Arabians: Pseudo-Nilus on barbarian bandits and Saracens in the Sinai desert (early fifth century CE)

Eastern and northern peoples: Bardaisan of Edessa's Book of the Laws of Countries and the Pseudo-Clementines on astrology and peoples (second-third centuries CE)

Ethiopians and Arabians: Nonnosos on Saracens and on a hairy people (sixth century CE)

Persians: Acts of Archelaos on Mani's foreignness (early fourth century CE)

Sardinians

Mediterranean peoples: Pausanias, ethnographic interests, and local traditions (mid-second century CE)

Phoenicians and Sardinians: Cicero's ethnic invective in defending Marcus Scaurus (mid-first century BCE)

Sikelians, Sikanians, Sardinians and Iolaeians: Diodoros on ancient migrations and local customs on Sicily (mid-first century BCE)

Sarmatians (sometimes a subset of Scythians)

Amazons: Greek artistic depictions of a female warrior people (fourth century BCE to second century CE)

Barbarian peoples: Hellanikos, Nymphodoros, Nikolaos, and others with collections of "barbarian customs" (fifth century BCE on)

Dacians and Sarmatians: Reliefs on Trajan's Column celebrating subjugation (early second century CE)

Dacians and Sarmatians: Reliefs on Trajan's Trophy at Adamclisi, Romania (early second century CE)

Dacians: Frieze of Trajan's conquest reused on the so-called Arch of Constantine (likely 107 CE or after)

Getians, Dacians, and Scythians: Strabo (early first century CE)

Maiotians, Bosporians, Kaukasians, and other Pontic peoples: Strabo on northern Asia (early first century CE)

Mediterranean peoples: Pomponius Mela on peoples of the known world (mid-first century CE)

Mediterranean peoples: Roman coins [part 1] on defeat, capture, and subjugation (first century BCE on)

Mediterranean peoples: Sextus Empiricus engages with ethnographic discourses for philosophical aims (second-third centuries CE)

Northern peoples: Inscriptions on barbarians as bandits (second-third centuries CE)

Persians and neighbouring eastern peoples: Ammianus Marcellinus on Persian territories and lifestyles (late fourth century CE)

Sarmatians and others: Pliny the Elder on peoples of northwestern Asia (first century CE)

Sarmatians, Huns, and Goths: Olympiodoros of Thebes on statues as protection against invasions (early fifth century CE)

Sarmatians, Marcomannians, Quadians, and Iazygians: Reliefs on Marcus Aurelius' column including women and children (176-193 CE)

Sarmatians: Tacitus on ferocity and laziness in military situations (early second century CE)

Scythians, Germans, and others: Pliny the Elder on peoples on the western and northern coasts of the Black Sea (first century CE)

Scythians: Lucian on a competition between Toxaris and Mnesippos about ethnic superiority (mid-second century CE)

Taurians and Kolchians: Diodoros on the origins of human sacrifice in the Black Sea area (mid-first century BCE)

Satraians (subset of Thracians)

Sauromatians

Europeans and Asians: Pseudo-Hippokrates on humoural and environmental theories (fifth century BCE)

Mediterranean peoples: Pomponius Mela on peoples of the known world (mid-first century CE)

Mediterranean peoples: Pseudo-Skylax (fourth century BCE)

Persians: Clement of Alexandria [IV] on the elements among Greek philosophers and Persian Magians (late second century CE)

Sarmatians and others: Pliny the Elder on peoples of northwestern Asia (first century CE)

Scythians and Getians: Dio of Prusa on inter-ethnic encounters at Olbia and on Getian Matters (late first century CE)

Scythians and other northern peoples: Ephoros (mid-fourth century BCE)

Scythians and other Pontic peoples: Herodotos on the "most ignorant peoples of all" (fifth century BCE)

Scythians, Germans, and others: Pliny the Elder on peoples on the western and northern coasts of the Black Sea (first century CE)

Scythians: Lucian on a competition between Toxaris and Mnesippos about ethnic superiority (mid-second century CE)

Scythians / Pontic peoples (broad category)

Amazons, Tibarenians, and Mossynoikians: Apollonios of Rhodes on a voyage to the Kolchians (third century BCE)

Amazons: Greek artistic depictions of a female warrior people (fourth century BCE to second century CE)

Amazons: Strabo on their customs and northern location (late first century CE)

Asian Albanians, Iberians, Mardians and others: Demodamas and Pliny the Elder on peoples in the Caucasus region and further east (third century BCE / first century CE)

Assyrians, Medes and Persians: Ktesias on Persian Matters via Diodoros and Photios (early fourth century BCE)

Babylonian diasporas: Josephos and other Judeans on legends of migration from Babel (first-second centuries CE)

Babylonians and Assyrians: Herodotos on legendary queens and outstanding customs (mid-fifth century BCE)

Barbarian peoples: Hellanikos, Nymphodoros, Nikolaos, and others with collections of "barbarian customs" (fifth century BCE on)

Barbarian wisdom: Celsus and Origen of Alexandria (second-third centuries CE)

Barbarian wisdom: Poseidonios on inventors of the golden age (first century BCE)

Barbarians and Greeks: Eratosthenes challenges the dichotomy (third century BCE)

Britons and Iernians (Irish): Julius Caesar, Pytheas, and Strabo on customs including eating human flesh (early first century CE)

Celtic, Indian, and Assyrian wisdom: Polyhistor on Pythagoras' education by wise barbarians (first century BCE)

Celts and Germans: Plutarch’s ethnographic digressions in the Lives (early second century CE)

Celts, Ethiopians and peoples in the middle: Polybios, Poseidonios, and Strabo on climate zones (mid-second century on)

Celts, Persians, and Amazons: Smaller statues of fighting and dying "barbarians" associated with Attalos of Pergamon (third-second century BCE / second century CE)

Daans, Kadousians, Hyrkanians, and Sakians: Strabo on peoples east of the Caspian Sea (first century CE)

Egyptian diasporas: Herodotos on legends about Kolchians and customs of circumcision (mid-fifth century BCE)

Egyptian, Phoenician, and Phrygian wisdom: Ephoros on inventors (mid-fourth century BCE)

Ethnic diversity in Alexandria: Dio of Prusa on the cross-roads of the world (late first century CE)

Europeans and Asians: Pseudo-Hippokrates on humoural and environmental theories (fifth century BCE)

Europeans, Asians, and Greeks: Aristotle on hierarchies, slaves, and environmental determinism (fourth century BCE)

Germans and Scythians: Seneca on enduring hardships and on anger (first century CE)

Germans: Tacitus' Germania in full (late first century CE)

Getians, Dacians, and Scythians: Strabo (early first century CE)

Getians, Scythians, and Goths: Jordanes on their supposed origins and achievements (mid-sixth century CE)

Getians: Hellanikos and others on Zamolxis (fifth century BCE on)

Iberians, Albanians and others of the Caucasus area: Strabo (early first century CE)

Iberians: Artemidoros, Poseidonios, Strabo, and others (second century BCE to first century CE)

Indians, Ethiopians, Celts, and Scythians: Ephoros on a four-fold division of the known world (mid-fourth century BCE)

Israelites, Egyptians, Idumeans, Scythians, and others: Origen on ethnic hierarchies and their spiritual equivalents (mid-third century CE)

Judean wisdom: Tatian the Assyrian on the priority of Moses' "barbarian wisdom" (second century CE)

Judeans, Syrians, Celts, Scythians and others: Plutarch on the "barbarian" origins of fearing the gods, or "superstition" (early second century CE)

Judeans, Syrians, Indians, and others: Porphyry of Tyre on abstinence from meat (third century CE)

Judeans: Hekataios, pseudo-Hekataios and Diodoros on Judean origins and migration with the exodus (first century BCE)

Judeans: Poseidonios (?) and Strabo on decline after Moses (first century CE)

Kimmerians and Kolchians: Herodotos on other Pontic peoples (mid-fifth century BCE)

Libyan perspectives: Cornelius Fronto self-identifies as a "barbarian" and Libyan nomad (mid-second century CE)

Lydians: Diodoros on materialistic Croesus, consultation of Anacharsis and other sages, and Persian conquest (mid-first century BCE)

Maiotians, Bosporians, Kaukasians, and other Pontic peoples: Strabo on northern Asia (early first century CE)

Medes, Assyrians, Baktrians, and others: Herodotos on the mixed composition of the Persian army under Xerxes (fifth century BCE)

Mediterranean peoples: Claudius Ptolemy on astrological effects on peoples (second century CE)

Mediterranean peoples: Diodoros, Pliny and Plutarch on Pompey's subjugation of peoples of the world (mid-first century BCE on)

Mediterranean peoples: Pliny the Elder on inventors around the world (first century CE)

Mediterranean peoples: Polemon theorizes the meaning of physical features (second / fifth centuries CE)

Mediterranean peoples: Pomponius Mela on peoples of the known world (mid-first century CE)

Mediterranean peoples: Sextus Empiricus engages with ethnographic discourses for philosophical aims (second-third centuries CE)

Mossynoikians in Pontos: Xenophon and others on the "most barbarous" people (early fourth century BCE)

Mysians / Moesians: Poseidonios on their identification and customs based on Homer (first century BCE)

Northern peoples: Antonios Diogenes' "Wonders Beyond Thule" and ethnographic fiction (second century CE / ninth century CE)

Northern peoples: Inscriptions on barbarians as bandits (second-third centuries CE)

Panchaians: Euhemeros and Diodoros on a noble people worshipping Zeus on a utopian island (fourth / first century BCE)

Parthians and Scythians: Julius Africanus on barbarian military techniques (early third century CE)

Parthians: Arrian on their Scythian origins (second century CE)

Parthians: Curtius Rufus on their Scythian origins (first century CE)

Parthians: Strabo on Scythian origins and military success (early first century CE)

Parthians: Trogus on the origins and developments of an empire (first century BCE)

Persian, Babylonian, and Scythian wisdom: Diogenes of Laertes refutes Magian and Chaldean origins for Greek philosophy (early third century CE)

Persians and Medes: Herodotos on customs (mid-fifth century BCE)

Persians and neighbouring eastern peoples: Ammianus Marcellinus on Persian territories and lifestyles (late fourth century CE)

Persians, Hyrkanians, Armenians, Derbikians and others: Curtius Rufus on the mixed composition of the army of Darius III (first century CE)

Persians, Thracians, and Amazons: Isocrates on Athenian superiority and barbarian weakness (fourth century BCE)

Persians: Acts of Archelaos on Mani's foreignness (early fourth century CE)

Persians: Clement of Alexandria [IV] on the elements among Greek philosophers and Persian Magians (late second century CE)

Phoenicians: Herodotos on customs and colonizing efforts (fifth century BCE)

Pontic peoples: Phlyarchos on traits and customs of Thibians and Scythians (early second century BCE)

Pontic peoples: Tertullian on the Pontic "barbarian" Marcion (late second century CE)

Romans, Egyptians, Persians, and others: Minucius Felix's ethnographic defence of the Christian people (early third century CE)

Romans: Ammianus Marcellinus on the danger of decline into uncivilized lifestyles (late fourth century CE)

Romans: Dionysios on Roman origins and legends of Greek and Pelasgian migrations to Italy (late first century BCE)

Sarmatians: Tacitus on ferocity and laziness in military situations (early second century CE)

Scythian and Thracian diasporas: Inscriptional evidence

Scythian wisdom: Curtius Rufus on the Scythian elder's speech about Alexander the bandit (first century CE)

Scythian wisdom: Letters of Anacharsis (mid-third century BCE)

Scythians and barbarians: Colossians and others on ritual recitations (late first or early second century CE)

Scythians and Ethiopians: Agatharchides and Diodoros theorize about the effects of climate (second-first centuries CE)

Scythians and Getians: Dio of Prusa on inter-ethnic encounters at Olbia and on Getian Matters (late first century CE)

Scythians and other northern peoples: Ephoros (mid-fourth century BCE)

Scythians and other Pontic peoples: Herodotos on the "most ignorant peoples of all" (fifth century BCE)

Scythians, Amazons, and Hyperboreans: Diodoros on some northerners (mid-first century BCE)

Scythians, Amazons, and Persians: Isocrates on the superiority of the Athenian people (early fourth century BCE)

Scythians, Germans, and others: Pliny the Elder on peoples on the western and northern coasts of the Black Sea (first century CE)

Scythians: Adventures of Andrew and Matthias among the Man-eaters as ethnographic fiction (third-fifth centuries CE)

Scythians: Aischines' ethnic invective against Demosthenes (mid-fourth century BCE)

Scythians: Clement of Alexandria [I] on the example of Anacharsis (late second century CE)

Scythians: Greek depictions of Scythian archers on Attic pottery (sixth century BCE)

Scythians: Lucian on a competition between Toxaris and Mnesippos about ethnic superiority (mid-second century CE)

Scythians: Lucian on Anacharsis and Solon's dialogue about the superiority of Greek customs (mid-second century CE)

Scythians: Lucian on Toxaris' and Anacharsis' differing encounters with Greeks (late second century CE)

Scythians: Theopompos on a dish made from horses' milk (mid-fourth century BCE)

Scythians: Trogus on Scythian superiority (first century BCE)

Serians (Chinese), Ottorokorians and others: Pliny the Elder on the savage silk people (first century CE)

Thracians and Odrysians: Thucydides on Thracians, power, and violence (late fifth century BCE)

Thracians and other Black Sea peoples: Ammianus Marcellinus on their "savage" character and on Roman control (late fourth century CE)

Thracians, Galatians, Daans, and others: Polybios on the mixed composition of the armies of Ptolemy IV and Antiochos III (second century BCE)

Thracians, Getians, Paionians, and others: Herodotos (mid-fifth century BCE)

Senonians (subset of Celts)

Celts: Appian of Alexandria on their character and on ambassadorial relations with Romans (second century CE)

Serians (Chinese)

Babylonian diasporas: Josephos and other Judeans on legends of migration from Babel (first-second centuries CE)

Barbaria's inhabitants, Arabians, and Indians: Anonymous author on trade and peoples on the Erythraian sea all the way to eastern India (mid-first century CE)

Eastern and northern peoples: Bardaisan of Edessa's Book of the Laws of Countries and the Pseudo-Clementines on astrology and peoples (second-third centuries CE)

Indians, Taprobanians, and Serians: Pliny the Elder on numerous peoples and customs in India and beyond (first century CE)

Mediterranean peoples: Pausanias, ethnographic interests, and local traditions (mid-second century CE)

Persian, Babylonian, and Indian wisdom: Pseudo-Lucian on long-living sages and peoples (third century CE and earlier)

Persians and neighbouring eastern peoples: Ammianus Marcellinus on Persian territories and lifestyles (late fourth century CE)

Serians (Chinese), Ottorokorians and others: Pliny the Elder on the savage silk people (first century CE)

Sicilians / Sikelians (in Italy)

Mediterranean peoples: Pausanias, ethnographic interests, and local traditions (mid-second century CE)

Mediterranean peoples: Pseudo-Skylax (fourth century BCE)

Romans: Dionysios on Roman origins and legends of Greek and Pelasgian migrations to Italy (late first century BCE)

Sicilians and other Greeks: Cicero's praise for Sicilians in the prosecution of Verres (mid-first century BCE)

Sikelians, Sikanians, Phoenicians and Greeks: Thucydides on settlement of Sicily (late fifth century BCE)

Sikelians, Sikanians, Sardinians and Iolaeians: Diodoros on ancient migrations and local customs on Sicily (mid-first century BCE)

Sidonians (in Phoenicia)

Babylonian diasporas: Josephos and other Judeans on legends of migration from Babel (first-second centuries CE)

Ethnic diversity in Egypt: Inscriptional and papyrological evidence

Idumean diasporas: Inscriptions and papyri (second century BCE-third century CE)

Israelites, Egyptians, Idumeans, Scythians, and others: Origen on ethnic hierarchies and their spiritual equivalents (mid-third century CE)

Sikanians (on Sicily)

Sikelians, Sikanians, Phoenicians and Greeks: Thucydides on settlement of Sicily (late fifth century BCE)

Sikelians, Sikanians, Sardinians and Iolaeians: Diodoros on ancient migrations and local customs on Sicily (mid-first century BCE)

Sogdians

Asian Albanians, Iberians, Mardians and others: Demodamas and Pliny the Elder on peoples in the Caucasus region and further east (third century BCE / first century CE)

Daans, Kadousians, Hyrkanians, and Sakians: Strabo on peoples east of the Caspian Sea (first century CE)

Persians and neighbouring eastern peoples: Ammianus Marcellinus on Persian territories and lifestyles (late fourth century CE)

Sogdians: Curtius Rufus on Alexander's assessment of their noble and courageous character (first century CE)

Spartans (in Greece)

Cretans, Spartans, Carthaginians, and Romans: Polybios on superior and inferior societal organization (second century BCE)

Cretans: Ephoros on civic organization and customs (mid-fourth century BCE)

Egyptians: Herodotos on customs and legendary kings (fifth century BCE)

Europeans, Asians, and Greeks: Aristotle on hierarchies, slaves, and environmental determinism (fourth century BCE)

Germans and Scythians: Seneca on enduring hardships and on anger (first century CE)

Spartans / Lakedaimonians

Barbarians and Greeks: Dionysios theorizes the blurry lines (late first century BCE)

Barbarians and Greeks: Thucydides theorizes the shift from barbarian banditry to settled civilization (late fifth century BCE)

Egyptians, Lydians, Cilicians, and other peoples: Kratinos, Aristophanes, Suetonius and others on "Egyptianizing" and other ethnicizing stereotypes (sixth century BCE on)

Judeans, Syrians, Indians, and others: Porphyry of Tyre on abstinence from meat (third century CE)

Pelasgian diasporas: Hekataios of Miletos and Herodotos on legends of migration, language, and influence (mid-fifth century BCE)

Persians, Spartans, and Athenians: Platonic author on the superiority of the Persians (fourth century BCE)

Romans: Dionysios on Roman origins and legends of Greek and Pelasgian migrations to Italy (late first century BCE)

Scythians: Lucian on Anacharsis and Solon's dialogue about the superiority of Greek customs (mid-second century CE)

Spartans and Judeans: First Maccabees' and Josephos' claims about kinship ties (ca. 100 BCE / ca. 90s CE)

Suebians (subset of Germans)

Germans, Suebians, Marcomannians, and Kimbrians: Poseidonios and Strabo on customs and rumours about the tides (first century BCE)

Syrians / Assyrians / Aramaians

Arabians and Aramaians: Poseidonios on relations between eastern peoples (first century BCE)

Arabians: Ammianus Marcellinus on the customs of Saracens (late fourth century CE)

Assyrian / Babylonian wisdom: Sibyl of Babylon on the superiority of the Judean people (second century BCE)

Assyrian and Egyptian wisdom: Platonic author on Greek perfection of barbarian astral observation (late-fourth century BCE)

Assyrian wisdom: The Kyranides on a journey to learn from a foreign inscription (fourth century CE or earlier)

Assyrians, Chaldeans, Egyptians, Celts, and others: The Cicero brothers on the nature and effectiveness of divination (mid-first century BCE)

Assyrians: Trogus on the achievements of Ninos and Semiramis and on the extreme effeminacy of Sardanapalus (first century BCE)

Babylonian diasporas: Josephos and other Judeans on legends of migration from Babel (first-second centuries CE)

Babylonian perspectives: Bel-re’ushu / Berossos on the origins of civilization (late fourth century BCE)

Babylonians and Assyrians: Herodotos on legendary queens and outstanding customs (mid-fifth century BCE)

Barbarian wisdom: Clement of Alexandria [VI] on barbarian and Hebrew philosophy (late second century CE)

Boiotians: Ephoros on the superiority of Boiotia and on a Phoenician connection (mid-fourth century BCE)

Carthaginians: Appian of Alexandria (mid-second century CE)

Celtic, Indian, and Assyrian wisdom: Polyhistor on Pythagoras' education by wise barbarians (first century BCE)

Cretans: Diodoros on Cretan (Greek) contributions to civilization (mid-first century BCE)

Egyptian perspectives: Isidoros' hymns in praise of the goddess Hermouthis and legendary pharaohs (early first century BCE)

Egyptian perspectives: Oracles of the Lamb and the Potter on Greco-Macedonians and other foreigners (third-second centuries BCE)

Egyptian, Phoenician, and Phrygian wisdom: Ephoros on inventors (mid-fourth century BCE)

Egyptians: Cicero on superstition and animal-worship (mid-first century BCE)

Egyptians: Herodotos on customs and legendary kings (fifth century BCE)

Ethnic diversity in Alexandria: Dio of Prusa on the cross-roads of the world (late first century CE)

Ethnic diversity in Egypt: Inscriptional and papyrological evidence

Ethnic diversity in Libya / Africa: Sallust on legends of migration (mid-first century BCE)

Indian and Judean wisdom: Klearchos citing Aristotle (fourth century BCE)

Indians, Ethiopians, and Celts: Dio of Prusa critiques foreign imports and luxury (late first century CE)

Judean diasporas: Josephos on conflicts in Babylonia, ca. 40-66 CE (late first century CE)

Judean diasporas: Josephos on tensions with Greeks in Syria, the Decapolis, and Alexandria ca. 59-66 CE (late first century CE)

Judean wisdom: Josephos' Against Apion in full (late first century CE)

Judean wisdom: Theophrastos on Judean philosophers (fourth century BCE)

Judeans, Egyptians, and others: Seneca on the "superstitions" of foreigners (mid-first century CE)

Judeans, Syrians, and Egyptians: Epiktetos engages with ethnographic discourses for philosophical aims (mid-first century CE)

Judeans, Syrians, Celts, Scythians and others: Plutarch on the "barbarian" origins of fearing the gods, or "superstition" (early second century CE)

Judeans, Syrians, Indians, and others: Porphyry of Tyre on abstinence from meat (third century CE)

Judeans: Poseidonios (?) and Strabo on decline after Moses (first century CE)

Judeans: Trogus on contributions of Joseph and Moses and on the exodus (first century BCE)

Libyan perspectives: Juba of Numidia on ethnographic matters (late first century BCE)

Libyans, Assyrians and Arabians: Kleodemos and Josephos on Abraham and Keturah's descendants and their many colonies (second or first century BCE on)

Lycians, Egyptians, and Celts: Pseudo-Plutarch on the effeminacy of grief (third-fourth centuries CE)

Medes, Assyrians, Baktrians, and others: Herodotos on the mixed composition of the Persian army under Xerxes (fifth century BCE)

Mediterranean peoples: Artemidoros theorizes foreign elements in dreams (second century CE)

Mediterranean peoples: Diodoros, Pliny and Plutarch on Pompey's subjugation of peoples of the world (mid-first century BCE on)

Mediterranean peoples: Pliny the Elder on inventors around the world (first century CE)

Mediterranean peoples: Sextus Empiricus engages with ethnographic discourses for philosophical aims (second-third centuries CE)

Parthians: Scenes from the Arch of Septimius Severus (early third century CE)

Persian, Babylonian, and Indian wisdom: Pseudo-Lucian on long-living sages and peoples (third century CE and earlier)

Phoenician diasporas: Ephoros on Kadmos and legends of migration to Boiotia (mid-fourth century BCE)

Phoenician perspectives: Philo of Byblos on "Phoenician Matters" (early second century CE)

Phoenician wisdom: Damascius on Eudemos of Rhodes and Mochos of Sidon (fourth century BCE)

Phoenician wisdom: Strabo and Poseidonios on Mochos of Sidon (first century BCE)

Phoenician, Egyptian and Babylonian wisdom: Porphyry of Tyre and Antonius Diogenes on Pythagoras (third century CE)

Phoenician, Egyptian and Persian wisdom: Iamblichos of Chalkis on Pythagoras (fourth century CE)

Phoenicians: Gospel of Mark on Jesus and a Syro-Phoenician woman (late first century CE)

Phoenicians: Herodotos on customs and colonizing efforts (fifth century BCE)

Scythians and other Pontic peoples: Herodotos on the "most ignorant peoples of all" (fifth century BCE)

Scythians, Amazons, and Hyperboreans: Diodoros on some northerners (mid-first century BCE)

Scythians: Lucian on a competition between Toxaris and Mnesippos about ethnic superiority (mid-second century CE)

Scythians: Lucian on Toxaris' and Anacharsis' differing encounters with Greeks (late second century CE)

Syrian and Phoenician diasporas: Inscriptional and archeological evidence

Syrian diasporas: Diodoros and Florus on Eunous of Apameia's leadership of the slave rebellion on Sicily (mid-first century BCE / second century CE)

Syrian perspectives: Lucian of Samosata on The Syrian Goddess in full (mid-second century CE)

Syrian perspectives: Lucian self-identifies as "barbarian" and "Assyrian" (mid-second century CE)

Syrians: Apuleius on "effeminate" priests of Atargatis (late second century CE)

Taprobanians (Sri Lankans)

Indians, Ethiopians and others: Pliny the Elder on "unbelievable" peoples (first century CE)

Indians, Taprobanians, and Serians: Pliny the Elder on numerous peoples and customs in India and beyond (first century CE)

Tarentinians (southern Italy)

Iapygians and Tarentinians: Klearchos of Soloi (fourth century BCE)

Taurians (north of the Black Sea)

Egyptians, Taurians, and Celts: Cicero's Philus engages in ethnographic discourses for philosophical aims (mid-first century BCE)

Mediterranean peoples: Pomponius Mela on peoples of the known world (mid-first century CE)

Mediterranean peoples: Pseudo-Skylax (fourth century BCE)

Mediterranean peoples: Sextus Empiricus engages with ethnographic discourses for philosophical aims (second-third centuries CE)

Northern peoples: Inscriptions on barbarians as bandits (second-third centuries CE)

Romans, Egyptians, Persians, and others: Minucius Felix's ethnographic defence of the Christian people (early third century CE)

Romans: Ammianus Marcellinus on the danger of decline into uncivilized lifestyles (late fourth century CE)

Scythians and other Pontic peoples: Herodotos on the "most ignorant peoples of all" (fifth century BCE)

Scythians: Adventures of Andrew and Matthias among the Man-eaters as ethnographic fiction (third-fifth centuries CE)

Taurians and Greeks: Clement of Alexandria [III] on human sacrifice (late second century CE)

Taurians and Kolchians: Diodoros on the origins of human sacrifice in the Black Sea area (mid-first century BCE)

Thracians and other Black Sea peoples: Ammianus Marcellinus on their "savage" character and on Roman control (late fourth century CE)

Teukrians (in northwestern Asia Minor)

Trojans, Teukrians, and Dardanians: Diodoros on their origins (mid-first century BCE)

Teutonians (subset of Celts or Germans)

Celts: Appian of Alexandria on their character and on ambassadorial relations with Romans (second century CE)

Thebans (in Greece)

Cretans, Spartans, Carthaginians, and Romans: Polybios on superior and inferior societal organization (second century BCE)

Thessalians (in northeastern Greece)

Persians and Thessalians: Lucan compares Thessalian women's techniques to Magian ones (mid-first century CE)

Thibians (in the Pontic region)

Pontic peoples: Phlyarchos on traits and customs of Thibians and Scythians (early second century BCE)

Thracians (broad category)

Babylonian / Persian wisdom: Philodemos, Seneca, and others on Chaldeans / Magians at Plato's death (first century BCE on)

Babylonian diasporas: Josephos and other Judeans on legends of migration from Babel (first-second centuries CE)

Barbarian and Judean wisdom: Clement of Alexandria [V] on the sources of Plato's thought (late second century CE)

Barbarian peoples: Hellanikos, Nymphodoros, Nikolaos, and others with collections of "barbarian customs" (fifth century BCE on)

Barbarian wisdom: Celsus and Origen of Alexandria (second-third centuries CE)

Barbarian wisdom: Clement of Alexandria [VI] on barbarian and Hebrew philosophy (late second century CE)

Bithynians, Mariandynians, Paphlagonians, and others: Strabo on temple-states and peoples near his Pontic homeland (early first century CE)

Celtic, Indian, and Assyrian wisdom: Polyhistor on Pythagoras' education by wise barbarians (first century BCE)

Dacians and Sarmatians: Reliefs on Trajan's Column celebrating subjugation (early second century CE)

Dacians and Sarmatians: Reliefs on Trajan's Trophy at Adamclisi, Romania (early second century CE)

Egyptian perspectives: Isidoros' hymns in praise of the goddess Hermouthis and legendary pharaohs (early first century BCE)

Ethiopians and Thracians: Xenophon of Kolophon theorizes human representations of gods (sixth century BCE)

Ethnic diversity in Egypt: Inscriptional and papyrological evidence

Gauls, Kimbrians, Numidians, Indians, and others: Valerius Maximus' collection of "barbarian customs" (early first century CE)

Getians, Dacians, and Scythians: Strabo (early first century CE)

Getians, Scythians, and Goths: Jordanes on their supposed origins and achievements (mid-sixth century CE)

Getians: Hellanikos and others on Zamolxis (fifth century BCE on)

Judeans and Thracians: Hermippos of Smyrna on their influence on Pythagoras (early second century BCE)

Medes, Assyrians, Baktrians, and others: Herodotos on the mixed composition of the Persian army under Xerxes (fifth century BCE)

Mediterranean peoples: Pausanias, ethnographic interests, and local traditions (mid-second century CE)

Mediterranean peoples: Pomponius Mela on peoples of the known world (mid-first century CE)

Mediterranean peoples: Sextus Empiricus engages with ethnographic discourses for philosophical aims (second-third centuries CE)

Mysians / Moesians: Poseidonios on their identification and customs based on Homer (first century BCE)

Northern peoples: Antonios Diogenes' "Wonders Beyond Thule" and ethnographic fiction (second century CE / ninth century CE)

Northern peoples: Inscriptions on barbarians as bandits (second-third centuries CE)

Persians, Thracians, and Amazons: Isocrates on Athenian superiority and barbarian weakness (fourth century BCE)

Scythian and Thracian diasporas: Inscriptional evidence

Scythian wisdom: Letters of Anacharsis (mid-third century BCE)

Scythians: Klearchos of Soloi (fourth century BCE)

Scythians: Lucian on Toxaris' and Anacharsis' differing encounters with Greeks (late second century CE)

Thracians and Odrysians: Thucydides on Thracians, power, and violence (late fifth century BCE)

Thracians and other Black Sea peoples: Ammianus Marcellinus on their "savage" character and on Roman control (late fourth century CE)

Thracians, Getians, Paionians, and others: Herodotos (mid-fifth century BCE)

Thracians: Attic vase paintings depicting Thracian women with tattoos, warriors, and Orpheus (sixth-fifth centuries BCE)

Thracians: Diodoros on Dromichaites and Kotys as wise Thracian kings (mid-first century BCE)

Thracians: Diodoros on the cruelty and lawlessness of the kings Diegylis and Zibelmios (mid-first century BCE)

Thracians: Greeks and Thracians honouring the Thracian goddess Bendis (fifth-third centuries BCE)

Thracians: Tacitus on their uncivilized and wild nature (early second century CE)

Thracians: Theopompos on king Kotys I's obsession with banquets (mid-fourth century BCE)

Thulians (legendary)

Northern peoples: Antonios Diogenes' "Wonders Beyond Thule" and ethnographic fiction (second century CE / ninth century CE)

Tigurianians (subset of Celts or Germans)

Celts: Appian of Alexandria on their character and on ambassadorial relations with Romans (second century CE)

Troglodytes / Trogodytes / Cave-dwellers

Arabians and Aramaians: Poseidonios on relations between eastern peoples (first century BCE)

Barbarian wisdom: Clement of Alexandria [VI] on barbarian and Hebrew philosophy (late second century CE)

Ethiopians: Agatharchides and Diodoros on lifestyles and diets in the extreme south (second-first centuries BCE)

Ethiopians: Herodotos on southern peoples at the ends of the earth (mid-fifth century BCE)

Iberians, Albanians and others of the Caucasus area: Strabo (early first century CE)

Illyrians, Pannonians, and other peoples: Strabo (early first century CE)

Judeans, Syrians, Indians, and others: Porphyry of Tyre on abstinence from meat (third century CE)

Karmanians, Ichthyophagians, and others: Nearchos, Onesikritos, Juba, and Pliny on the area around the Persian Gulf and Red Sea (fourth century BCE-first century CE)

Libyans / Africans: Pliny the Elder on various peoples and strange customs (first century CE)

Libyans: Hanno the Carthaginian (fourth century BCE or earlier)

Mediterranean peoples: Pomponius Mela on peoples of the known world (mid-first century CE)

Mediterranean peoples: Sextus Empiricus engages with ethnographic discourses for philosophical aims (second-third centuries CE)

Persian wisdom: Plutarch's story about Kleombrotos' journeys (early second century CE)

Scythians and Ethiopians: Agatharchides and Diodoros theorize about the effects of climate (second-first centuries CE)

Scythians, Germans, and others: Pliny the Elder on peoples on the western and northern coasts of the Black Sea (first century CE)

Troglodytes: Graffiti and inscriptions from the Red Sea area thanking Pan / Min for rescue from Cave-dwellers (second century BCE)

Trojans

Mediterranean peoples: Pausanias, ethnographic interests, and local traditions (mid-second century CE)

Phrygians: Euripides' cowardly and inferior easterner via the slave character in Orestes (408 BCE)

Trojans, Lelegians, and Kilikians: Homer and Strabo on legendary peoples and migrations in the Troad (early first century CE)

Trojans, Teukrians, and Dardanians: Diodoros on their origins (mid-first century BCE)

Tyrians (in Phoenicia)

Israelites, Egyptians, Idumeans, Scythians, and others: Origen on ethnic hierarchies and their spiritual equivalents (mid-third century CE)

Tyrians (subset of Phoenicians)

Phoenician diasporas: Timaios of Tauromenion, Trogus, and Appian on the founding of Carthage and on child sacrifice (first century BCE)

Tyrrhenians (Etruscans)

Celts: Polybios on the Celtic encounter with Rome and on his method in dealing with distant peoples (second century BCE)

Greek diasporas and indigenous Iberians and Celts: Herodotos, Aristotle, Trogus and others on tales of Phokaian colonization (mid-fifth century BCE on)

Greek diasporas: Aristoxenos of Tarentum on barbarizing to Tyrrhenian ways (fourth century BCE)

Judeans: Poseidonios (?) and Strabo on decline after Moses (first century CE)

Lydians: Herodotos on king Croesus and Lydian customs (mid-fifth century BCE)

Northern peoples: Antonios Diogenes' "Wonders Beyond Thule" and ethnographic fiction (second century CE / ninth century CE)

Pelasgian diasporas: Hekataios of Miletos and Herodotos on legends of migration, language, and influence (mid-fifth century BCE)

People on an idyllic island in the Atlantic off Libya: Diodoros on their natural resources and on Carthaginian colonization plans (mid-first century BCE)

Romans: Dionysios on Roman origins and legends of Greek and Pelasgian migrations to Italy (late first century BCE)

Sikelians, Sikanians, Sardinians and Iolaeians: Diodoros on ancient migrations and local customs on Sicily (mid-first century BCE)

Tyrrhenians: Diodoros on Etruscan inventions, lifestyle, and decline (mid-first century BCE)

Tyrrhenians: Theopompos on the Etruscans' supposed sexual deviance and freedom (mid-fourth century BCE)

Umbrians (in Italy)

Assyrians, Chaldeans, Egyptians, Celts, and others: The Cicero brothers on the nature and effectiveness of divination (mid-first century BCE)

Barbarian peoples: Hellanikos, Nymphodoros, Nikolaos, and others with collections of "barbarian customs" (fifth century BCE on)

Romans: Dionysios on the supposed Roman refusal of barbarian and Phrygian customs (late first century BCE)

Vakkaians / Vaccaians (near Iberia)

Celtiberians, Iberians, and Lusitanians: Diodoros on their customs and military skill (mid-first century BCE)

Vandals

Getians, Scythians, and Goths: Jordanes on their supposed origins and achievements (mid-sixth century CE)

Vettonians (subset of Iberians)

Iberians: Appian of Alexandria on Viriathus and resistance by Lusitanians (second century CE)

Xanthians (in Lycia)

Zenodotos (Greek)

(11) Guides to ethnographic passages in particular authors

Guide to Agatharchides of Knidos

Guide to Alexander Polyhistor

Guide to Ammianus Marcellinus

Guide to Appian of Alexandria

Guide to Celsus and Origen of Alexandria

Guide to circumnavigation authors

Guide to Clement of Alexandria

Guide to Curtius Rufus

Guide to Diodoros of Sicily

Guide to Ephoros of Kyme

Guide to Herodotos of Halikarnassos

Guide to Josephos of Jerusalem

Guide to Philo of Alexandria

Guide to Pliny the Elder

Guide to Polybios of Megalopolis

Guide to Poseidonios of Apameia

Guide to Tacitus

Guide to the Pseudo-Clementine writings

Guide to Theopompos of Chios

Guide to Trogus

(12) Ancient media and authors

(a) Archeological and visual materials

Amazons: Greek artistic depictions of a female warrior people (fourth century BCE to second century CE)

Armenians / Parthians: Statue of the client king Tiridates I in the Louvre (66 CE)

Barbarians: Modern colonial repurposing of images of captives

Britons, Armenians, Bessians, and others: Reliefs of subjugated peoples at Aphrodisias (first century CE)

Celtic diasporas: Galatian mercenaries settled at Alexandria in Egypt (ca. 250-200 BCE)

Celts, Persians, and Amazons: Smaller statues of fighting and dying "barbarians" associated with Attalos of Pergamon (third-second century BCE / second century CE)

Celts: Inhabitants of Myrina with images of Galatian warriors (second century BCE)

Celts: Kyzikos monument with Herakles clubbing a Galatian (278/277 BCE)

Celts: Statues of dying Gauls / Galatians associated with Attalos I of Pergamon (late third century BCE / second century CE)

Dacians and Sarmatians: Reliefs on Trajan's Column celebrating subjugation (early second century CE)

Dacians and Sarmatians: Reliefs on Trajan's Trophy at Adamclisi, Romania (early second century CE)

Dacians: Frieze of Trajan's conquest reused on the so-called Arch of Constantine (likely 107 CE or after)

Egyptians, Ethiopians, Indians and others: Depictions of "pygmies" in Greek and Roman art (fifth century BCE-first century CE)

Gauls and Germans: Scenes from the Triumphal Arch of Orange (late first century BCE)

Judeans: Reliefs on the Arch for Titus depicting temple treasures and defeat (late first century CE)

Libyans / Africans: Ancient and modern composite statue of "The Moor"

Mediterranean peoples: Roman coins [part 1] on defeat, capture, and subjugation (first century BCE on)

Northern peoples: Inscriptions on barbarians as bandits (second-third centuries CE)

Parthians, Celts and Iberians or Germans: Scenes on the breastplate of the "Augustus of Prima Porta" (early first century CE)

Parthians: Scenes from the Arch of Septimius Severus (early third century CE)

Sarmatians, Marcomannians, Quadians, and Iazygians: Reliefs on Marcus Aurelius' column including women and children (176-193 CE)

Scythians: Greek depictions of Scythian archers on Attic pottery (sixth century BCE)

Thracians: Attic vase paintings depicting Thracian women with tattoos, warriors, and Orpheus (sixth-fifth centuries BCE)

(b) Inscriptions / epigraphy

Axumite perspectives: Inscription by the king of Axum on the Ethiopian and Arabian peoples he conquered (late-second or early-third century CE)

Celtic diasporas: Galatian mercenaries settled at Alexandria in Egypt (ca. 250-200 BCE)

Celts: Priene inscription on Galatian "impiety" and "savagery" during the invasion (ca. 278-270 BCE)

Celts: Thyatira inscription for a son rescued by the god Apollo out from under "the mob of Galatians" (276 BCE)

Cilicians: Roman authorities, Cicero, and Florus on a population of "pirates" (100-67 BCE)

Cretans: Athenians and Rhodians on suppressing supposed bandit peoples (fifth-third centuries BCE)

Egyptian diasporas: Inscriptional evidence

Egyptian perspectives: Memphites on the goddess Isis and the origins of civilization among Egyptians (first century BCE on)

Ethnic diversity in Egypt: Inscriptional and papyrological evidence

Ethnic diversity on Rhodes island: Inscriptional evidence

Idumean diasporas: Inscriptions and papyri (second century BCE-third century CE)

Italian and Roman diasporas: Inscriptional evidence

Judean and Israelite diasporas: Inscriptional evidence (second century BCE-third century CE)

Judean diasporas: Differing perspectives on violent clashes between Judeans and Greeks in Libya and Egypt under Trajan, ca. 115-117 CE (second-fourth centuries CE)

Judean diasporas: Josephos' citation of documents on Asia Minor and Libya under Julius Caesar and Augustus (late first century CE)

Judeans: Reliefs on the Arch for Titus depicting temple treasures and defeat (late first century CE)

Mediterranean peoples: Diodoros, Pliny and Plutarch on Pompey's subjugation of peoples of the world (mid-first century BCE on)

Northern peoples: Inscriptions on barbarians as bandits (second-third centuries CE)

Parthians: Panamara inscription on Zeus' miraculous actions against invading Parthians (ca. 39 BCE)

Scythian and Thracian diasporas: Inscriptional evidence

Syrian and Phoenician diasporas: Inscriptional and archeological evidence

Thracians: Greeks and Thracians honouring the Thracian goddess Bendis (fifth-third centuries BCE)

Troglodytes: Graffiti and inscriptions from the Red Sea area thanking Pan / Min for rescue from Cave-dwellers (second century BCE)

Barbarian peoples: Hellanikos, Nymphodoros, Nikolaos, and others with collections of "barbarian customs" (fifth century BCE on)

Egyptian perspectives: Oracles of the Lamb and the Potter on Greco-Macedonians and other foreigners (third-second centuries BCE)

Egyptian wisdom: Vettius Valens and others on Petosiris and pharaoh Nechepsos as astrologers (first-fifth centuries CE)

Ethnic diversity in Egypt: Inscriptional and papyrological evidence

Judean and Israelite diasporas: Inscriptional evidence (second century BCE-third century CE)

Judean diasporas: Differing perspectives on violent clashes between Judeans and Greeks in Libya and Egypt under Trajan, ca. 115-117 CE (second-fourth centuries CE)

Persians: Derveni papyrus on the activities of Magians (ca. 400 BCE)

(d) Coins / numismatic evidence

Indians: Greek representations of conquest on coins with Alexander of Macedon and Demetrios of Baktria wearing elephant skins (fourth-second century BCE)

Mediterranean peoples: Roman coins [part 1] on defeat, capture, and subjugation (first century BCE on)

Mediterranean peoples: Roman coins [part 2] on humiliated captives kneeling or on the ground (first century BCE on)

Mediterranean peoples: Roman coins [part 3] on kneeling in supplication or adoration (first century BCE on)

2 Maccabees author (Judean / Jewish)

Greeks and Judeans: "Hellenizing" and "Judaizing" in 2 Maccabees (first century BCE)

Abraham (legendary Hebrew / Judean_

Aelian (Roman)

Barbarian peoples: Hellanikos, Nymphodoros, Nikolaos, and others with collections of "barbarian customs" (fifth century BCE on)

Egyptians: Aelian on Egyptian views and customs about animals and animal-worship (late second century CE)

Eusebeians and Machimians in an alternative world: Theopompos on pious and war-like peoples (mid-fourth century BCE)

Hyperboreans: Herodotos, Hekataios, Diodoros, and others on a legendary northern people (four century BCE to third century CE)

Indians: Aelian on Indian views and customs about animals (late second century CE)

Indians: Ktesias on Indian Matters via Photios, Pliny the Elder, and Aelian (early fourth century BCE)

Libyans: Aelian on Libyan views and customs about animals (late second century CE)

Persian wisdom: Aelian on the Magians' predictions about the savage Artaxerxes III (late second century)

Agatharchides (Greek)

Arabians: Agatharchides and Diodoros on peoples of Arabia Felix on the eastern coast of the Red Sea (second-first centuries BCE)

Ethiopians: Agatharchides and Diodoros on lifestyles and diets in the extreme south (second-first centuries BCE)

Guide to Agatharchides of Knidos

Ichthyophagians: Nearchos and Agatharchides on Fish-eaters around the Arabian Sea (fourth-first centuries BCE)

Judeans: Agatharchides of Knidos on the Sabbath (second century BCE)

Libyans: Aelian on Libyan views and customs about animals (late second century CE)

Scythians and Ethiopians: Agatharchides and Diodoros theorize about the effects of climate (second-first centuries CE)

Agathias (Greek)

Persians: Agathias on the divergent customs of Zoroaster's Magians (sixth century CE and earlier)

Agonakes (Persian [?)

Persians: Pliny on the dissemination of Magian skill to the peoples of the world (first century CE)

Agrippa (Roman)

Indians, Taprobanians, and Serians: Pliny the Elder on numerous peoples and customs in India and beyond (first century CE)

Aischines / Aeschines (Greek)

Scythians: Aischines' ethnic invective against Demosthenes (mid-fourth century BCE)

Aischylos / Aeschylus (Greek)

Persians: Aeschylus on "barbarian" hierarchy, luxury, and emotionalism (472 BCE)

Romans: Dionysios on Roman origins and legends of Greek and Pelasgian migrations to Italy (late first century BCE)

Aklepiades (Greek)

Judeans, Syrians, Indians, and others: Porphyry of Tyre on abstinence from meat (third century CE)

Alexander Polyhistor (Greek)

Arabians and Judeans: Jubilees, Molon, and Josephos on identifying the Ishmaelites (second century BCE on)

Babylonian perspectives: Bel-re’ushu / Berossos on the origins of civilization (late fourth century BCE)

Barbarian wisdom: Clement of Alexandria [VI] on barbarian and Hebrew philosophy (late second century CE)

Guide to Alexander Polyhistor

Indian wisdom: Alexander Polyhistor and Clement of Alexandria (VII) on the Brahmans and naked sages (first century BCE / late second century CE)

Judean wisdom: Anonymous on Abraham's contributions (before the mid-first century BCE)

Judean wisdom: Artapanos on contributions by Abraham, Joseph, and Moses (second century BCE)

Judean wisdom: Eupolemos on contributions by Abraham and Moses (before the mid-first century BCE)

Libyans, Assyrians and Arabians: Kleodemos and Josephos on Abraham and Keturah's descendants and their many colonies (second or first century BCE on)

Phrygians: Alexander Polyhistor, Hermogenes, and others on Phrygian Matters (first century BCE on)

Scythians: Alexander Polyhistor on Iamians and just Abians (mid-first century BCE)

Alexandros of Aitolia (Greek)

Mysians, Galatians, Pisidians, and others: Strabo on relations among Anatolian peoples (early first century CE)

Ammianus Marcellinus (Roman)

Arabians: Ammianus Marcellinus on the customs of Saracens (late fourth century CE)

Celts: Timagenes of Alexandria and Ammianus Marcellinus on Celtic origins and customs (first century BCE / fourth century CE)

Egyptians: Ammianus on their "dark" complexion and insubordinate behaviour (late fourth century CE)

Guide to Ammianus Marcellinus

Huns and Alans: Ammianus Marcellinus on "savage" nomadic threats (late fourth century CE)

Libyans, Maurians and Ausourianians: Ammianus Marcellinus on their savage behaviour and banditry (late fourth century CE)

Persian wisdom: Ammianus Marcellinus on Zoroaster, Hystaspes, and the Magians (late fourth century CE)

Persians and neighbouring eastern peoples: Ammianus Marcellinus on Persian territories and lifestyles (late fourth century CE)

Romans: Ammianus Marcellinus on the danger of decline into uncivilized lifestyles (late fourth century CE)

Thracians and other Black Sea peoples: Ammianus Marcellinus on their "savage" character and on Roman control (late fourth century CE)

Amometos (Greek from Cyrene)

Libyans: Aelian on Libyan views and customs about animals (late second century CE)

Serians (Chinese), Ottorokorians and others: Pliny the Elder on the savage silk people (first century CE)

Ampelius (Latin-speaking)

Phoenician wisdom: Ampelius on Mochos of Sidon (early-third century CE)

Anacharsis (i.e. Pseudo-Anacharsis)

Scythian wisdom: Letters of Anacharsis (mid-third century BCE)

Scythians and other northern peoples: Ephoros (mid-fourth century BCE)

Antikleides (Greek)

Taurians and Greeks: Clement of Alexandria [III] on human sacrifice (late second century CE)

Antiklides (Greek)

Mediterranean peoples: Pliny the Elder on inventors around the world (first century CE)

Antimachos (Greek)

Trojans, Lelegians, and Kilikians: Homer and Strabo on legendary peoples and migrations in the Troad (early first century CE)

Antiochos of Syracuse (Greek)

Romans: Dionysios on Roman origins and legends of Greek and Pelasgian migrations to Italy (late first century BCE)

Antonios Diogenes (Greek)

Northern peoples: Antonios Diogenes' "Wonders Beyond Thule" and ethnographic fiction (second century CE / ninth century CE)

Phoenician, Egyptian and Babylonian wisdom: Porphyry of Tyre and Antonius Diogenes on Pythagoras (third century CE)

Apion of Alexandria (Greek)

Egyptians: Aelian on Egyptian views and customs about animals and animal-worship (late second century CE)

Judeans: Mnaseas, Poseidonios, Apollonios Molon, Diodoros, Apion, and Damokritos on the statue of a donkey and on human sacrifice (second century BCE and on)

Persians: Apion of Alexandria on Pases the Magian (first century CE)

Apollodoros (Greek)

Babylonian perspectives: Bel-re’ushu / Berossos on the origins of civilization (late fourth century BCE)

Baktrians, Sogdians, and some "completely barbarous" eastern peoples: Strabo (early first century CE)

Daans, Kadousians, Hyrkanians, and Sakians: Strabo on peoples east of the Caspian Sea (first century CE)

Parthians: Strabo on Scythian origins and military success (early first century CE)

Apollonides (Greek)

Pontic peoples: Phlyarchos on traits and customs of Thibians and Scythians (early second century BCE)

Apollonios Molon of Rhodes (Greek)

Arabians and Judeans: Jubilees, Molon, and Josephos on identifying the Ishmaelites (second century BCE on)

Judeans: Mnaseas, Poseidonios, Apollonios Molon, Diodoros, Apion, and Damokritos on the statue of a donkey and on human sacrifice (second century BCE and on)

Apollonios of Rhodes (Greek)

Amazons, Tibarenians, and Mossynoikians: Apollonios of Rhodes on a voyage to the Kolchians (third century BCE)

Appian of Alexandria (Greek)

Carthaginians: Appian of Alexandria (mid-second century CE)

Celts: Appian of Alexandria on their character and on ambassadorial relations with Romans (second century CE)

Germans: Appian of Alexandria on large, savage and spirited Germans (second century CE)

Iberians: Appian of Alexandria (mid-second century CE)

Illyrians: Appian of Alexandria (mid-second century CE)

Phoenician diasporas: Timaios of Tauromenion, Trogus, and Appian on the founding of Carthage and on child sacrifice (first century BCE)

Apuleius (Numidian / Gaetulian)

Indian wisdom: Apuleius on the amazing naked philosophers and Pythagoras' journeys (mid-second century CE)

Libyan perspectives: Apuleius self-identifies as a barbarian and Numidian / Gaetulian (mid-second century CE)

Persians: Apuleius of Madaura's defence against the charge of harmful Magian actions (ca. 158 CE)

Syrians: Apuleius on "effeminate" priests of Atargatis (late second century CE)

Aratos (Greek)

Judean wisdom: Aristoboulos on Moses and the Judean god as source for Plato and Pythagoras (mid-second century BCE)

Aristagoras (Greek)

Egyptians: Aelian on Egyptian views and customs about animals and animal-worship (late second century CE)

Aristeas of Prokonessos (Greek)

Kimmerians and Kolchians: Herodotos on other Pontic peoples (mid-fifth century BCE)

Aristoboulos (Greek)

Barbarian wisdom: Clement of Alexandria [VI] on barbarian and Hebrew philosophy (late second century CE)

Daans, Kadousians, Hyrkanians, and Sakians: Strabo on peoples east of the Caspian Sea (first century CE)

Indian wisdom: Alexander Polyhistor and Clement of Alexandria (VII) on the Brahmans and naked sages (first century BCE / late second century CE)

Aristoboulos (Judean)

Judean wisdom: Aristoboulos on Moses and the Judean god as source for Plato and Pythagoras (mid-second century BCE)

Aristodemos of Nysa (Greek)

Celts: Anyte and Parthenios on wife abductions during the Galatian invasion (third-first century BCE)

Ariston (Greek)

Arabians: Agatharchides and Diodoros on peoples of Arabia Felix on the eastern coast of the Red Sea (second-first centuries BCE)

Aristotle (Greek)

Europeans, Asians, and Greeks: Aristotle on hierarchies, slaves, and environmental determinism (fourth century BCE)

Getians, Dacians, and Scythians: Strabo (early first century CE)

Greek diasporas and indigenous Iberians and Celts: Herodotos, Aristotle, Trogus and others on tales of Phokaian colonization (mid-fifth century BCE on)

Indian and Judean wisdom: Klearchos citing Aristotle (fourth century BCE)

Mediterranean peoples: Pliny the Elder on inventors around the world (first century CE)

Mediterranean peoples: Pseudo-Aristotle theorizes the meaning of physical features (third century BCE)

Persian, Babylonian, and Scythian wisdom: Diogenes of Laertes refutes Magian and Chaldean origins for Greek philosophy (early third century CE)

Persians: Pliny on the dissemination of Magian skill to the peoples of the world (first century CE)

Phrygians: Alexander Polyhistor, Hermogenes, and others on Phrygian Matters (first century BCE on)

Aristoxenos (Greek)

Greek diasporas: Aristoxenos of Tarentum on barbarizing to Tyrrhenian ways (fourth century BCE)

Persian wisdom: Aristoxenos of Tarentum on Pythagoras and Zoroaster (late fourth century BCE)

Arrian of Nikomedia (Greek)

Guide to circumnavigation authors

Indian wisdom: Nearchos, Megasthenes, and Arrian on the sages Dandamis and Kalanos (fourth century BCE-second century CE)

Indians: Nearchos, Megasthenes, and Arrian (fourth century BCE-second century CE)

Kolchians, Heniochians, Drillians, and others: Arrian on his journey along the Black Sea coast near the Caucasus mountains (ca. 131-132 CE)

Parthians: Arrian on their Scythian origins (second century CE)

Artapanos (Judean / Jewish)

Judean wisdom: Artapanos on contributions by Abraham, Joseph, and Moses (second century BCE)

Artemidoros of Daldis (Greek)

Mediterranean peoples: Artemidoros theorizes foreign elements in dreams (second century CE)

Artemidoros of Ephesos (Greek)

Mysians, Galatians, Pisidians, and others: Strabo on relations among Anatolian peoples (early first century CE)

Asklepios / Aesculapius (mythical figure)

Egyptian wisdom: Vettius Valens and others on Petosiris and pharaoh Nechepsos as astrologers (first-fifth centuries CE)

Athanasius of Alexandria

Ethiopians, Nubians, and Egyptians: Christian authors picturing darker-skinned peoples as "demons" (second century CE on)

Athenaios (Greek)

Assyrians, Medes and Persians: Ktesias on Persian Matters via Diodoros and Photios (early fourth century BCE)

Babylonian perspectives: Bel-re’ushu / Berossos on the origins of civilization (late fourth century BCE)

Celts: Phylarchos and Poseidonios on banqueting and violent customs (first century BCE)

Egyptian, Phoenician, and Phrygian wisdom: Ephoros on inventors (mid-fourth century BCE)

Egyptians: Lykeas of Naukratis on Egyptian kings and meals (first century CE or earlier)

Iapygians and Tarentinians: Klearchos of Soloi (fourth century BCE)

Indians: Phylarchos on roots for sexual restraint (early second century BCE)

Libyan perspectives: Juba of Numidia on ethnographic matters (late first century BCE)

Persians and Medes: Douris of Samos, Herakleides of Kyme, Klearchos of Soloi, and others on royal banquets (fifth-fourth centuries BCE)

Scythians: Klearchos of Soloi (fourth century BCE)

Thracians: Charon of Lampsakos on relations between Bisaltians and Greek Kardians (mid-fifth century BCE)

Tyrrhenians: Theopompos on the Etruscans' supposed sexual deviance and freedom (mid-fourth century BCE)

Athenokles (Greek)

Persians: Agathias on the divergent customs of Zoroaster's Magians (sixth century CE and earlier)

Augustine

Judeans, Egyptians, and others: Seneca on the "superstitions" of foreigners (mid-first century CE)

Persians: Varro on Pythagoras' and Numa's adoption of Persian forms of divination (first century BCE / early fifth century CE)

Augustus (Roman)

Mediterranean peoples: Augustus on his own achievements, conquests and alliances with peoples (14 CE)

Aulus Gellius (Roman)

Babylonian wisdom: Gellius on Favorinus' speech against Chaldean astrology (mid-second century CE)

Avienus (from Etruria in Italy)

Guide to circumnavigation authors

Iberians and others: Avienus on a journey along the southern coast of Spain (mid-fourth century CE)

Bardaisan (Edessan / Christian)

Eastern and northern peoples: Bardaisan of Edessa's Book of the Laws of Countries and the Pseudo-Clementines on astrology and peoples (second-third centuries CE)

Indians: Bardaisan of Edessa on Indian ambassadors' tales and the Brahmans (early third century CE)

Judeans, Syrians, Indians, and others: Porphyry of Tyre on abstinence from meat (third century CE)

Basil of Caesarea Mazaka (Greek)

Persian diasporas: Pseudo-Clement, Eusebios, Epiphanios, and Basil on the Magusaeans and their customs (third century CE on)

Berossos (Babylonian)

Egyptian wisdom: Vettius Valens and others on Petosiris and pharaoh Nechepsos as astrologers (first-fifth centuries CE)

Judean wisdom: Josephos on Abraham's dissemination of astrological knowledge (late-first century CE)

Judean wisdom: Tatian the Assyrian on the priority of Moses' "barbarian wisdom" (second century CE)

Mediterranean peoples: Pliny the Elder on inventors around the world (first century CE)

Persians: Agathias on the divergent customs of Zoroaster's Magians (sixth century CE and earlier)

Caesarius of Nazianzos (Greek)

Barbarian peoples: Caesarius of Nazianzos' and George the Monk's collection of extraordinary customs (sixth / ninth centuries CE)

Cassiodorus (Goth)

Getians, Scythians, and Goths: Jordanes on their supposed origins and achievements (mid-sixth century CE)

Catullus (Roman)

Persians: Cattulus' poem smearing Magians as incestuous (early first century BCE)

Celsus (Greek)

Barbarian wisdom: Celsus and Origen of Alexandria (second-third centuries CE)

Guide to Celsus and Origen of Alexandria

Persian wisdom: Celsus and Origen on Magians and on Moses and Jesus as howlers of chants (second-third centuries CE)

Persian wisdom: Celsus on mysteries of Mithras as a source of ancient wisdom (mid-second century CE)

Chairemon (Egyptian)

Egyptian perspectives: Chairemon on Egyptian temple functionaries (first century CE)

Judeans, Syrians, Indians, and others: Porphyry of Tyre on abstinence from meat (third century CE)

Judeans: Manetho, Chairemon, and Lysimachos on an alternative Exodus (third century BCE on)

Chares of Mitylene (Greek)

Persians and Medes: Douris of Samos, Herakleides of Kyme, Klearchos of Soloi, and others on royal banquets (fifth-fourth centuries BCE)

Charon of Lampsakos (Greek)

Thracians: Charon of Lampsakos on relations between Bisaltians and Greek Kardians (mid-fifth century BCE)

Chrysippos (Greek)

Persians: Deinon, Chrysippos, and Cicero on their character and customs (third century BCE / mid-first century BCE)

Cicero (Roman)

Assyrians, Chaldeans, Egyptians, Celts, and others: The Cicero brothers on the nature and effectiveness of divination (mid-first century BCE)

Celts: Cicero's ethnic invective against Gauls in defending Fonteius (mid-first century BCE)

Cilicians: Roman authorities, Cicero, and Florus on a population of "pirates" (100-67 BCE)

Egyptian wisdom: Cicero, Diodoros and Valerius Maximus on Pythagoras' and Plato's supposed journeys to Egypt (first centuries BCE and CE)

Egyptians, Taurians, and Celts: Cicero's Philus engages in ethnographic discourses for philosophical aims (mid-first century BCE)

Egyptians: Cicero on superstition and animal-worship (mid-first century BCE)

Indian wisdom: Cicero and Plutarch on Alexander, the naked philosophers, and Kalanos (early second century CE)

Judeans, "Asiatics", and Greeks: Cicero's ethnic invective aimed at eastern witnesses against Flaccus (mid-first century BCE)

Persian and Babylonian wisdom: Pseudo-Demokritos and others on Demokritos' training by Magians and Chaldeans (first century BCE on)

Persians: Deinon, Chrysippos, and Cicero on their character and customs (third century BCE / mid-first century BCE)

Phoenicians and Sardinians: Cicero's ethnic invective in defending Marcus Scaurus (mid-first century BCE)

Pontic peoples: Phlyarchos on traits and customs of Thibians and Scythians (early second century BCE)

Sicilians and other Greeks: Cicero's praise for Sicilians in the prosecution of Verres (mid-first century BCE)

Clement / Pseudo-Clement (Roman)

Guide to the Pseudo-Clementine writings

Judean wisdom: Pseudo-Clement on a journey to Peter the Judean sage (third century CE and on)

Judean wisdom: Pseudo-Clementines on Abraham the astrologer and legends of migration (second-fourth centuries CE)

Persian diasporas: Pseudo-Clement, Eusebios, Epiphanios, and Basil on the Magusaeans and their customs (third century CE on)

Clement of Alexandria (Greek / Christian)

Barbarian and Judean wisdom: Clement of Alexandria [V] on the sources of Plato's thought (late second century CE)

Barbarian wisdom: Clement of Alexandria [VI] on barbarian and Hebrew philosophy (late second century CE)

Egyptians: Clement of Alexandria [II] on Egyptian animal worship as less offensive than Greek customs (late second century CE)

Guide to Clement of Alexandria

Indian wisdom: Alexander Polyhistor and Clement of Alexandria (VII) on the Brahmans and naked sages (first century BCE / late second century CE)

Judean wisdom: Aristoboulos on Moses and the Judean god as source for Plato and Pythagoras (mid-second century BCE)

Persian and Babylonian wisdom: Pseudo-Demokritos and others on Demokritos' training by Magians and Chaldeans (first century BCE on)

Persians: Clement of Alexandria [IV] on the elements among Greek philosophers and Persian Magians (late second century CE)

Scythians: Clement of Alexandria [I] on the example of Anacharsis (late second century CE)

Taurians and Greeks: Clement of Alexandria [III] on human sacrifice (late second century CE)

Corippus

Libyans and Maurians: Corippus' poetic survey of northern African peoples in the tale of John Troglita (after 548 CE)

Cornelius Fronto (Numidian / Roman)

Libyan perspectives: Cornelius Fronto self-identifies as a "barbarian" and Libyan nomad (mid-second century CE)

Cornutus (Phoenician / Roman)

Barbarian wisdom: Cornutus on early humanity's Stoic understanding of the cosmos (mid-first century CE)

Curtius Rufus (Roman)

Amazons: Curtius Rufus on Alexander's relationship with Thalestris (first century CE)

Guide to Curtius Rufus

Mardians among Persians: Curtius Rufus on Alexander's conquest of an uncivilized cave people (first century CE)

Parthians: Curtius Rufus on their Scythian origins (first century CE)

Persians, Hyrkanians, Armenians, Derbikians and others: Curtius Rufus on the mixed composition of the army of Darius III (first century CE)

Persians: Curtius Rufus on military processions and royal luxury (first century CE)

Scythian wisdom: Curtius Rufus on the Scythian elder's speech about Alexander the bandit (first century CE)

Sogdians: Curtius Rufus on Alexander's assessment of their noble and courageous character (first century CE)

Daes of Kolonai (Greek)

Trojans, Lelegians, and Kilikians: Homer and Strabo on legendary peoples and migrations in the Troad (early first century CE)

Damascius (Greek)

Phoenician wisdom: Damascius on Eudemos of Rhodes and Mochos of Sidon (fourth century BCE)

Damastes (Greek)

Mediterranean peoples: Pliny the Elder on inventors around the world (first century CE)

Damestes (Greek)

Iberians and others: Avienus on a journey along the southern coast of Spain (mid-fourth century CE)

Damokritos the historian (Greek)

Judeans: Mnaseas, Poseidonios, Apollonios Molon, Diodoros, Apion, and Damokritos on the statue of a donkey and on human sacrifice (second century BCE and on)

Damon (Greek)

Pontic peoples: Phlyarchos on traits and customs of Thibians and Scythians (early second century BCE)

Demaratos (Greek)

Taurians and Greeks: Clement of Alexandria [III] on human sacrifice (late second century CE)

Demetrios of Skepsis (Greek)

Trojans, Lelegians, and Kilikians: Homer and Strabo on legendary peoples and migrations in the Troad (early first century CE)

Demetrios of Skepsos (Greek)

Lydians, Maionians, Arimians, and Solymians: Strabo on a variety of peoples in Lydia, Phrygia and Pisidia (early first century CE)

Demodamas (Greek)

Asian Albanians, Iberians, Mardians and others: Demodamas and Pliny the Elder on peoples in the Caucasus region and further east (third century BCE / first century CE)

Demokritos / Democritus / pseudo-Demokritos (Greek)

Barbarian and Judean wisdom: Clement of Alexandria [V] on the sources of Plato's thought (late second century CE)

Barbarian wisdom: Clement of Alexandria [VI] on barbarian and Hebrew philosophy (late second century CE)

Persian and Babylonian wisdom: Pseudo-Demokritos and others on Demokritos' training by Magians and Chaldeans (first century BCE on)

Persians: Pliny on the dissemination of Magian skill to the peoples of the world (first century CE)

Demosthenes (Greek)

Scythians: Aischines' ethnic invective against Demosthenes (mid-fourth century BCE)

Dervenis papyrus

Persians: Derveni papyrus on the activities of Magians (ca. 400 BCE)

Dikaiarchos / Dicaearchus (Greek)

Judeans, Syrians, Indians, and others: Porphyry of Tyre on abstinence from meat (third century CE)

Dinon of Kolophon (Greek)

Persians and Medes: Douris of Samos, Herakleides of Kyme, Klearchos of Soloi, and others on royal banquets (fifth-fourth centuries BCE)

Persians: Clement of Alexandria [IV] on the elements among Greek philosophers and Persian Magians (late second century CE)

Persians: Deinon, Chrysippos, and Cicero on their character and customs (third century BCE / mid-first century BCE)

Dio Cassius (Greek / Roman)

Armenians / Parthians: Statue of the client king Tiridates I in the Louvre (66 CE)

Babylonian and Persian wisdom: Various authors on reception and expulsion of Chaldeans, Magians, and other foreign experts at Rome (first century CE on)

Celts: Dio Cassius on spirited and untrustworthy Galatians (early third century CE)

Egyptians: Achilles Tatius and Dio Cassius on man-eating cowherds / bandits (second-third century CE)

Egyptians: Dio Cassius' speech by Octavian on the "effeminate" Antony (early third century CE)

Judean diasporas: Differing perspectives on violent clashes between Judeans and Greeks in Libya and Egypt under Trajan, ca. 115-117 CE (second-fourth centuries CE)

Judeans and Celts: Various authors on Claudius' actions against foreigners in the 40s CE (second / third centuries CE

Judeans, Egyptians, and Magians: Various authors on Tiberius' actions against foreign practices 17-19 CE (first-third centuries CE)

Judeans: Dio Cassius and Roman elite attitudes (early third century CE)

Dio Chrysostom of Prusa (Greek)

Barbarian wisdom: Dio of Prusa on barbarians' innate knowledge of god (late first century CE)

Egyptians: Attic vase paintings, Isocrates and others on king Bousiris and human sacrifice (fifth century BCE on)

Ethnic diversity in Alexandria: Dio of Prusa on the cross-roads of the world (late first century CE)

Indians, Ethiopians, and Celts: Dio of Prusa critiques foreign imports and luxury (late first century CE)

Indians: Dio of Prusa on the Indians' superior mode of life (late first century CE)

Persian, Egyptian, Indian, and Celtic wisdom: Dio of Prusa on philosophers' roles in leadership (late first century CE)

Persians: Dio of Prusa on Magians and a supposedly Zoroastrian myth (late first century CE)

Scythians and Getians: Dio of Prusa on inter-ethnic encounters at Olbia and on Getian Matters (late first century CE)

Diocletian

Persians: Emperor Diocletian on strange and monstrous Manicheans (ca. 300 CE)

Diodoros of Sicily (Greek)

Arabians / Nabateans: Diodoros on Nabatean customs and freedom (mid-first century BCE)

Arabians: Agatharchides and Diodoros on peoples of Arabia Felix on the eastern coast of the Red Sea (second-first centuries BCE)

Assyrians, Medes and Persians: Ktesias on Persian Matters via Diodoros and Photios (early fourth century BCE)

Atlantians: Dionysios of Mytilene and Diodoros on supposed Atlantian stories about the earliest kings / gods (third / mid-first century BCE)

Babylonian wisdom: Diodoros on Chaldeans' astrology and divination (mid-first century BCE)

Baliaridians and other barbarian peoples off Iberia: Diodoros on their paradoxical customs (mid-first century BCE)

Britons: Diodoros on a simple way of life (mid-first century BCE)

Celtiberians, Iberians, and Lusitanians: Diodoros on their customs and military skill (mid-first century BCE)

Celts and Germans: Diodoros, Dionysios, Strabo, and Dio on distinguishing them (first centuries BCE and CE)

Celts: Diodoros on Galatian origins, "savage" customs and invasions of Italy and Greece (mid-first century BCE)

Cretans: Diodoros on Cretan (Greek) contributions to civilization (mid-first century BCE)

Egyptian and Ethiopian diasporas: Diodoros on competing legends of migration and colonization (mid-first century BCE)

Egyptian perspectives: Memphites on the goddess Isis and the origins of civilization among Egyptians (first century BCE on)

Egyptian wisdom: Cicero, Diodoros and Valerius Maximus on Pythagoras' and Plato's supposed journeys to Egypt (first centuries BCE and CE)

Egyptian, Phoenician, and Phrygian wisdom: Ephoros on inventors (mid-fourth century BCE)

Egyptians: Attic vase paintings, Isocrates and others on king Bousiris and human sacrifice (fifth century BCE on)

Egyptians: Diodoros on the origins of civilization and on Egyptian views (mid-first century BCE)

Ethiopians: Agatharchides and Diodoros on lifestyles and diets in the extreme south (second-first centuries BCE)

Ethiopians: Diodoros on their claims, appearance, and customs (mid-first century BCE)

Guide to Diodoros of Sicily

Hyperboreans: Herodotos, Hekataios, Diodoros, and others on a legendary northern people (four century BCE to third century CE)

Iberians: Diodoros on Viriathus and the Lusitanians' resistance to Roman rule (mid-first century BCE)

Ichthyophagians: Nearchos and Agatharchides on Fish-eaters around the Arabian Sea (fourth-first centuries BCE)

Indians and peoples on the way: Diodoros on Alexander's conquests (mid-first century BCE)

Indians: Diodoros on environment, customs and social organization (mid-first century BCE)

Indians: Iamboulos and Diodoros on a utopian island beyond India (mid-first century BCE)

Isaurians: Diodoros on their bravery and noble death (mid-first century BCE)

Judeans: Hekataios, pseudo-Hekataios and Diodoros on Judean origins and migration with the exodus (first century BCE)

Judeans: Mnaseas, Poseidonios, Apollonios Molon, Diodoros, Apion, and Damokritos on the statue of a donkey and on human sacrifice (second century BCE and on)

Libyans, Egyptians, Iberians, and Celts: Diodoros on Herakles' civilizing expeditions (mid-first century BCE)

Libyans: Dionysios of Mytilene and Diodoros on competing claims about the god Dionysos (third / mid-first century BCE)

Libyans: Dionysios of Mytilene and Diodoros on Nasamonians, Marmaridians, and Libyan Amazons (third / mid-first century BCE)

Ligurians: Diodoros on their harsh environment, hard work and noble spirit (mid-first century BCE)

Lydians: Diodoros on materialistic Croesus, consultation of Anacharsis and other sages, and Persian conquest (mid-first century BCE)

Medes: Diodoros on Datis and legends of an Athenian-Median connection (mid-first century BCE)

Mediterranean peoples: Diodoros, Pliny and Plutarch on Pompey's subjugation of peoples of the world (mid-first century BCE on)

Panchaians: Euhemeros and Diodoros on a noble people worshipping Zeus on a utopian island (fourth / first century BCE)

People on an idyllic island in the Atlantic off Libya: Diodoros on their natural resources and on Carthaginian colonization plans (mid-first century BCE)

Persians: Diodoros on expansionism and arrogance of Persian kings (mid-first century BCE)

Phrygians: Diodoros on Battakes the priest of the great Mother visiting Rome (mid-first century BCE)

Romans: Diodoros on Herakles' journey to Rome before Rome (mid-first century BCE)

Scythians and Ethiopians: Agatharchides and Diodoros theorize about the effects of climate (second-first centuries CE)

Scythians, Amazons, and Hyperboreans: Diodoros on some northerners (mid-first century BCE)

Sikelians, Sikanians, Sardinians and Iolaeians: Diodoros on ancient migrations and local customs on Sicily (mid-first century BCE)

Syrian diasporas: Diodoros and Florus on Eunous of Apameia's leadership of the slave rebellion on Sicily (mid-first century BCE / second century CE)

Taurians and Kolchians: Diodoros on the origins of human sacrifice in the Black Sea area (mid-first century BCE)

Thracians: Diodoros on Dromichaites and Kotys as wise Thracian kings (mid-first century BCE)

Thracians: Diodoros on the cruelty and lawlessness of the kings Diegylis and Zibelmios (mid-first century BCE)

Trojans, Teukrians, and Dardanians: Diodoros on their origins (mid-first century BCE)

Tyrrhenians: Diodoros on Etruscan inventions, lifestyle, and decline (mid-first century BCE)

Diodoros the Eretrian (Greek)

Persian wisdom: Aristoxenos of Tarentum on Pythagoras and Zoroaster (late fourth century BCE)

Diogenes of Laertes (Greek)

Persian and Babylonian wisdom: Pseudo-Demokritos and others on Demokritos' training by Magians and Chaldeans (first century BCE on)

Persian, Babylonian, and Scythian wisdom: Diogenes of Laertes refutes Magian and Chaldean origins for Greek philosophy (early third century CE)

Persian, Indian, and Judean wisdom: Klearchos of Soloi on Magian precedence (fourth century BCE)

Diogenes the Cynic (Greek)

Assyrians, Chaldeans, Egyptians, Celts, and others: The Cicero brothers on the nature and effectiveness of divination (mid-first century BCE)

Diokles (Greek)

Babylonian perspectives: Bel-re’ushu / Berossos on the origins of civilization (late fourth century BCE)

Dionysios of Alexandria (Greek)

Mediterranean peoples: Dionysios of Alexandria's poetic Guide to the Inhabited World (117-138 CE)

Dionysios of Chalkis (Greek)

Mysians, Galatians, Pisidians, and others: Strabo on relations among Anatolian peoples (early first century CE)

Dionysios of Halikarnassos (Greek)

Barbarians and Greeks: Dionysios theorizes the blurry lines (late first century BCE)

Celts and Germans: Diodoros, Dionysios, Strabo, and Dio on distinguishing them (first centuries BCE and CE)

Romans: Dionysios on Roman origins and legends of Greek and Pelasgian migrations to Italy (late first century BCE)

Romans: Dionysios on the supposed Roman refusal of barbarian and Phrygian customs (late first century BCE)

Dionysios Skytobrachion (Greek)

Atlantians: Dionysios of Mytilene and Diodoros on supposed Atlantian stories about the earliest kings / gods (third / mid-first century BCE)

Libyans: Dionysios of Mytilene and Diodoros on competing claims about the god Dionysos (third / mid-first century BCE)

Libyans: Dionysios of Mytilene and Diodoros on Nasamonians, Marmaridians, and Libyan Amazons (third / mid-first century BCE)

Dosiades (Greek)

Cretans: Diodoros on Cretan (Greek) contributions to civilization (mid-first century BCE)

Dosidas (Greek)

Taurians and Greeks: Clement of Alexandria [III] on human sacrifice (late second century CE)

Douris of Samos (Greek)

Persians and Medes: Douris of Samos, Herakleides of Kyme, Klearchos of Soloi, and others on royal banquets (fifth-fourth centuries BCE)

Ephoros (Greek)

Aitolians: Ephoros on their origins and invincibility (mid-fourth century BCE)

Amazons, Tibarenians, and Mossynoikians: Apollonios of Rhodes on a voyage to the Kolchians (third century BCE)

Barbarian wisdom: Clement of Alexandria [VI] on barbarian and Hebrew philosophy (late second century CE)

Boiotians: Ephoros on the superiority of Boiotia and on a Phoenician connection (mid-fourth century BCE)

Celts: Ephoros (mid-fourth century BCE)

Cretans, Spartans, Carthaginians, and Romans: Polybios on superior and inferior societal organization (second century BCE)

Egyptian, Phoenician, and Phrygian wisdom: Ephoros on inventors (mid-fourth century BCE)

Germans, Suebians, Marcomannians, and Kimbrians: Poseidonios and Strabo on customs and rumours about the tides (first century BCE)

Guide to Ephoros of Kyme

Indians, Ethiopians, Celts, and Scythians: Ephoros on a four-fold division of the known world (mid-fourth century BCE)

Lydians: Xanthos of Lydia on kings and luxurious customs (mid-fifth century BCE)

Mediterranean peoples: Pseudo-Skymnos' Voyage Around the Earth for Nikomedes in full (mid-second century BCE)

Pelasgian diasporas: Ephoros on legends of migration (mid-fourth century BCE)

Scythians and other northern peoples: Ephoros (mid-fourth century BCE)

Epigenes (Greek)

Mediterranean peoples: Pliny the Elder on inventors around the world (first century CE)

Epiktetos / Epictetus

Judeans, Syrians, and Egyptians: Epiktetos engages with ethnographic discourses for philosophical aims (mid-first century CE)

Epimenides (Greek)

Cretans: Diodoros on Cretan (Greek) contributions to civilization (mid-first century BCE)

Epiphanius of Salamis (Greek)

Persian diasporas: Pseudo-Clement, Eusebios, Epiphanios, and Basil on the Magusaeans and their customs (third century CE on)

Eratosthenes of Cyrene (Greek)

Barbarians and Greeks: Eratosthenes challenges the dichotomy (third century BCE)

Daans, Kadousians, Hyrkanians, and Sakians: Strabo on peoples east of the Caspian Sea (first century CE)

Egyptians: Attic vase paintings, Isocrates and others on king Bousiris and human sacrifice (fifth century BCE on)

Indians, Taprobanians, and Serians: Pliny the Elder on numerous peoples and customs in India and beyond (first century CE)

Euboulos (Greek)

Judeans, Syrians, Indians, and others: Porphyry of Tyre on abstinence from meat (third century CE)

Persian wisdom: Euboulos and Porphyry of Tyre on Zoroaster and the cave (third century CE)

Eudemos (Greek)

Persian wisdom: Eudemos of Rhodes on Magians (fourth century BCE)

Persian, Babylonian, and Scythian wisdom: Diogenes of Laertes refutes Magian and Chaldean origins for Greek philosophy (early third century CE)

Phoenician wisdom: Damascius on Eudemos of Rhodes and Mochos of Sidon (fourth century BCE)

Eudoxos (Greek)

Assyrians, Chaldeans, Egyptians, Celts, and others: The Cicero brothers on the nature and effectiveness of divination (mid-first century BCE)

Daans, Kadousians, Hyrkanians, and Sakians: Strabo on peoples east of the Caspian Sea (first century CE)

Egyptian wisdom: Plutarch on wise Egyptian priests and on Isis and Osiris (early second century CE)

Egyptians: Aelian on Egyptian views and customs about animals and animal-worship (late second century CE)

Mediterranean peoples: Pomponius Mela on peoples of the known world (mid-first century CE)

Mediterranean peoples: Sextus Empiricus engages with ethnographic discourses for philosophical aims (second-third centuries CE)

Persian, Babylonian, and Scythian wisdom: Diogenes of Laertes refutes Magian and Chaldean origins for Greek philosophy (early third century CE)

Persians: Clement of Alexandria [IV] on the elements among Greek philosophers and Persian Magians (late second century CE)

Persians: Pliny on the dissemination of Magian skill to the peoples of the world (first century CE)

Euemeridas (Greek)

Phrygians: Alexander Polyhistor, Hermogenes, and others on Phrygian Matters (first century BCE on)

Euhemeros / Euhemerus (Greek)

Panchaians: Euhemeros and Diodoros on a noble people worshipping Zeus on a utopian island (fourth / first century BCE)

Euktemon (Greek)

Iberians and others: Avienus on a journey along the southern coast of Spain (mid-fourth century CE)

Euphantos (Greek)

Judeans, Syrians, Indians, and others: Porphyry of Tyre on abstinence from meat (third century CE)

Euphorion (Greek)

Mysians, Galatians, Pisidians, and others: Strabo on relations among Anatolian peoples (early first century CE)

Eupolemos (Judean / Jewish)

Judean wisdom: Eupolemos on contributions by Abraham and Moses (before the mid-first century BCE)

Euripides (Greek)

Phrygians: Euripides' cowardly and inferior easterner via the slave character in Orestes (408 BCE)

Eusebius (Greek)

Arabians and Judeans: Jubilees, Molon, and Josephos on identifying the Ishmaelites (second century BCE on)

Babylonian perspectives: Bel-re’ushu / Berossos on the origins of civilization (late fourth century BCE)

Barbarian wisdom: Porphyry of Tyre's Neoplatonic perspective (third century CE)

Greeks, Barbarians, Judeans, and Christians: Eusebios' framing of a way of life (early fourth century CE)

Judean diasporas: Differing perspectives on violent clashes between Judeans and Greeks in Libya and Egypt under Trajan, ca. 115-117 CE (second-fourth centuries CE)

Judean wisdom: Aristoboulos on Moses and the Judean god as source for Plato and Pythagoras (mid-second century BCE)

Judean, Indian, Babylonian, and Egyptian wisdom: Numenius the Platonic philosopher (mid-second century CE)

Panchaians: Euhemeros and Diodoros on a noble people worshipping Zeus on a utopian island (fourth / first century BCE)

Persian diasporas: Pseudo-Clement, Eusebios, Epiphanios, and Basil on the Magusaeans and their customs (third century CE on)

Euxenos (Greek)

Romans: Dionysios on Roman origins and legends of Greek and Pelasgian migrations to Italy (late first century BCE)

Favorinus (Celt / Roman)

Babylonian wisdom: Gellius on Favorinus' speech against Chaldean astrology (mid-second century CE)

Firmicus Maternus (Roman)

Egyptian wisdom: Vettius Valens and others on Petosiris and pharaoh Nechepsos as astrologers (first-fifth centuries CE)

Florus (Roman)

Cilicians: Roman authorities, Cicero, and Florus on a population of "pirates" (100-67 BCE)

Syrian diasporas: Diodoros and Florus on Eunous of Apameia's leadership of the slave rebellion on Sicily (mid-first century BCE / second century CE)

Gaius Julius Solinus (Roman)

Judeans: Pliny the Elder and Julius Solinus on the Essenes beside the Dead Sea (first / third centuries CE)

Gaius Sempronius (Roman)

Romans: Dionysios on Roman origins and legends of Greek and Pelasgian migrations to Italy (late first century BCE)

George the Monk (Greek)

Barbarian peoples: Caesarius of Nazianzos' and George the Monk's collection of extraordinary customs (sixth / ninth centuries CE)

Indians: Palladios and George on naked philosophers or Brahmans (fourth / ninth centuries CE)

Gnaeus Gellius (Roman)

Mediterranean peoples: Pliny the Elder on inventors around the world (first century CE)

Hanno (Carthaginian)

Guide to circumnavigation authors

Libyans / Africans: Pliny the Elder on various peoples and strange customs (first century CE)

Libyans: Hanno the Carthaginian (fourth century BCE or earlier)

Mediterranean peoples: Pomponius Mela on peoples of the known world (mid-first century CE)

Harpokration (Greek / Egyptian)

Assyrian wisdom: The Kyranides on a journey to learn from a foreign inscription (fourth century CE or earlier)

Hegemonius

Persians: Acts of Archelaos on Mani's foreignness (early fourth century CE)

Hekataios of Abdera / pseudo-Hekataios (Greek)

Egyptian wisdom: Plutarch on wise Egyptian priests and on Isis and Osiris (early second century CE)

Egyptians: Diodoros on the origins of civilization and on Egyptian views (mid-first century BCE)

Hyperboreans: Herodotos, Hekataios, Diodoros, and others on a legendary northern people (four century BCE to third century CE)

Judean wisdom: Josephos on Abraham's dissemination of astrological knowledge (late-first century CE)

Judeans: Hekataios, pseudo-Hekataios and Diodoros on Judean origins and migration with the exodus (first century BCE)

Judeans: Pseudo-Hekataios' On Judeans (pre-first century CE)

Persian, Babylonian, and Scythian wisdom: Diogenes of Laertes refutes Magian and Chaldean origins for Greek philosophy (early third century CE)

Scythians, Amazons, and Hyperboreans: Diodoros on some northerners (mid-first century BCE)

Serians (Chinese), Ottorokorians and others: Pliny the Elder on the savage silk people (first century CE)

Hekataios of Miletos (Greek)

Egyptians: Hekataios of Miletos on encountering Theban priests (late sixth century BCE)

Iberians and others: Avienus on a journey along the southern coast of Spain (mid-fourth century CE)

Pelasgian diasporas: Hekataios of Miletos and Herodotos on legends of migration, language, and influence (mid-fifth century BCE)

Hellanikos (Greek)

Daans, Kadousians, Hyrkanians, and Sakians: Strabo on peoples east of the Caspian Sea (first century CE)

Getians: Hellanikos and others on Zamolxis (fifth century BCE on)

Iberians and others: Avienus on a journey along the southern coast of Spain (mid-fourth century CE)

Romans: Dionysios on Roman origins and legends of Greek and Pelasgian migrations to Italy (late first century BCE)

Trojans, Lelegians, and Kilikians: Homer and Strabo on legendary peoples and migrations in the Troad (early first century CE)

Hellanikos of Lesbos (Greek)

Barbarian peoples: Hellanikos, Nymphodoros, Nikolaos, and others with collections of "barbarian customs" (fifth century BCE on)

Herakleides of Herakleia on the Pontos (Greek)

Persian wisdom: Herakleides of Pontos on the Magian who circumnavigated Libya (mid-fourth century BCE)

Herakleides of Kyme (Greek)

Egyptians: Clement of Alexandria [II] on Egyptian animal worship as less offensive than Greek customs (late second century CE)

Persians and Medes: Douris of Samos, Herakleides of Kyme, Klearchos of Soloi, and others on royal banquets (fifth-fourth centuries BCE)

Hermes Trismegistos (mythical Egyptian figure))

Persian wisdom: Lactantius and others on the Oracles of Hystaspes the Mede (third century CE)

Hermippos (Greek)

Persian, Babylonian, and Scythian wisdom: Diogenes of Laertes refutes Magian and Chaldean origins for Greek philosophy (early third century CE)

Persians: Pliny on the dissemination of Magian skill to the peoples of the world (first century CE)

Hermodoros (Greek)

Barbarian wisdom: Clement of Alexandria [VI] on barbarian and Hebrew philosophy (late second century CE)

Persian, Babylonian, and Scythian wisdom: Diogenes of Laertes refutes Magian and Chaldean origins for Greek philosophy (early third century CE)

Hermogenes (Greek)

Phrygians: Alexander Polyhistor, Hermogenes, and others on Phrygian Matters (first century BCE on)

Hermolaos (Greek)

Phrygians: Alexander Polyhistor, Hermogenes, and others on Phrygian Matters (first century BCE on)

Herodotos (Greek)

Assyrians, Medes and Persians: Ktesias on Persian Matters via Diodoros and Photios (early fourth century BCE)

Barbarian peoples: Hellanikos, Nymphodoros, Nikolaos, and others with collections of "barbarian customs" (fifth century BCE on)

Barbarian wisdom: Clement of Alexandria [VI] on barbarian and Hebrew philosophy (late second century CE)

Cappadocians: Strabo on their temple-states and supposed desire for subservience (early first century CE)

Daans, Kadousians, Hyrkanians, and Sakians: Strabo on peoples east of the Caspian Sea (first century CE)

Egyptian and Persian wisdom: Plutarch on the "barbarian-lover" Herodotos (early second century CE)

Egyptian diasporas: Herodotos on legends about Kolchians and customs of circumcision (mid-fifth century BCE)

Egyptians: Aelian on Egyptian views and customs about animals and animal-worship (late second century CE)

Egyptians: Attic vase paintings, Isocrates and others on king Bousiris and human sacrifice (fifth century BCE on)

Egyptians: Diodoros on the origins of civilization and on Egyptian views (mid-first century BCE)

Egyptians: Hekataios of Miletos on encountering Theban priests (late sixth century BCE)

Egyptians: Herodotos on customs and legendary kings (fifth century BCE)

Ethiopians: Diodoros on their claims, appearance, and customs (mid-first century BCE)

Ethiopians: Herodotos on southern peoples at the ends of the earth (mid-fifth century BCE)

Getians: Hellanikos and others on Zamolxis (fifth century BCE on)

Greek diasporas and indigenous Iberians and Celts: Herodotos, Aristotle, Trogus and others on tales of Phokaian colonization (mid-fifth century BCE on)

Greek diasporas and indigenous Libyans: Herodotos on tales of colonization (mid-fifth century BCE)

Guide to Herodotos of Halikarnassos

Iberians and others: Avienus on a journey along the southern coast of Spain (mid-fourth century CE)

Indians: Herodotos on eastern peoples at the ends of the earth (mid-fifth century BCE)

Libyans: Herodotos on customs and colonization (fifth century BCE)

Lydians: Xanthos of Lydia on kings and luxurious customs (mid-fifth century BCE)

Medes, Assyrians, Baktrians, and others: Herodotos on the mixed composition of the Persian army under Xerxes (fifth century BCE)

Mediterranean peoples: Sextus Empiricus engages with ethnographic discourses for philosophical aims (second-third centuries CE)

Mysians, Galatians, Pisidians, and others: Strabo on relations among Anatolian peoples (early first century CE)

Pelasgian diasporas: Hekataios of Miletos and Herodotos on legends of migration, language, and influence (mid-fifth century BCE)

Phoenicians: Herodotos on customs and colonizing efforts (fifth century BCE)

Romans: Dionysios on Roman origins and legends of Greek and Pelasgian migrations to Italy (late first century BCE)

Scythians and other Pontic peoples: Herodotos on the "most ignorant peoples of all" (fifth century BCE)

Scythians: Clement of Alexandria [I] on the example of Anacharsis (late second century CE)

Trojans, Lelegians, and Kilikians: Homer and Strabo on legendary peoples and migrations in the Troad (early first century CE)

Hesiod (Greek)

Judean wisdom: Aristoboulos on Moses and the Judean god as source for Plato and Pythagoras (mid-second century BCE)

Mediterranean peoples: Pliny the Elder on inventors around the world (first century CE)

Trojans, Lelegians, and Kilikians: Homer and Strabo on legendary peoples and migrations in the Troad (early first century CE)

Hesychios (Greek)

Scythians: Theopompos on a dish made from horses' milk (mid-fourth century BCE)

Hiempsal (Numidian)

Hierokles (Greek of unknown location)

Indians: Hierokles on visiting the Brahmans (fifth century CE or earlier)

Hieronymos of Kardia (Greek)

Arabians / Nabateans: Diodoros on Nabatean customs and freedom (mid-first century BCE)

Judean wisdom: Josephos' Against Apion in full (late first century CE)

Hikesios (Greek)

Persians: Clement of Alexandria [IV] on the elements among Greek philosophers and Persian Magians (late second century CE)

Himilco (Punic)

Iberians and others: Avienus on a journey along the southern coast of Spain (mid-fourth century CE)

Hippokratic author (Greek)

Europeans and Asians: Pseudo-Hippokrates on humoural and environmental theories (fifth century BCE)

Persians: Hippokratic author on the "sacred" disease and Magian attempts at healing (ca. 400 BCE)

Homer (Greek)

Arabians and Aramaians: Poseidonios on relations between eastern peoples (first century BCE)

Barbarians and Greeks: Thucydides theorizes the shift from barbarian banditry to settled civilization (late fifth century BCE)

Egyptians: Aelian on Egyptian views and customs about animals and animal-worship (late second century CE)

Getians, Dacians, and Scythians: Strabo (early first century CE)

Indians: Aelian on Indian views and customs about animals (late second century CE)

Judean wisdom: Aristoboulos on Moses and the Judean god as source for Plato and Pythagoras (mid-second century BCE)

Libyans: Aelian on Libyan views and customs about animals (late second century CE)

Lydians, Maionians, Arimians, and Solymians: Strabo on a variety of peoples in Lydia, Phrygia and Pisidia (early first century CE)

Mysians / Moesians: Poseidonios on their identification and customs based on Homer (first century BCE)

Mysians, Galatians, Pisidians, and others: Strabo on relations among Anatolian peoples (early first century CE)

Romans: Dionysios on Roman origins and legends of Greek and Pelasgian migrations to Italy (late first century BCE)

Scythians: Alexander Polyhistor on Iamians and just Abians (mid-first century BCE)

Trojans, Lelegians, and Kilikians: Homer and Strabo on legendary peoples and migrations in the Troad (early first century CE)

Hypsikrates (Greek)

Amazons: Strabo on their customs and northern location (late first century CE)

Hystaspes / pseudo-Hystaspes (Mede)

Persian wisdom: Lactantius and others on the Oracles of Hystaspes the Mede (third century CE)

Iamblichos (Syrian)

Phoenician, Egyptian and Persian wisdom: Iamblichos of Chalkis on Pythagoras (fourth century CE)

Iamboulos

Indians: Iamboulos and Diodoros on a utopian island beyond India (mid-first century BCE)

Ignatius of Antioch (Greek)

Judeans: Ignatius on Judaizing and Christianizing (early second century CE)

Inscriptions

Judean diasporas: Differing perspectives on violent clashes between Judeans and Greeks in Libya and Egypt under Trajan, ca. 115-117 CE (second-fourth centuries CE)

Irenaeus (Greek)

Persians: Heresy-hunters on Simon Magus and other Magians (second-third centuries CE)

Persians: Irenaeus on Marcus the Valentinian Magian (late second century CE)

Isidoros (Egyptian)

Egyptian perspectives: Isidoros' hymns in praise of the goddess Hermouthis and legendary pharaohs (early first century BCE)

Isocrates (Greek)

Egyptians: Attic vase paintings, Isocrates and others on king Bousiris and human sacrifice (fifth century BCE on)

Persians, Thracians, and Amazons: Isocrates on Athenian superiority and barbarian weakness (fourth century BCE)

Scythians, Amazons, and Persians: Isocrates on the superiority of the Athenian people (early fourth century BCE)

Isogonos (Greek)

Pontic peoples: Phlyarchos on traits and customs of Thibians and Scythians (early second century BCE)

Jerome

Indians: Bardaisan of Edessa on Indian ambassadors' tales and the Brahmans (early third century CE)

Jordanes (Goth)

Getians, Scythians, and Goths: Jordanes on their supposed origins and achievements (mid-sixth century CE)

Joseph and Aseneth's anonymous author (Judean)

Egyptians: The Judean tale of Joseph and Aseneth on rejecting Egyptian gods and on intermarriage (ca. first century CE)

Josephos / Flavius Josephus (Judean)

Amalekites: Josephos and Philo on a prototypical arch-enemy people (first century CE)

Arabians and Judeans: Jubilees, Molon, and Josephos on identifying the Ishmaelites (second century BCE on)

Babylonian diasporas: Josephos and other Judeans on legends of migration from Babel (first-second centuries CE)

Babylonian perspectives: Bel-re’ushu / Berossos on the origins of civilization (late fourth century BCE)

Egyptian diasporas: Manetho, Josephos and others on legends of migration concerning Hyksos and Judeans (third century BCE and on)

Egyptians: Josephos on animal worship (late first century CE)

Egyptians: Josephos on the envy of an inferior people (last-first century CE)

Germans and Sarmatians: Josephos on impulsive and violent northerners (late first century CE)

Guide to Josephos of Jerusalem

Idumeans: Josephos on the Edomites' origins and relations with Judeans (late first century CE)

Indian and Judean wisdom: Klearchos citing Aristotle (fourth century BCE)

Itureans among Arabians: Strabo and Josephos on a supposed bandit-people (first century CE)

Judean diasporas: Josephos on conflicts in Babylonia, ca. 40-66 CE (late first century CE)

Judean diasporas: Josephos on tensions with Greeks in Syria, the Decapolis, and Alexandria ca. 59-66 CE (late first century CE)

Judean diasporas: Josephos' citation of documents on Asia Minor and Libya under Julius Caesar and Augustus (late first century CE)

Judean wisdom: Josephos on Abraham's dissemination of astrological knowledge (late-first century CE)

Judean wisdom: Josephos on philosophical sects among Judeans (late-first century CE)

Judean wisdom: Josephos on Solomon as the ultimate wise man, controller of lower spirits, and healer (late-first century CE)

Judean wisdom: Josephos' Against Apion in full (late first century CE)

Judean wisdom: Josephos' self-presentation as the optimum wise Judean (late-first century CE)

Judeans, Egyptians, and Magians: Various authors on Tiberius' actions against foreign practices 17-19 CE (first-third centuries CE)

Judeans, Syrians, Indians, and others: Porphyry of Tyre on abstinence from meat (third century CE)

Judeans: Agatharchides of Knidos on the Sabbath (second century BCE)

Judeans: Manetho, Chairemon, and Lysimachos on an alternative Exodus (third century BCE on)

Libyans, Assyrians and Arabians: Kleodemos and Josephos on Abraham and Keturah's descendants and their many colonies (second or first century BCE on)

Midianites and Moabites / Arabians: Josephos and Philo on intermixing and the dangers of acculturation (first century CE)

Samaritans: Josephos on Cuthean origins and relations with Judeans over centuries (late first century CE)

Spartans and Judeans: First Maccabees' and Josephos' claims about kinship ties (ca. 100 BCE / ca. 90s CE)

Juba II (Numidian / Berber)

Karmanians, Ichthyophagians, and others: Nearchos, Onesikritos, Juba, and Pliny on the area around the Persian Gulf and Red Sea (fourth century BCE-first century CE)

Libyan perspectives: Juba of Numidia on ethnographic matters (late first century BCE)

Libyans / Africans: Pliny the Elder on various peoples and strange customs (first century CE)

Jubilees author (Judean)

Arabians and Judeans: Jubilees, Molon, and Josephos on identifying the Ishmaelites (second century BCE on)

Canaanites / non-Judean peoples: Jubilees on the Dinah story and intermarriage (mid-second century BCE)

Julius Africanus

Egyptians, Chaldeans, and Phoenicians: Julius Africanus on competitive chronologies (ca. 222 CE)

Parthians and Scythians: Julius Africanus on barbarian military techniques (early third century CE)

Julius Caesar (Roman)

Britons: Julius Caesar (mid-first century BCE)

Celts: Appian of Alexandria on their character and on ambassadorial relations with Romans (second century CE)

Celts: Julius Caesar on Druids and supposed human sacrifice among Gauls (mid-first century BCE)

Germans: Appian of Alexandria on large, savage and spirited Germans (second century CE)

Germans: Julius Caesar (mid-first century BCE)

Justin of Flavia Neapolist / Justin Martyr (Greek / Samaritan)

Judean wisdom: Tatian the Assyrian on the priority of Moses' "barbarian wisdom" (second century CE)

Persians: Heresy-hunters on Simon Magus and other Magians (second-third centuries CE)

Kallimachos (Greek)

Libyans / Africans: Pliny the Elder on various peoples and strange customs (first century CE)

Kallinos (Greek)

Lydians, Maionians, Arimians, and Solymians: Strabo on a variety of peoples in Lydia, Phrygia and Pisidia (early first century CE)

Kallisthenes (Greek)

Cretans, Spartans, Carthaginians, and Romans: Polybios on superior and inferior societal organization (second century BCE)

Indian wisdom: Naked philosophers and wise diviners in the Alexander Romance (fourth century CE and earlier)

Lydians, Maionians, Arimians, and Solymians: Strabo on a variety of peoples in Lydia, Phrygia and Pisidia (early first century CE)

Trojans, Lelegians, and Kilikians: Homer and Strabo on legendary peoples and migrations in the Troad (early first century CE)

Klearchos / Clearchus (Greek)

Iapygians and Tarentinians: Klearchos of Soloi (fourth century BCE)

Indian and Judean wisdom: Klearchos citing Aristotle (fourth century BCE)

Indian wisdom: Alexander Polyhistor and Clement of Alexandria (VII) on the Brahmans and naked sages (first century BCE / late second century CE)

Lydians: Xanthos of Lydia on kings and luxurious customs (mid-fifth century BCE)

Persian, Indian, and Judean wisdom: Klearchos of Soloi on Magian precedence (fourth century BCE)

Persians and Medes: Douris of Samos, Herakleides of Kyme, Klearchos of Soloi, and others on royal banquets (fifth-fourth centuries BCE)

Scythians: Klearchos of Soloi (fourth century BCE)

Kleitarchos (Greek)

Amazons: Strabo on their customs and northern location (late first century CE)

Babylonian and Persian wisdom: Kleitarchos on Chaldeans and Magians (late fourth-third centuries BCE)

Barbarian peoples: Hellanikos, Nymphodoros, Nikolaos, and others with collections of "barbarian customs" (fifth century BCE on)

Germans, Suebians, Marcomannians, and Kimbrians: Poseidonios and Strabo on customs and rumours about the tides (first century BCE)

Indians: Aelian on Indian views and customs about animals (late second century CE)

Persian, Babylonian, and Scythian wisdom: Diogenes of Laertes refutes Magian and Chaldean origins for Greek philosophy (early third century CE)

Kleodemos / Cleodemus Malchos (Judean)

Libyans, Assyrians and Arabians: Kleodemos and Josephos on Abraham and Keturah's descendants and their many colonies (second or first century BCE on)

Kleomedes / Cleomedes (Greek)

Judeans: Kleomedes denigrates Epicurus and Judeans (second century CE)

Kritodemos

Mediterranean peoples: Pliny the Elder on inventors around the world (first century CE)

Ktesias (Greek)

Assyrians, Medes and Persians: Ktesias on Persian Matters via Diodoros and Photios (early fourth century BCE)

Babylonian wisdom: Diodoros on Chaldeans' astrology and divination (mid-first century BCE)

Daans, Kadousians, Hyrkanians, and Sakians: Strabo on peoples east of the Caspian Sea (first century CE)

Dyrbaians: Ktesias on an extremely just people between Baktria and India (early fourth century BCE)

Egyptians: Diodoros on the origins of civilization and on Egyptian views (mid-first century BCE)

Ethiopians: Diodoros on their claims, appearance, and customs (mid-first century BCE)

Indians: Aelian on Indian views and customs about animals (late second century CE)

Indians: Ktesias on Indian Matters via Photios, Pliny the Elder, and Aelian (early fourth century BCE)

Mediterranean peoples: Pausanias, ethnographic interests, and local traditions (mid-second century CE)

Kyranos (imaginary Persian)

Assyrian wisdom: The Kyranides on a journey to learn from a foreign inscription (fourth century CE or earlier)

Lamb (Egyptian)

Egyptian perspectives: Oracles of the Lamb and the Potter on Greco-Macedonians and other foreigners (third-second centuries BCE)

Laosthenidas (Greek)

Cretans: Diodoros on Cretan (Greek) contributions to civilization (mid-first century BCE)

Livy (Roman)

Celts: Livy on legends of fourth century BCE migrations and an invasion of Rome (late first century BCE)

Celts: Livy on the Galatian invasion of Asia Minor and the Roman army's subsequent victory, ca. 189 BCE (late first century BCE)

Romans: Dionysios on the supposed Roman refusal of barbarian and Phrygian customs (late first century BCE)

Lucian of Samosata (Syrian / Assyrian)

Babylonian wisdom: Lucian's Menippos visits Mithrobarzanes the Chaldean / Magian wise man (late second century CE)

Egyptian wisdom: Lucian's story about Eukrates and Pankrates (late second century CE)

Syrian perspectives: Lucian of Samosata on The Syrian Goddess in full (mid-second century CE)

Syrian perspectives: Lucian self-identifies as "barbarian" and "Assyrian" (mid-second century CE)

Western peoples beyond the pillars of Herakles (and up): Lucian's "A True Story" and ethnographic fiction (late second century CE)

Lucillius (Greek)

Egyptian wisdom: Vettius Valens and others on Petosiris and pharaoh Nechepsos as astrologers (first-fifth centuries CE)

Lucius Mallius (Roman)

Romans: Dionysios on Roman origins and legends of Greek and Pelasgian migrations to Italy (late first century BCE)

Luke-Acts author (Greek / Judean)

Parthians, Libyans, Egyptians and others: Acts of the Apostles on legends of Judean migration (early second century CE)

Persians: Heresy-hunters on Simon Magus and other Magians (second-third centuries CE)

Persians: Matthew and Luke-Acts on two contrasting approaches to Magians (late first century CE)

Lykeas of Naukratis (Greek)

Egyptians: Lykeas of Naukratis on Egyptian kings and meals (first century CE or earlier)

Lysimachos of Alexandria (Greek)

Egyptian diasporas: Manetho, Josephos and others on legends of migration concerning Hyksos and Judeans (third century BCE and on)

Judeans: Manetho, Chairemon, and Lysimachos on an alternative Exodus (third century BCE on)

Maccabees author

Spartans and Judeans: First Maccabees' and Josephos' claims about kinship ties (ca. 100 BCE / ca. 90s CE)

Manetho / pseudo-Manetho (Egyptian)

Egyptian diasporas: Manetho, Josephos and others on legends of migration concerning Hyksos and Judeans (third century BCE and on)

Egyptian perspectives: Manetho on "Egyptian Matters" (early third century BCE)

Egyptian wisdom: Plutarch on wise Egyptian priests and on Isis and Osiris (early second century CE)

Egyptians: Aelian on Egyptian views and customs about animals and animal-worship (late second century CE)

Judeans: Manetho, Chairemon, and Lysimachos on an alternative Exodus (third century BCE on)

Persian, Babylonian, and Scythian wisdom: Diogenes of Laertes refutes Magian and Chaldean origins for Greek philosophy (early third century CE)

Mark's Gospel author (Greek)

Phoenicians: Gospel of Mark on Jesus and a Syro-Phoenician woman (late first century CE)

Matthew's gospel author (Judean)

Persians: Matthew and Luke-Acts on two contrasting approaches to Magians (late first century CE)

Maximus of Tyre (Greek)

Mediterranean peoples: Maximus of Tyre on images for the gods as ubiquitous among peoples (late second century CE)

Persians: Maximus of Tyre on "barbarizing" and the excesses of royal pleasure (late second century CE)

Megasthenes (Greek)

Babylonian perspectives: Bel-re’ushu / Berossos on the origins of civilization (late fourth century BCE)

Barbarian wisdom: Clement of Alexandria [VI] on barbarian and Hebrew philosophy (late second century CE)

Indian wisdom: Alexander Polyhistor and Clement of Alexandria (VII) on the Brahmans and naked sages (first century BCE / late second century CE)

Indian wisdom: Nearchos, Megasthenes, and Arrian on the sages Dandamis and Kalanos (fourth century BCE-second century CE)

Indians, Taprobanians, and Serians: Pliny the Elder on numerous peoples and customs in India and beyond (first century CE)

Indians: Nearchos, Megasthenes, and Arrian (fourth century BCE-second century CE)

Menekrates of Elaia (Greek)

Mysians, Galatians, Pisidians, and others: Strabo on relations among Anatolian peoples (early first century CE)

Pelasgians: Strabo on a legendary migrating people (early first century CE)

Metrodoros of Skepsis (Greek)

Amazons: Strabo on their customs and northern location (late first century CE)

Metrophanes (Greek)

Phrygians: Alexander Polyhistor, Hermogenes, and others on Phrygian Matters (first century BCE on)

Minucius Felix

Romans, Egyptians, Persians, and others: Minucius Felix's ethnographic defence of the Christian people (early third century CE)

Mnaseas (Greek)

Getians: Hellanikos and others on Zamolxis (fifth century BCE on)

Mnesigiton (Greek)

Mediterranean peoples: Pliny the Elder on inventors around the world (first century CE)

Mochos (Sidonian)

Phoenician wisdom: Ampelius on Mochos of Sidon (early-third century CE)

Monimos (Greek)

Taurians and Greeks: Clement of Alexandria [III] on human sacrifice (late second century CE)

Myrsilos (Greek)

Romans: Dionysios on Roman origins and legends of Greek and Pelasgian migrations to Italy (late first century BCE)

Trojans, Lelegians, and Kilikians: Homer and Strabo on legendary peoples and migrations in the Troad (early first century CE)

Neanthes (Greek)

Judeans, Syrians, Indians, and others: Porphyry of Tyre on abstinence from meat (third century CE)

Nearchos (Greek)

Babylonian wisdom: Diodoros on Chaldeans' astrology and divination (mid-first century BCE)

Ichthyophagians: Nearchos and Agatharchides on Fish-eaters around the Arabian Sea (fourth-first centuries BCE)

Indian wisdom: Nearchos, Megasthenes, and Arrian on the sages Dandamis and Kalanos (fourth century BCE-second century CE)

Indian wisdom: Philostratos on Apollonios of Tyana's journeys to barbarian lands (early third century CE)

Indians: Nearchos, Megasthenes, and Arrian (fourth century BCE-second century CE)

Karmanians, Ichthyophagians, and others: Nearchos, Onesikritos, Juba, and Pliny on the area around the Persian Gulf and Red Sea (fourth century BCE-first century CE)

Nechepsos (legendary Egyptian)

Egyptian wisdom: Vettius Valens and others on Petosiris and pharaoh Nechepsos as astrologers (first-fifth centuries CE)

Nikolaos of Damaskos / Nicolaus of Damascus (Greek or Judean)

Barbarian peoples: Hellanikos, Nymphodoros, Nikolaos, and others with collections of "barbarian customs" (fifth century BCE on)

Judean wisdom: Josephos on Abraham's dissemination of astrological knowledge (late-first century CE)

Nilus / Pseudo-Nilus (Greek)

Arabians: Pseudo-Nilus on barbarian bandits and Saracens in the Sinai desert (early fifth century CE)

Nonnosos

Ethiopians and Arabians: Nonnosos on Saracens and on a hairy people (sixth century CE)

Numenius of Apameia (Syrian / Roman)

Judean, Indian, Babylonian, and Egyptian wisdom: Numenius the Platonic philosopher (mid-second century CE)

Nymphodoros of Amphipolis (Greek)

Barbarian peoples: Hellanikos, Nymphodoros, Nikolaos, and others with collections of "barbarian customs" (fifth century BCE on)

Olympiodoros of Thebes (Egyptian / Roman)

Sarmatians, Huns, and Goths: Olympiodoros of Thebes on statues as protection against invasions (early fifth century CE)

Onesikritos (Greek)

Baktrians, Sogdians, and some "completely barbarous" eastern peoples: Strabo (early first century CE)

Indian wisdom: Cicero and Plutarch on Alexander, the naked philosophers, and Kalanos (early second century CE)

Karmanians, Ichthyophagians, and others: Nearchos, Onesikritos, Juba, and Pliny on the area around the Persian Gulf and Red Sea (fourth century BCE-first century CE)

Libyans: Aelian on Libyan views and customs about animals (late second century CE)

Origen (Greek)

Barbarian wisdom: Celsus and Origen of Alexandria (second-third centuries CE)

Egyptian / Persian / Judean wisdom: Judean legends of Jannes and Jambres as Magians in the Exodus account (third century CE and earlier)

Guide to Celsus and Origen of Alexandria

Judean, Indian, Babylonian, and Egyptian wisdom: Numenius the Platonic philosopher (mid-second century CE)

Persian wisdom: Celsus and Origen on Magians and on Moses and Jesus as howlers of chants (second-third centuries CE)

Persian wisdom: Celsus on mysteries of Mithras as a source of ancient wisdom (mid-second century CE)

Orthagoras (Greek)

Indian wisdom: Philostratos on Apollonios of Tyana's journeys to barbarian lands (early third century CE)

Indians: Aelian on Indian views and customs about animals (late second century CE)

Libyans: Aelian on Libyan views and customs about animals (late second century CE)

Osthanes (legendary Persian)

Persians: Pliny on the dissemination of Magian skill to the peoples of the world (first century CE)

Ovid (Roman)

Phrygians: Alexander Polyhistor, Hermogenes, and others on Phrygian Matters (first century BCE on)

Palladios / Palladius

Barbarian peoples: Caesarius of Nazianzos' and George the Monk's collection of extraordinary customs (sixth / ninth centuries CE)

Egyptian / Persian / Judean wisdom: Judean legends of Jannes and Jambres as Magians in the Exodus account (third century CE and earlier)

Ethiopians: Palladios and others on Abba Moses the former bandit with darker skin (fourth-fifth centuries CE)

Indians: Palladios and George on naked philosophers or Brahmans (fourth / ninth centuries CE)

Pallas (Greek)

Judeans, Syrians, Indians, and others: Porphyry of Tyre on abstinence from meat (third century CE)

Panaitios (GreeK)

Assyrians, Chaldeans, Egyptians, Celts, and others: The Cicero brothers on the nature and effectiveness of divination (mid-first century BCE)

Panyassis (Greek)

Egyptians: Attic vase paintings, Isocrates and others on king Bousiris and human sacrifice (fifth century BCE on)

Papyri

Judean diasporas: Differing perspectives on violent clashes between Judeans and Greeks in Libya and Egypt under Trajan, ca. 115-117 CE (second-fourth centuries CE)

Parthenios of Nikaia (Greek)

Celts: Anyte and Parthenios on wife abductions during the Galatian invasion (third-first century BCE)

Patrokles (Macedonian)

Baktrians, Sogdians, and some "completely barbarous" eastern peoples: Strabo (early first century CE)

Daans, Kadousians, Hyrkanians, and Sakians: Strabo on peoples east of the Caspian Sea (first century CE)

Paul / pseudo-Paul (Judean in the diaspora)

Cretans: Stereotypes in the letter to Titus (early second century CE)

Egyptian / Persian / Judean wisdom: Judean legends of Jannes and Jambres as Magians in the Exodus account (third century CE and earlier)

Greeks and other peoples: Paul's Judean stereotypes about non-Judeans (mid-first century CE)

Pausanias (Greek)

Mediterranean peoples: Pausanias, ethnographic interests, and local traditions (mid-second century CE)

Persians: Vitruvius theorizes about Greek depictions of enemies in architectural contexts (first century BCE)

Petosiris (legendary Egyptian)

Egyptian wisdom: Vettius Valens and others on Petosiris and pharaoh Nechepsos as astrologers (first-fifth centuries CE)

Pherekydes (Greek)

Romans: Dionysios on Roman origins and legends of Greek and Pelasgian migrations to Italy (late first century BCE)

Phileas (Greek)

Iberians and others: Avienus on a journey along the southern coast of Spain (mid-fourth century CE)

Philip of Ochous (Greek)

Assyrian and Egyptian wisdom: Platonic author on Greek perfection of barbarian astral observation (late-fourth century BCE)

Philippos (Christian)

Eastern and northern peoples: Bardaisan of Edessa's Book of the Laws of Countries and the Pseudo-Clementines on astrology and peoples (second-third centuries CE)

Philistos (Greek)

Romans: Dionysios on Roman origins and legends of Greek and Pelasgian migrations to Italy (late first century BCE)

Philo of Alexandria (Judean / Jewish)

Amalekites: Josephos and Philo on a prototypical arch-enemy people (first century CE)

Babylonian wisdom: Philo on Abraham's migration away from Chaldean astrology (early first century CE)

Barbarian wisdom: Clement of Alexandria [VI] on barbarian and Hebrew philosophy (late second century CE)

Germans: Philo of Alexandria on fighting the tides (first century CE)

Guide to Philo of Alexandria

Indian wisdom: Alexander Polyhistor and Clement of Alexandria (VII) on the Brahmans and naked sages (first century BCE / late second century CE)

Judean wisdom: Philo on the superiority of Moses and Judean ancestral customs (first century CE)

Judean, Persian, and Indian wisdom: Philo on the freedom of Essenes and Kalanos (early first century CE)

Midianites and Moabites / Arabians: Josephos and Philo on intermixing and the dangers of acculturation (first century CE)

Persians: Philo on true Magian skill and its criminal counterfeit (early first century CE)

Philo of Byblos (Phoenician)

Phoenician perspectives: Philo of Byblos on "Phoenician Matters" (early second century CE)

Philodemos (Greek)

Babylonian / Persian wisdom: Philodemos, Seneca, and others on Chaldeans / Magians at Plato's death (first century BCE on)

Philostephanos (Greek)

Mediterranean peoples: Pliny the Elder on inventors around the world (first century CE)

Philostratos (Greek)

Indian wisdom: Philostratos on Apollonios of Tyana's journeys to barbarian lands (early third century CE)

Persian and Babylonian wisdom: Pseudo-Demokritos and others on Demokritos' training by Magians and Chaldeans (first century BCE on)

Photios (Greek)

Arabians: Agatharchides and Diodoros on peoples of Arabia Felix on the eastern coast of the Red Sea (second-first centuries BCE)

Ethiopians and Arabians: Nonnosos on Saracens and on a hairy people (sixth century CE)

Iberians: Diodoros on Viriathus and the Lusitanians' resistance to Roman rule (mid-first century BCE)

Ichthyophagians: Nearchos and Agatharchides on Fish-eaters around the Arabian Sea (fourth-first centuries BCE)

Indians: Ktesias on Indian Matters via Photios, Pliny the Elder, and Aelian (early fourth century BCE)

Judeans: Hekataios, pseudo-Hekataios and Diodoros on Judean origins and migration with the exodus (first century BCE)

Parthians: Arrian on their Scythian origins (second century CE)

Phrygians: Diodoros on Battakes the priest of the great Mother visiting Rome (mid-first century BCE)

Syrian diasporas: Diodoros and Florus on Eunous of Apameia's leadership of the slave rebellion on Sicily (mid-first century BCE / second century CE)

Phylarchos (Greek)

Celts: Phylarchos and Poseidonios on banqueting and violent customs (first century BCE)

Indians: Phylarchos on roots for sexual restraint (early second century BCE)

Pontic peoples: Phlyarchos on traits and customs of Thibians and Scythians (early second century BCE)

Pindar (Greek)

Lydians, Maionians, Arimians, and Solymians: Strabo on a variety of peoples in Lydia, Phrygia and Pisidia (early first century CE)

Plato / Pseudo-Plato (Greek)

Assyrian and Egyptian wisdom: Platonic author on Greek perfection of barbarian astral observation (late-fourth century BCE)

Barbarian and Judean wisdom: Clement of Alexandria [V] on the sources of Plato's thought (late second century CE)

Cretans, Spartans, Carthaginians, and Romans: Polybios on superior and inferior societal organization (second century BCE)

Egyptian wisdom: Plato on Solon, the Egyptian priest, and Atlantis (mid-fourth century BCE)

Egyptian wisdom: Plato's Socrates on the discoveries of the Egyptian god Thoth (fourth century BCE)

Persian / Hyperborean wisdom: Anonymous author on Gobryas the Magian and the bronze tablets about death and judgment (first century BCE)

Persians, Spartans, and Athenians: Platonic author on the superiority of the Persians (fourth century BCE)

Persians: Apuleius of Madaura's defence against the charge of harmful Magian actions (ca. 158 CE)

Persians: Plato on Persian decline into effeminacy and tyranny (early fourth century BCE)

Thracians: Greeks and Thracians honouring the Thracian goddess Bendis (fifth-third centuries BCE)

Trojans, Lelegians, and Kilikians: Homer and Strabo on legendary peoples and migrations in the Troad (early first century CE)

Pliny the Elder (Roman)

Asian Albanians, Iberians, Mardians and others: Demodamas and Pliny the Elder on peoples in the Caucasus region and further east (third century BCE / first century CE)

Celts: Pliny the Elder on medicine, rites and Magian skill among Druids (first century CE)

Celts: Pliny the Elder on three Roman subdivisions of Gaul (first century CE)

Egyptian wisdom: Vettius Valens and others on Petosiris and pharaoh Nechepsos as astrologers (first-fifth centuries CE)

Europeans, Africans, and Asians: Pliny the Elder on the framework for his ethnographic survey and on the superiority of Europeans (first century CE)

Hyperboreans: Herodotos, Hekataios, Diodoros, and others on a legendary northern people (four century BCE to third century CE)

Indians, Ethiopians and others: Pliny the Elder on "unbelievable" peoples (first century CE)

Indians, Taprobanians, and Serians: Pliny the Elder on numerous peoples and customs in India and beyond (first century CE)

Indians: Ktesias on Indian Matters via Photios, Pliny the Elder, and Aelian (early fourth century BCE)

Judeans: Pliny the Elder and Julius Solinus on the Essenes beside the Dead Sea (first / third centuries CE)

Karmanians, Ichthyophagians, and others: Nearchos, Onesikritos, Juba, and Pliny on the area around the Persian Gulf and Red Sea (fourth century BCE-first century CE)

Libyan perspectives: Juba of Numidia on ethnographic matters (late first century BCE)

Libyans / Africans: Pliny the Elder on various peoples and strange customs (first century CE)

Mediterranean peoples: Diodoros, Pliny and Plutarch on Pompey's subjugation of peoples of the world (mid-first century BCE on)

Mediterranean peoples: Pliny the Elder on inventors around the world (first century CE)

Peoples of Arachosia and Ariana: Pliny the Elder on peoples between Baktria and India (first century CE)

Persian and Babylonian wisdom: Pseudo-Demokritos and others on Demokritos' training by Magians and Chaldeans (first century BCE on)

Persians: Pliny on the dissemination of Magian skill to the peoples of the world (first century CE)

Pontic peoples: Phlyarchos on traits and customs of Thibians and Scythians (early second century BCE)

Scythians, Germans, and others: Pliny the Elder on peoples on the western and northern coasts of the Black Sea (first century CE)

Serians (Chinese), Ottorokorians and others: Pliny the Elder on the savage silk people (first century CE)

Plutarch (Greek)

Babylonian and Persian wisdom: Various authors on reception and expulsion of Chaldeans, Magians, and other foreign experts at Rome (first century CE on)

Barbarians: Plutarch on the bad influence of barbarian slaves on Greek children (early second century CE)

Celts and Germans: Plutarch’s ethnographic digressions in the Lives (early second century CE)

Cilicians: Plutarch on foreign "pirates" threatening Roman ways (early-second century CE)

Egyptian and Persian wisdom: Plutarch on the "barbarian-lover" Herodotos (early second century CE)

Egyptian wisdom: Plutarch on wise Egyptian priests and on Isis and Osiris (early second century CE)

Indian wisdom: Cicero and Plutarch on Alexander, the naked philosophers, and Kalanos (early second century CE)

Judeans, Syrians, Celts, Scythians and others: Plutarch on the "barbarian" origins of fearing the gods, or "superstition" (early second century CE)

Persian wisdom: Theopompos of Chios and Plutarch on Magians and Zoroaster (fourth century BCE and later)

Pontic peoples: Phlyarchos on traits and customs of Thibians and Scythians (early second century BCE)

Scythian wisdom: Curtius Rufus on the Scythian elder's speech about Alexander the bandit (first century CE)

Polemon (Greek)

Egyptians: Clement of Alexandria [II] on Egyptian animal worship as less offensive than Greek customs (late second century CE)

Polybios (Greek)

Arkadians: Polybios theorizes environment and peoplehood (second century BCE)

Celts and Ligurians: Strabo on peoples south of the Alps (early first century CE)

Celts, Ethiopians and peoples in the middle: Polybios, Poseidonios, and Strabo on climate zones (mid-second century on)

Celts, Iberians, and Libyans: Polybios on the mixed composition of Hannibal of Carthage's army and on military equipment (second century BCE)

Celts: Polybios on the Celtic encounter with Rome and on his method in dealing with distant peoples (second century BCE)

Cretans, Spartans, Carthaginians, and Romans: Polybios on superior and inferior societal organization (second century BCE)

Cretans: Ephoros on civic organization and customs (mid-fourth century BCE)

Guide to Polybios of Megalopolis

Parthians: Strabo on Scythian origins and military success (early first century CE)

Romans: Dionysios on Roman origins and legends of Greek and Pelasgian migrations to Italy (late first century BCE)

Thracians, Galatians, Daans, and others: Polybios on the mixed composition of the armies of Ptolemy IV and Antiochos III (second century BCE)

Polykleitos

Daans, Kadousians, Hyrkanians, and Sakians: Strabo on peoples east of the Caspian Sea (first century CE)

Pompeius Trogus (Gaul / Roman)

Assyrians: Trogus on the achievements of Ninos and Semiramis and on the extreme effeminacy of Sardanapalus (first century BCE)

Celts: Trogus on Gallic invasions and character (first century BCE)

Greek diasporas and indigenous Iberians and Celts: Herodotos, Aristotle, Trogus and others on tales of Phokaian colonization (mid-fifth century BCE on)

Guide to Trogus

Judeans: Trogus on contributions of Joseph and Moses and on the exodus (first century BCE)

Parthians: Trogus on the origins and developments of an empire (first century BCE)

Persians: Trogus, Diodoros, and Curtius Rufus on Alexander of Macedon's decline into eastern ways (first century BCE on)

Phoenician diasporas: Timaios of Tauromenion, Trogus, and Appian on the founding of Carthage and on child sacrifice (first century BCE)

Scythians: Trogus on Scythian superiority (first century BCE)

Pomponius and Rufus

Persians: Emperor Diocletian on strange and monstrous Manicheans (ca. 300 CE)

Pomponius Mela (Roman)

Mediterranean peoples: Pomponius Mela on peoples of the known world (mid-first century CE)

Porcius Cato (Roman)

Romans: Dionysios on Roman origins and legends of Greek and Pelasgian migrations to Italy (late first century BCE)

Porphyry (Syrian)

Barbarian wisdom: Porphyry of Tyre's Neoplatonic perspective (third century CE)

Indians: Bardaisan of Edessa on Indian ambassadors' tales and the Brahmans (early third century CE)

Judean wisdom: Theophrastos on Judean philosophers (fourth century BCE)

Judeans, Syrians, Indians, and others: Porphyry of Tyre on abstinence from meat (third century CE)

Persian wisdom: Euboulos and Porphyry of Tyre on Zoroaster and the cave (third century CE)

Phoenician, Egyptian and Babylonian wisdom: Porphyry of Tyre and Antonius Diogenes on Pythagoras (third century CE)

Poseidonios (Greek or Syrian)

Arabians and Aramaians: Poseidonios on relations between eastern peoples (first century BCE)

Assyrians, Chaldeans, Egyptians, Celts, and others: The Cicero brothers on the nature and effectiveness of divination (mid-first century BCE)

Barbarian wisdom: Poseidonios on inventors of the golden age (first century BCE)

Celts, Ethiopians and peoples in the middle: Polybios, Poseidonios, and Strabo on climate zones (mid-second century on)

Celts: Livy on legends of fourth century BCE migrations and an invasion of Rome (late first century BCE)

Celts: Phylarchos and Poseidonios on banqueting and violent customs (first century BCE)

Celts: Strabo on peoples northwest of the Alps (early first century CE)

Germans, Suebians, Marcomannians, and Kimbrians: Poseidonios and Strabo on customs and rumours about the tides (first century BCE)

Guide to Poseidonios of Apameia

Iberians: Artemidoros, Poseidonios, Strabo, and others (second century BCE to first century CE)

Indians, Taprobanians, and Serians: Pliny the Elder on numerous peoples and customs in India and beyond (first century CE)

Judeans: Mnaseas, Poseidonios, Apollonios Molon, Diodoros, Apion, and Damokritos on the statue of a donkey and on human sacrifice (second century BCE and on)

Judeans: Poseidonios (?) and Strabo on decline after Moses (first century CE)

Mysians / Moesians: Poseidonios on their identification and customs based on Homer (first century BCE)

Parthians: Poseidonios on royal banquets (first century BCE)

Parthians: Strabo on Scythian origins and military success (early first century CE)

Phoenician wisdom: Strabo and Poseidonios on Mochos of Sidon (first century BCE)

Potter (Egyptian)

Egyptian perspectives: Oracles of the Lamb and the Potter on Greco-Macedonians and other foreigners (third-second centuries BCE)

Pseudo-Clementine author(s)

Eastern and northern peoples: Bardaisan of Edessa's Book of the Laws of Countries and the Pseudo-Clementines on astrology and peoples (second-third centuries CE)

Persians, Babylonians, and Egyptians: Pseudo-Clementines on Zoroaster and the origins of Magian skill (second-fourth centuries CE)

Pseudo-Hippolytos / anonymous (Greek)

Persians: Heresy-hunters on Simon Magus and other Magians (second-third centuries CE)

Pseudo-Skylax (Greek)

Assyrians, Chaldeans, Egyptians, Celts, and others: The Cicero brothers on the nature and effectiveness of divination (mid-first century BCE)

Guide to circumnavigation authors

Iberians and others: Avienus on a journey along the southern coast of Spain (mid-fourth century CE)

Mediterranean peoples: Pseudo-Skylax (fourth century BCE)

Mysians, Galatians, Pisidians, and others: Strabo on relations among Anatolian peoples (early first century CE)

Pseudo-Skymnos (Greek)

Guide to circumnavigation authors

Indians, Ethiopians, Celts, and Scythians: Ephoros on a four-fold division of the known world (mid-fourth century BCE)

Mediterranean peoples: Pseudo-Skymnos' Voyage Around the Earth for Nikomedes in full (mid-second century BCE)

Scythians and other northern peoples: Ephoros (mid-fourth century BCE)

Ptolemy the astrologer (Greek)

Egyptian wisdom: Vettius Valens and others on Petosiris and pharaoh Nechepsos as astrologers (first-fifth centuries CE)

Mediterranean peoples: Claudius Ptolemy on astrological effects on peoples (second century CE)

Ptolemy the historian (Greek)

Idumeans and Judeans: Ptolemy the historian on the difference (late first century BCE)

Pythagoras (Greek)

Persians: Apuleius of Madaura's defence against the charge of harmful Magian actions (ca. 158 CE)

Persians: Pliny on the dissemination of Magian skill to the peoples of the world (first century CE)

Pythokles (Greek)

Taurians and Greeks: Clement of Alexandria [III] on human sacrifice (late second century CE)

Quintus Fabius Pictor (Roman)

Romans: Dionysios on Roman origins and legends of Greek and Pelasgian migrations to Italy (late first century BCE)

Rabbis

Romans: Rabbis on four successive imperial powers – Babylonians, Medes, Greeks, Romans (fifth century CE and earlier)

Roman consuls

Persians: Emperor Diocletian on strange and monstrous Manicheans (ca. 300 CE)

Roman emperor

Persians: Emperor Diocletian on strange and monstrous Manicheans (ca. 300 CE)

Rufinus of Aquileia (Roman)

Ethiopians, Nubians, and Egyptians: Christian authors picturing darker-skinned peoples as "demons" (second century CE on)

Judean wisdom: Pseudo-Clement on a journey to Peter the Judean sage (third century CE and on)

Sallust (Roman)

Ethnic diversity in Libya / Africa: Sallust on legends of migration (mid-first century BCE)

Libyans / Africans: Sallust and Punic sources on the geography and peoples (mid-first century BCE)

Sanchuniathon (Phoenician)

Phoenician perspectives: Philo of Byblos on "Phoenician Matters" (early second century CE)

Seneca the Younger (Roman)

Barbarian wisdom: Poseidonios on inventors of the golden age (first century BCE)

Germans and Scythians: Seneca on enduring hardships and on anger (first century CE)

Judeans, Egyptians, and others: Seneca on the "superstitions" of foreigners (mid-first century CE)

Sextus Empiricus (Greek)

Ethiopians and Thracians: Xenophon of Kolophon theorizes human representations of gods (sixth century BCE)

Sibyl (various Judeans)

Assyrian / Babylonian wisdom: Sibyl of Babylon on the superiority of the Judean people (second century BCE)

Sibyls (mythical figures)

Persian wisdom: Lactantius and others on the Oracles of Hystaspes the Mede (third century CE)

Simakos

Persians: Agathias on the divergent customs of Zoroaster's Magians (sixth century CE and earlier)

Sophokles (Greek)

Romans: Dionysios on Roman origins and legends of Greek and Pelasgian migrations to Italy (late first century BCE)

Sosikrates (Greek)

Persian, Babylonian, and Scythian wisdom: Diogenes of Laertes refutes Magian and Chaldean origins for Greek philosophy (early third century CE)

Sotion (Greek)

Babylonian and Persian wisdom: Kleitarchos on Chaldeans and Magians (late fourth-third centuries BCE)

Persian, Babylonian, and Scythian wisdom: Diogenes of Laertes refutes Magian and Chaldean origins for Greek philosophy (early third century CE)

Stephanos of Byzantion (Greek)

Dyrbaians: Ktesias on an extremely just people between Baktria and India (early fourth century BCE)

Libyan perspectives: Juba of Numidia on ethnographic matters (late first century BCE)

Phrygians: Alexander Polyhistor, Hermogenes, and others on Phrygian Matters (first century BCE on)

Scythians and other northern peoples: Ephoros (mid-fourth century BCE)

Stobaios / John of Stobi (Greek)

Indians: Bardaisan of Edessa on Indian ambassadors' tales and the Brahmans (early third century CE)

Strabo (Greek)

Arabians and Aramaians: Poseidonios on relations between eastern peoples (first century BCE)

Baktrians, Sogdians, and some "completely barbarous" eastern peoples: Strabo (early first century CE)

Bithynians, Mariandynians, Paphlagonians, and others: Strabo on temple-states and peoples near his Pontic homeland (early first century CE)

Boiotians: Ephoros on the superiority of Boiotia and on a Phoenician connection (mid-fourth century BCE)

Britons and Iernians (Irish): Julius Caesar, Pytheas, and Strabo on customs including eating human flesh (early first century CE)

Cappadocians: Strabo on their temple-states and supposed desire for subservience (early first century CE)

Celts and Germans: Diodoros, Dionysios, Strabo, and Dio on distinguishing them (first centuries BCE and CE)

Celts and Ligurians: Strabo on peoples south of the Alps (early first century CE)

Celts: Ephoros (mid-fourth century BCE)

Celts: Phylarchos and Poseidonios on banqueting and violent customs (first century BCE)

Celts: Strabo on peoples northwest of the Alps (early first century CE)

Cretans: Ephoros on civic organization and customs (mid-fourth century BCE)

Daans, Kadousians, Hyrkanians, and Sakians: Strabo on peoples east of the Caspian Sea (first century CE)

Egyptian, Phoenician, and Phrygian wisdom: Ephoros on inventors (mid-fourth century BCE)

Germans, Suebians, Marcomannians, and Kimbrians: Poseidonios and Strabo on customs and rumours about the tides (first century BCE)

Getians, Dacians, and Scythians: Strabo (early first century CE)

Greek diasporas and indigenous Iberians and Celts: Herodotos, Aristotle, Trogus and others on tales of Phokaian colonization (mid-fifth century BCE on)

Iberians, Albanians and others of the Caucasus area: Strabo (early first century CE)

Iberians: Artemidoros, Poseidonios, Strabo, and others (second century BCE to first century CE)

Ichthyophagians: Nearchos and Agatharchides on Fish-eaters around the Arabian Sea (fourth-first centuries BCE)

Illyrians, Pannonians, and other peoples: Strabo (early first century CE)

Indians, Ethiopians, Celts, and Scythians: Ephoros on a four-fold division of the known world (mid-fourth century BCE)

Itureans among Arabians: Strabo and Josephos on a supposed bandit-people (first century CE)

Judeans: Poseidonios (?) and Strabo on decline after Moses (first century CE)

Lydians, Maionians, Arimians, and Solymians: Strabo on a variety of peoples in Lydia, Phrygia and Pisidia (early first century CE)

Maiotians, Bosporians, Kaukasians, and other Pontic peoples: Strabo on northern Asia (early first century CE)

Mysians / Moesians: Poseidonios on their identification and customs based on Homer (first century BCE)

Mysians, Galatians, Pisidians, and others: Strabo on relations among Anatolian peoples (early first century CE)

Parthians: Strabo on Scythian origins and military success (early first century CE)

Pelasgian diasporas: Ephoros on legends of migration (mid-fourth century BCE)

Pelasgians: Strabo on a legendary migrating people (early first century CE)

Phoenician wisdom: Strabo and Poseidonios on Mochos of Sidon (first century BCE)

Thracians: Charon of Lampsakos on relations between Bisaltians and Greek Kardians (mid-fifth century BCE)

Suda lexicon author(s) (Greek)

Judean, Indian, Babylonian, and Egyptian wisdom: Numenius the Platonic philosopher (mid-second century CE)

Persians: Apion of Alexandria on Pases the Magian (first century CE)

Persians: Suda on Zoroaster and on expertise in Magian practice, howling chants, and potions (tenth century CE)

Pontic peoples: Phlyarchos on traits and customs of Thibians and Scythians (early second century BCE)

Thracians: Charon of Lampsakos on relations between Bisaltians and Greek Kardians (mid-fifth century BCE)

Suetonius (Roman)

Armenians / Parthians: Statue of the client king Tiridates I in the Louvre (66 CE)

Babylonian and Persian wisdom: Various authors on reception and expulsion of Chaldeans, Magians, and other foreign experts at Rome (first century CE on)

Judeans and Celts: Various authors on Claudius' actions against foreigners in the 40s CE (second / third centuries CE

Judeans, Egyptians, and Magians: Various authors on Tiberius' actions against foreign practices 17-19 CE (first-third centuries CE)

Suetonius Paulinus (Roman)

Libyans / Africans: Pliny the Elder on various peoples and strange customs (first century CE)

Synesios (Greek)

Libyans and Ausourianians: Synesios on years of incursions into Cyrenaica (early fifth century CE)

Persian and Babylonian wisdom: Pseudo-Demokritos and others on Demokritos' training by Magians and Chaldeans (first century BCE on)

Tacitus (Roman)

Babylonian and Persian wisdom: Various authors on reception and expulsion of Chaldeans, Magians, and other foreign experts at Rome (first century CE on)

Britons: Tacitus (late first century CE)

Egyptian diasporas: Manetho, Josephos and others on legends of migration concerning Hyksos and Judeans (third century BCE and on)

Germans: Tacitus' Germania in full (late first century CE)

Guide to Tacitus

Judeans, Egyptians, and Magians: Various authors on Tiberius' actions against foreign practices 17-19 CE (first-third centuries CE)

Judeans: Tacitus on Judean origins and customs (second century CE)

Libyans / Africans: Tacitus on Tacfarinas and resistance by Numidians, Maurians, and Musulamians (early second century CE)

Samaritans: Josephos on Cuthean origins and relations with Judeans over centuries (late first century CE)

Sarmatians: Tacitus on ferocity and laziness in military situations (early second century CE)

Thracians: Tacitus on their uncivilized and wild nature (early second century CE)

Tatian of Adiabene (Syrian)

Judean wisdom: Tatian the Assyrian on the priority of Moses' "barbarian wisdom" (second century CE)

Persian and Babylonian wisdom: Pseudo-Demokritos and others on Demokritos' training by Magians and Chaldeans (first century BCE on)

Tertullian of Carthage

Pontic peoples: Tertullian on the Pontic "barbarian" Marcion (late second century CE)

Theokles (Greek)

Libyans: Aelian on Libyan views and customs about animals (late second century CE)

Theophanes of Mytilene

Amazons: Strabo on their customs and northern location (late first century CE)

Theophrastos (Greek)

Barbarians and Greeks: Theophrastos theorizes hierarchical relations of humans and animals (fourth century BCE)

Judean wisdom: Theophrastos on Judean philosophers (fourth century BCE)

Judeans, Syrians, Indians, and others: Porphyry of Tyre on abstinence from meat (third century CE)

Mediterranean peoples: Pliny the Elder on inventors around the world (first century CE)

Theopompos (Greek)

Egyptians: Lykeas of Naukratis on Egyptian kings and meals (first century CE or earlier)

Eusebeians and Machimians in an alternative world: Theopompos on pious and war-like peoples (mid-fourth century BCE)

Guide to Theopompos of Chios

Lydians, Maionians, Arimians, and Solymians: Strabo on a variety of peoples in Lydia, Phrygia and Pisidia (early first century CE)

Persian wisdom: Theopompos of Chios and Plutarch on Magians and Zoroaster (fourth century BCE and later)

Persian, Babylonian, and Scythian wisdom: Diogenes of Laertes refutes Magian and Chaldean origins for Greek philosophy (early third century CE)

Scythians: Theopompos on a dish made from horses' milk (mid-fourth century BCE)

Thracians: Theopompos on king Kotys I's obsession with banquets (mid-fourth century BCE)

Tyrrhenians: Theopompos on the Etruscans' supposed sexual deviance and freedom (mid-fourth century BCE)

Theopompos of Chios (Greek)

Illyrians: Theopompos on banquets (mid-fourth century BCE)

Theoxenos (Greek)

Scythians: Lucian on Toxaris' and Anacharsis' differing encounters with Greeks (late second century CE)

Thessalos (Greek)

Egyptian wisdom: Thessalos on king Nechepsos and an Egyptian priest (first or second century CE)

Egyptian wisdom: Vettius Valens and others on Petosiris and pharaoh Nechepsos as astrologers (first-fifth centuries CE)

Thucydides (Greek)

Aitolians: Thucydides on barbarous Greeks (late fifth century BCE)

Barbarians and Greeks: Thucydides theorizes the shift from barbarian banditry to settled civilization (late fifth century BCE)

Iberians and others: Avienus on a journey along the southern coast of Spain (mid-fourth century CE)

Persians and Medes: Thucydides on Medizing (late-fifth century BCE)

Romans: Dionysios on Roman origins and legends of Greek and Pelasgian migrations to Italy (late first century BCE)

Sikelians, Sikanians, Phoenicians and Greeks: Thucydides on settlement of Sicily (late fifth century BCE)

Thracians and Odrysians: Thucydides on Thracians, power, and violence (late fifth century BCE)

Timagenes (Greek)

Celts: Livy on legends of fourth century BCE migrations and an invasion of Rome (late first century BCE)

Celts: Timagenes of Alexandria and Ammianus Marcellinus on Celtic origins and customs (first century BCE / fourth century CE)

Timaios (Greek)

Sikelians, Sikanians, Sardinians and Iolaeians: Diodoros on ancient migrations and local customs on Sicily (mid-first century BCE)

Tyrrhenians: Theopompos on the Etruscans' supposed sexual deviance and freedom (mid-fourth century BCE)

Timaios of Tauromenion (Greek)

Phoenician diasporas: Timaios of Tauromenion, Trogus, and Appian on the founding of Carthage and on child sacrifice (first century BCE)

Ulpian (Roman)

Babylonian and Persian wisdom: Various authors on reception and expulsion of Chaldeans, Magians, and other foreign experts at Rome (first century CE on)

Valerius Maximus (Roman)

Egyptian wisdom: Cicero, Diodoros and Valerius Maximus on Pythagoras' and Plato's supposed journeys to Egypt (first centuries BCE and CE)

Gauls, Kimbrians, Numidians, Indians, and others: Valerius Maximus' collection of "barbarian customs" (early first century CE)

Judeans: Valerius Maximus on the 139 BCE expulsion with "Chaldeans" (early first century CE)

Varro (Roman)

Mediterranean peoples: Pliny the Elder on inventors around the world (first century CE)

Persians: Varro on Pythagoras' and Numa's adoption of Persian forms of divination (first century BCE / early fifth century CE)

Romans: Dionysios on Roman origins and legends of Greek and Pelasgian migrations to Italy (late first century BCE)

Velleius Paterculus (Roman)

Babylonian and Persian wisdom: Various authors on reception and expulsion of Chaldeans, Magians, and other foreign experts at Rome (first century CE on)

Vettius Valens of Antioch (Greek)

Egyptian wisdom: Vettius Valens and others on Petosiris and pharaoh Nechepsos as astrologers (first-fifth centuries CE)

Vitruvius (Roman)

Colchians, Phrygians, and others: Vitruvius theorizes development from primitives to civilized peoples (first century BCE)

Mediterranean peoples: Vitruvius on the effects of climate (first century BCE)

Persians: Vitruvius theorizes about Greek depictions of enemies in architectural contexts (first century BCE)

Wisdom of Solomon author (Judean / Jewish)

Egyptians and Canaanites: Wisdom of Solomon on worship of animals and images (first century BCE)

Xanthos of Lydia (Greek)

Lydians: Xanthos of Lydia on kings and luxurious customs (mid-fifth century BCE)

Mysians, Galatians, Pisidians, and others: Strabo on relations among Anatolian peoples (early first century CE)

Persian, Babylonian, and Scythian wisdom: Diogenes of Laertes refutes Magian and Chaldean origins for Greek philosophy (early third century CE)

Persians: Xanthos on the Magians' supposed incest and on Zoroaster's date (mid-fifth century BCE)

Phrygians: Alexander Polyhistor, Hermogenes, and others on Phrygian Matters (first century BCE on)

Xenagoras (Greek)

Mediterranean peoples: Pliny the Elder on inventors around the world (first century CE)

Xenophanes of Kolophon

Xenophon of Athens (Greek)

Assyrians, Medes and Persians: Ktesias on Persian Matters via Diodoros and Photios (early fourth century BCE)

Cretans, Spartans, Carthaginians, and Romans: Polybios on superior and inferior societal organization (second century BCE)

Kolchians, Heniochians, Drillians, and others: Arrian on his journey along the Black Sea coast near the Caucasus mountains (ca. 131-132 CE)

Mossynoikians in Pontos: Xenophon and others on the "most barbarous" people (early fourth century BCE)

Persians and Medes: Douris of Samos, Herakleides of Kyme, Klearchos of Soloi, and others on royal banquets (fifth-fourth centuries BCE)

Persians: Xenophon and an anonymous author on royal customs and Cyrus (early fourth century BCE / second century BCE)

Xenophon of Kolophon (Greek)

Ethiopians and Thracians: Xenophon of Kolophon theorizes human representations of gods (sixth century BCE)

Zenon of Rhodes (Greek)

Egyptians: Diodoros on the origins of civilization and on Egyptian views (mid-first century BCE)

Zopyros (Greek)

Barbarian peoples: Hellanikos, Nymphodoros, Nikolaos, and others with collections of "barbarian customs" (fifth century BCE on)

Zoroaster / pseudo-Zoroaster (ostensibly Persian)

Egyptian wisdom: Vettius Valens and others on Petosiris and pharaoh Nechepsos as astrologers (first-fifth centuries CE)

Persians, Babylonians, and Egyptians: Pseudo-Clementines on Zoroaster and the origins of Magian skill (second-fourth centuries CE)

(13) Scholarly articles on ethnic relations

Scholarly articles on ethnic relations and migration

(14) Contributors (beyond Harland)

Daniel Mitchell

Arabians: Herodotos on deities and lifestyle (late fifth century BCE)

Armenians / Parthians: Statue of the client king Tiridates I in the Louvre (66 CE)

Babylonians and Assyrians: Herodotos on legendary queens and outstanding customs (mid-fifth century BCE)

Ethiopians: Herodotos on southern peoples at the ends of the earth (mid-fifth century BCE)

Gauls and Germans: Scenes from the Triumphal Arch of Orange (late first century BCE)

Indians: Herodotos on eastern peoples at the ends of the earth (mid-fifth century BCE)

Libyans: Herodotos on customs and colonization (fifth century BCE)

Lydians: Herodotos on king Croesus and Lydian customs (mid-fifth century BCE)

Parthians, Celts and Iberians or Germans: Scenes on the breastplate of the "Augustus of Prima Porta" (early first century CE)

Parthians: Scenes from the Arch of Septimius Severus (early third century CE)

Persians and Medes: Herodotos on customs (mid-fifth century BCE)

Scythians and other Pontic peoples: Herodotos on the "most ignorant peoples of all" (fifth century BCE)

Thracians, Getians, Paionians, and others: Herodotos (mid-fifth century BCE)

Justin Nadeau

Cilicians: Plutarch on foreign "pirates" threatening Roman ways (early-second century CE)

Persians: Plato on Persian decline into effeminacy and tyranny (early fourth century BCE)

Maia Kotrosits

Arabians: Pseudo-Nilus on barbarian bandits and Saracens in the Sinai desert (early fifth century CE)

Barbarian wisdom: The Thunder, Perfect Mind (before the fourth century CE)

Barbarians: Modern colonial repurposing of images of captives

Britons, Armenians, Bessians, and others: Reliefs of subjugated peoples at Aphrodisias (first century CE)

Celts: Diodoros on Galatian origins, "savage" customs and invasions of Italy and Greece (mid-first century BCE)

Christians, Judeans, and Greeks: Christians as a descent group in the Epistle to Diognetos (second or third century CE)

Cretans: Stereotypes in the letter to Titus (early second century CE)

Egyptians, Chaldeans, and Phoenicians: Julius Africanus on competitive chronologies (ca. 222 CE)

Ethiopians and Arabians: Nonnosos on Saracens and on a hairy people (sixth century CE)

Ethiopians, Nubians, and Egyptians: Christian authors picturing darker-skinned peoples as "demons" (second century CE on)

Ethiopians: Palladios and others on Abba Moses the former bandit with darker skin (fourth-fifth centuries CE)

Judeans and others: The Gospel of Philip (before the fourth century CE)

Judeans: Ignatius on Judaizing and Christianizing (early second century CE)

Libyans / Africans: Ancient and modern composite statue of "The Moor"

Ligurians: Diodoros on their harsh environment, hard work and noble spirit (mid-first century BCE)

Parthians, Libyans, Egyptians and others: Acts of the Apostles on legends of Judean migration (early second century CE)

Phoenicians: Gospel of Mark on Jesus and a Syro-Phoenician woman (late first century CE)

Samaritans and Judeans: Belonging to Israel in the Gospels (first century CE)

Scythians and barbarians: Colossians and others on ritual recitations (late first or early second century CE)

Maps for locating places and peoples

(1) Digital Atlas of the Roman Empire
(2) Antiquity À-la-carte
(3) Near East under the Seleucids (showing some peoples)
(4) Roman Empire under Hadrian (showing some northern peoples)
(5) Pleiades (search ancient places)
(6) Google maps (search modern places)

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Ethnic Relations and Migration in the Ancient World: The Websites of Philip A. Harland

Portal to my podcast, websites, blog, and publications, providing an entryway into social and cultural life anong Greeks, Romans, Judeans, Christians, and others in ancient Mediterranean. Ethnicity, Diaspora, and relations among ethnic and minority groups is a focus.

Category Archives: (07) Further ancient theorizing, ethnic stereotyping and racialization

Arkadians: Polybios theorizes environment and peoplehood (second century BCE)

Barbarians and Greeks: Theophrastos theorizes hierarchical relations of humans and animals (fourth century BCE)

Barbarians and Greeks: Thucydides theorizes the shift from barbarian banditry to settled civilization (late fifth century BCE)

Colchians, Phrygians, and others: Vitruvius theorizes development from primitives to civilized peoples (first century BCE)

Egyptians, Lydians, Cilicians, and other peoples: Kratinos, Aristophanes, Suetonius and others on “Egyptianizing” and other ethnicizing stereotypes (sixth century BCE on)

Ethiopians and Thracians: Xenophon of Kolophon theorizes human representations of gods (sixth century BCE)

Ethiopians, Nubians, and Egyptians: Christian authors picturing darker-skinned peoples as “demons” (second century CE on)

Ethiopians: Palladios and others on Abba Moses the former bandit with darker skin (fourth-fifth centuries CE)

Europeans and Asians: Pseudo-Hippokrates on humoural and environmental theories (fifth century BCE)

Europeans, Asians, and Greeks: Aristotle on hierarchies, slaves, and environmental determinism (fourth century BCE)

Mediterranean peoples: Artemidoros theorizes foreign elements in dreams (second century CE)

Mediterranean peoples: Polemon theorizes the meaning of physical features (second / fifth centuries CE)

Mediterranean peoples: Pseudo-Aristotle theorizes the meaning of physical features (third century BCE)

Scythians and Ethiopians: Agatharchides and Diodoros theorize about the effects of climate (second-first centuries CE)